Patntalal Jankid-:u

v, Mohanlal and

Another,

Pata1tjali S11stri J.

!950

Deo, 21.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1950]

of section 14, it seems to me, they would be bringing themselves under the bar of section 18 (2).

The respondents cannot therefore claim that the loss of the goods was explosion damage within the meaning of the Ordinance so as to bring the case within section 14 and at the same time contend that the loss was not "due to or did not in any way arise ont of the explosion" in order to a void the bar under section 18.

Both section 14 and section 18 have in view the physical cause for the loss or damage to property for which compensation is claimed and not the cause of action in relation to the person against whom relief is sought. The respondents cannot, in my opinion, be allowed to take up inconsistent positions in order to bring themselves within the one and to get out of the other.

I would therefore allow the appeal and dismiss the counter-claim.

DAS J. agreed with the Chief Justice.

Appeal dismissed.

Agent for the appellants: Mohan Behari Lal.

Agent for the respondents : I. N. Shroff.

COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX,

WEST BENGAL v.

CALCUTTA AGENCY LTD.

[SHRI HARILAL KANIA CJ., PATANJAL! SASTRI

and DAS JJ.]

foli.tn Income-tax Act (XI of 1922), ss. 10 (2) (xv), 66-Reference-Jwrisdiction of High Ooilft-Duty to decide case ori facts stated by Tribuna.l-Accepting arauments of CO'ltnsel as proved fa.cts and basing decision on them, impropriety of-Business expenditnre- Payments to avoid disclosure of misfeasance of director.~-Burden of prcof.

The jurisdiction of the High Court in the matter of incometax references is an advisory jurisdiction and under the Inco:netax Act the decision of the Appellate Tribunal on facts is final unless it can be successfully assailed on the ground tha~ there was

no evidence for the conclusions on facts recorded by the Tribnnal. 1950 It is therefore the duty of the High Court to start by looking at tbe facts found by the Tribunal and ans~'e!: the questions of lHW Cornmiss:oritr of on that footing.

It is not p1oper to depart fron1 this rule of law Incnme-tax, as it will convert the High Court into a fact finding authority, Wcst Bengal which it is not, under the advisory jurisdiction. v.

As the statement of the case prepared by the Appellate Tri Calcutta Ag•ncy bunal in accordance v.'ith the rules fran1ed under the Income-tax Ltd.

Act is prepared with the knowledge of the parties concerned and they have full opportunity to apply for any addition or deletion from that statement, if they have approved of the state1nent n1ade by the Tribunal, it iR the agreed etatement of facts by the parties on w bich the Iligh Court has to pronouncs its judgment.

The High Court would be acting improperly if it takes the arguments of the counsel for the assessee as if they were facts and bases its conclusion on tboso arguments.

One of the directors of the assessee company, acting in the capacity of managing agents of certain l\'fills, had dra\vn some hundis in the name of tho Mills, aod as the Mills repudiated liability, suits were filed on the hundis against the Mills and the assessees. The assessees thereupon agreed to reimburse the Mills by permitting the latter to deduct a moiety of the commission pa.yable to them under the agreement of managing agency, against payments which the Mills may have to make under the decrees.

In their assessment fio income-tnx the assessees claimed that the amounts so deducted should bo excluded from their asRessable income as business cxpenditme under s. 10 (2) (xv) of tbe Incometax Act.

The Appellate Tribunal found that the assessees had agreed to pay off the decree a1nount from the remuneration due to them, that the decre.e was passed against them evidently for some misfeasance committed by their directors, that the books of both companies showed that the assessees were paid their remuneration in full, and that the expenditure was not therefore laid out for the purpose of carrying on the business, and also that, as the payment was made for the liquidation of a debt, it was not a revenue expenditure. In the High Court the assessees' counsel argued, relying on the case cf Mitchell v. B. W. Noble Ltd.(1), that the payments were made by th• assessees to avoid the publicity of an action against them and the consequent exposure and loss of reputation as a. managing agency company, and as such the payments were deductible as business expenditure. The High Court accepted this argument and reversed the decision of the Tribunal.

