Proposed LCD - Trigger Point Injections (TPI) (DL34211)

Manchikanti L, Singh V, Kloth D, et al. Interventional techniques in the management of chronic pain: Part 2. Pain Physician 2001;4(1):24Title XVIII of the Social Security Act: Sec. 1861.(s)(2) Part E-Miscellaneous Provisions: Definitions of Services I e. Secondary.https://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/ssact/title18/1861.htm#ft495.Borg-Stein J, Stein J. Trigger points and tender points: one and the same? Does injection treatment help? Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1996;22(2):305-22 doi: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70274-x[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Fernndez-de-Las-Peas C, Dommerholt J. International consensus on diagnostic criteria and clinical considerations of myofascial trigger points: a Delphi study. Pain Medicine 2018;19(1):142-50Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: diagnosis and management. American family physician 2002;65(4):653Shankar H, Reddy S. Two-and three-dimensional ultrasound imaging to facilitate detection and targeting of taut bands in myofascial pain syndrome. Pain medicine 2012;13(7):971-75Ball A, Perreault T, Fernndez-de-Las-Peas C, Agnone M, Spennato J. Ultrasound Confirmation of the Multiple Loci Hypothesis of the Myofascial Trigger Point and the Diagnostic Importance of Specificity in the Elicitation of the Local Twitch Response. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022;12(2) doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12020321[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Lewis J, Tehan P. A blinded pilot study investigating the use of diagnostic ultrasound for detecting active myofascial trigger points. Pain 1999;79(1):39-44Rha D-w, Shin JC, Kim Y-K, Jung JH, Kim YU, Lee SC. Detecting local twitch responses of myofascial trigger points in the lower-back muscles using ultrasonography. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2011;92(10):1576-80. e1Sikdar S, Shah JP, Gebreab T, et al. Novel applications of ultrasound technology to visualize and characterize myofascial trigger points and surrounding soft tissue. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2009;90(11):1829-38Cojocaru MC, Cojocaru IM, Voiculescu VM, Cojan-Carlea NA, Dumitru VL, Berteanu M. Trigger pointsultrasound and thermal findings. J Med Life 2015;8(3):315-8Kang JJ, Kim J, Park S, Paek S, Kim TH, Kim DK. Feasibility of Ultrasound-Guided Trigger Point Injection in Patients with Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Healthcare (