Held, that the High Court acted wrongly in accepting the argurr1ents of the assessees' counsel as if they were proved facts and basing its decision on them ; and, as the facts necessary to support the claim for exemption under s. 10 (2) (xv) had not been established at any stage of the case, the assessees were not entitled to the deduction cJ.imed.

(11 (1927] l K.B. 719,

1~9

1950 Judgment of the Calcutta High Court reversed.

0 . . / APPELLATE JumsDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 59 of onimissioner o

1"come-tax, 1950.

West Bengal Appeal from a Judgment of the High Court of Judiv. cature at Calcutta (Harries C.J. and Chatterjea J.)

Galcu~~/Y'"'Y dated 9th Septern ber, 1949, in a reference under

 section 66 (2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. (Reference No. 8 of 1949).

M. C. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India (G. N. ] oshi, with him) for the appellant.

S. Mitra (B. Banerjee, with him) for the respondents.

1950. December 21. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

Kan•a o. J.

KANIA C.J.-This is an appeal from the judgment of the High Court at Calcutta (Harries C.J. and Chatterjea J.) pronounced on a reference made to it by the Income.tax Tribunal under section 66 (2) of the Indian Income.tax Act.

The relevant facts are these. The respondents are a private limited company which was brought into existence to float various companies including cotton mills. In November, 1932, the Basanti Cotton Mills Ltd. was incorporated and the respondents were appointed their managing agents.

Their remuneration was fixed at a monthly allowance of Rs. 500 and a commission of 3 per cent. on all gross sales of goods manufactured by the Mills Company.

The fixed monthly allowance was liable to be increased in the event of the capital of the company being increased. The details are immaterial. lt appears that certain hundis were drawn by one of the directors of the respondent company, acting in the capacity of the managing agents of the :Mill Company, in the name of the Mill Company and the same were negotiated to others. The Nath Bank Ltd. claimed payment of these hundis.

The Mill Company repudiated its liability as it appeared from the books of the Mill Company that they had not the use of the sum of Rs. 1.80,000 claimed by the Nath Bank Ltd. under the hundis. The Nath Bank Ltd. instituted four suits

I'

against the Mill Company, in two of which the res- 1950 pondent company were party-defendants. The Mill Comm;:.;;; n.,· of Company was advised to settle the suits and the res- Incom•ta:r:. pondent company entered into an agreement with the w .. t Bengal Mill Company, the material part of the terms of which •. rnns as follows ·- Calcutta Agency • Ltd. " Memorandum of Agreement made between the Calcutta Agency Limited of the one part and Basanti Kama c. J.

Cotton Mills Ltd. of the other part. \;\/HEREAS the Nath Bank Limited demanded from the Mills the payment of the sum of Rs. 1,80,000 and interest thereon AND WHEREAS the said Mills repudiated their liability in respect thereof as it appeared from the books of the said Mills that the said Mills did not have the use of the said sum of Rs. 1,80 000 or any part thereof AND WHEREAS the said Nath Bank Ltd. thereupon instituted four suits in High Court being suit Nos. 1683, 1720, 1735 and 1757 of 1939 for the said aggregate sum of Rs. 1,80,000 and the interest thereon AND WHEREAS the said Mills have been advised to settle the said suits amicably AND WHEREAS the Calcutta Agency Limited by its Directors, S.N. Mitter or S.C. Mitter, having been and being still the Managing Agents of the said Mills have undertaken to reimburse the said Mills in respect of the decrees to oe

made in the said four suits in the manner hereinafter appearing NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS

AND IT IS HEREBY AGREED AND DECLARED

(i) That out of the commission of 3% payable by the said Mills to the said Agency under Regulation 131 of the Articles of Association of the Company, the

Company shall have paramount lien on and deduct and set off a moiety thereof against any payment which the said Mills may make in respect of the decrees or any of them and/or costs of the said suits.

(ii) The said moiety shall be one half of the commission so payable less such sum as the Directors of the Mills may from time to time allow to be deducted." ..

Under the said agreement, the respondent company paid to the Mill Company Rs. 22,500 made up of

t9oO Rs. 18,107 as principal and Rs. 4,393 as interest in the

0 -:--:- 1accounting year. The assessee company claimed this omm1ssioner o .

Incomo-ta:c before the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal as a deduc- Weat Benadi tion permitted under section IO (2) (xv) of the Indian v.

Income-tax Act. The relevant part of that section Calcutta Agency runs as follows :-

Ltd. "10. (1) "The tax shall be payable by an assessee

Kania o. J. under the head 'Profits and gains of business, profession or vocation' in respect of the profits or gains of any bminess, profession or vocation carried on by him.

(2) Such profits or gains shall be computed after making the following allowances, namely:- ....................................

(xv) any expenditure (not being in the nature of capital expenditure or personal expenses of the assessee) laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of such business, profession or vocation."

In the statement of the case submitted by the Tribunal after reciting the fact of the incorporation of the company and the terms of the compromise mentioned above, the arguments urged on behalf of the assessee company have been recapitulated. The first argument

was that under the first proviso to section 7 of the Indian Income-tax Act, this payment was liable to be exempted. The Tribunal rejected that argument. On the reference, the High Court also rejected the same and it was not presented before us.

The next argument of the respondents was that in respect of

Rs. 22,500 it was entitled to exemption under section 10(2) (xv) of the Income-tax Act on the ground that the payment was an expenditure which was not in the nature of a capital expenditure or personal expenses of the applicant company but was an expenditure laid out wholly and exclusively for the purpose of its business. They urged that if the applicant company did not agree to pay this amount, Basanti Cotton Mills Ltd. could have brought a suit against the company to realise this amount due on the hundis which would •

have exposed the applicant company to the public and 1950 in order to save themselves from the scandal and maintain the managing agency they agreed to the deduction Commissioner of of certain amounts from the managing agency commis. 1"come-ta•, sion due to it and thereby brought it within the West , Bengal principles of the decision of 1Vlitchell v. B. W. Noble Oalcutt."Agency Ltd.(1) The Tribunal found as facts: (1) That the Ltd. applicant company agreed to pay off the decretal amount from the remuneration which they are entitled K., nia o. J. to get from the Basanti Cotton Mills.

(2) The decree was passed against the applicant company evidently for certain misfeasance committed by its directors and the applicant company agreed to pay it off from its remuneration.

(3) The books of account of Basanti Cotton Mills Ltd. would show that they were paying the applicant company in full its remuneration and the books of the applicant company also show that it was entitled to its remuneration in full.

(4) In the circumstances the Tribunal held that the expenditure was not laid out wholly and exclusively for the purpose of carrying on the business. (5) Besides, the Tribunal was of the opinion that in this case it was not a revenue expenditure at all. As the payment had to be made towards liquidation of the decretal amount the Tribunal held, in the circumstances of this case, that it was a capital payment. On behalf of the respondent it was argued in the further alternative that the Privy Council decision in Raja Bijoy Singh Dudhuria's easel.') would cover the present case. That contention was rejected by the Tribunal.

This statement of the case prepared by the Incometax Tribunal and submitted to the High Court for its opinion was perused by the parties and they had no suggestions to make in respect of the same. The statement of the case was thus settled with the knowledge and approval of the parties. When the matter came before the High Court, Mr. Mitra, who argued the case for the present respondents, as shown by the judgment of the High Court, urged as follows:-" If the applicant company had not agreed to pay the amount mentioned

i 1l [J 921) 1 R. B. 719.

12) 61.T, C. 449,

1950 in the aforesaid agreement, then the Basanti Cotton

Mills Ltd. would have sued the company for the reali- Oommi"'•""' of sation of the amounts due on the hundis and it seems

Incom•tax, that there would have been no defence to the action.

West Bengal T .

Jd h b' d th l' t t v his wou ave su iecte e app ican company o Oa!cutt."Ag•ncy the danger of public exposure and in order to save Ltd. itself from the scandal and in order to maintain the managing agency, the applicant company agreed to Kania o. J. deduct certain amounts from the managing agency commission and therefore such expenditure came within section 10(2) (xv) of the Act." The High Court thereafter noticed several cases including 111 itchell' s case(') and towards the close of the judgment delivered by Chatterjea J. observed as follows:-"In this case it is clear that the agreement was entered into with a view to avoid the publicity of an action against the managing agents and consequent exposure and scandal and in order to maintain the managing agency so that the company could carry on its business as before.

The payment in question did not bring in any new assets into existence nor in my opinion can it properly be said that it brought into existence an advantage for the enduring benefit of the company's trade. The Appellate Tribunal observed that the decree was evidently passed against the appellant company for certain misfeasance by its directors and the appellant company agreed to pay it off from its remuneration ...... The object of the agree. ment was to enable the company to remove a defect in carrying on the business of the company and to earn profits in its business. Therefore this case is covered by the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Mitchell's case(') ...... " Applying this line of reasoning the High Court differed from the conclusion of the Tribunal and allowed the deduction to the respondent company under section 10(2) (xv) of the Income-tax Act, as claimed by the respondents.

The Commissioner of Income.tax, West Bengal, has come in appeal to us.

Now it is clear that this being a claim for exemption of an amount, contended to be an expenditure falling under section 10(2)(xv), the burden of proving the

(l) [1927] l K.B. 719. ...

necessary facts in that connection was on the assessee, 1950 it being common ground that the commission was due -:--:- and had become payable and was therefore the business cc7m"" 0;'" of income of the assessee company liable to be taxed in ,;.::m;;:;:.1 the assessment year. The jurisdiction of the High Court v. in the matter of income-tax references is an advisory Calcutta Agency jurisdiction and under the Act the decision of the Ltd.

Tribunal on facts is final, unless it can be successfully

Ka1ita C. J, assailed on the ground that there was no evidence for the conclusions on facts recorded by the Tribunal. It is therefore the duty of the High Court to start by looking at the facts found by the Tribunal and answer the questions of law on that footing. Any departure from this rule of law will convert the High Court into a fact-finding authority, which it is not under the advisory jurisdiction. The statement of the case under the rules framed under the Income-tax Act is prepared with the knowledge of the parties concerned and they have a full opportunity to apply for any addition or deletion from that statement of the case. If they approved of that statement that is the agreed state. ment of facts by the parties on which the High

Court has to pronounce its judgment. In the present case the parties perused the statement of case and as disclosed by the note made at the end of it had no suggestions to make in respect thereof. It is therefore clear that it was the duty of the High Court to start with that statement of the case as the final statement of facts.

Surprisingly, we find that the High Court, in its judgment, has taken the argument of Mr. Mitra as if they were facts and have based their conclusion solely on that argument. Nowhere in the statement of the case prepared by the Tribunal and filed in the High Court, the Tribunal had come to the conclusion that the payment was made by the assessee company to avoid any danger of public exposure or to save itself from scandal or in order to maintain the managing agency of the appellant company. The whole conclusion of the High Court is based on this unwarranted assumption of facts which are taken only from the argument of counsel for the present respondents before

1950 the High Court. The danger of failing to recognise -. -. that the jurisdiction of the High Court in these matters Commm•onu of l d d 1 l f J T 'b 1 1 t " is on y a v1sory an t ie cone uswns o t ie n una

;,;:; m;~:az on facts are the conclusions on which the High Conrt

v, is to exercise such advisory jurisdiction is illustrated Oa'cutta Agency by this case. It seems that unfortunately counsel for

Ltd. the respondents caught hold of Mitchell's case(1) and - basing his argument on the circumstances under which Ka, zia 0. J. d a payment could be escribed as a business expenditure falling within the terms of section 10 (2) (xv), argued that the facts in the present case were the same.

Instead of first ascertaining what were the facts found by the Tribunal in the present case, the process was reversed and the procedure adopted was to take Mitchell's case(1) as the law and argue that the facts in the present case covered the situation. In our opinion this is an entirely wrong approach and should not have been permitted by the High Court. The High Court fell into a grave error in omitting first to ascertain what were the facts found in the case stated by the Tribunal. The High Court overlooked that in Afitchell's case(') the whole discussion started with a quotation from the case stated by the Commissioners as the facts of the case.

A scrutiny of the record in the present case shows that before the Income-tax Officer the assessees claimed only a deduction of the interest of Rs. 5,582 as a permissible deduction under section 10 (2) (iii) of the Income-tax Act. That claim was rejected by the Income-tax Officer.

When the matter went to the Assistant Income-tax Commissioner it was argued that the Income-tax Officer was in error in not allowing the deduction of interest and was also wrong in not allowing the entire sum of Rs. 22,500 as a deduction on the ground that, that portion of the income (viz., Rs . .'22,500) should be treated as not earned or deemed to be earned by the assessees at all, having regard to the decision of the Privy Council in Raja Bijoy Singh Dudhuria's case.(') The first paragraph of the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner contains the following

(ll [1927) I K, B. 719.

12) 6 I.T.C. '49,

• •

S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS l017

statement:-" In disallowing this (interest) claim the 1950 Income-tax Officer was following the decision of my .-- predecessor in his order dated the 18th March 1942 in Oommimoner 0!

Appeal No._ 1-~-~ 1 of.1941-42. My predecessor obser- ~:~·;;~~~1 • ved: "Nothmg 1s m evidence to show that the managmg v. agency company had surplus money and such money Calcutta Ag••cv was invested or that there was any need to borrow.

Ltd.

Thus the need to borrow is not established. There is no doubt that money was borrowed but lmless it can Kania c. J. to proved that the borrowing is for the purpose of the business and the loan was u:sed in the business, the interest cannot be allowed under section 10(2)(iii)."

The second objection raised before the Appellate Assistant Commissioner was in these terms:-' That the Income-tax Officer should have allowed the said sum of Rs. 22,500 as allowable expenditure being allocation of a sum out of the revenue receipt before it became income in the hands of the assessee." The wording of the objection and the argument noticed in the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner show that the contention was that this sum should be treated as not having become the income of the assessee at all because it was deducted at the source by the Mill company.

Reliance was placed for this contention on Raja Bijoy Singh Dudhuria's case('). The contention was rejected.

At the third stage, when the assessee urged his contentions before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, he thought of urging as an argument that this was a permissible deduction under section 10 (2) (xv) because of the principles laid down in Mitchell's case(2).

No evidence, it appears, was led before the Income Tax Tribunal, nor has the Tribunal recorded any findings of fact on which the principles laid down in Mitchell's case(') could be applied. The Tribunal's conclusions of facts were only as summarized in the earlier part of the judgment. It is therefore clear that the necessary facts required to be established before the principles laid down in Mitchell's case(2) could be applied, have not been found as facts in the present case at any stage of the proceedings and the High Court was in error

il) 6 I.T.C. H9.

(~) [19271 I K.B. 719.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1950]

1950 in applying the principles of Mitchell's case(1) on the -. -. assumption of facts which were not proved. The High OomI missioner of Court was carried away, it seems, by the argument of

ncometax, West Bengal the counsel and through error accepted the argument v. as facts.

Indeed, if it had noticed the contention

Calcutta Agenoy urged before the Income-tax Officer it would have seen Ltd, at once that the argument was in a measure conflicting with that contention which was based on the foot- Kania a. 1 ing of Rs. 1,80,000 being a loan to the assessee on which it had to pay interest, which was sought to be deducted under section 10 (2) (iii) of the Income-tax Act. In our opinion. therefore, this appeal should be allowed on the simple ground that the facts necessary to be established by the respondents to support their claim for exemption under section 10 (2) (xv) of the Indian Income-tax Act have not been established at any stage of the proceedings and therefore they are not entitled to the deduction claimed. The appeal is therefore allowed with costs here and before the High Court.

Appeal allowed.

Agent for the appellant : P.A. Mehta.

Agent for the respondents: Ganpat Rai.

(1) [19~1] 1 K.B. 719 .

'J'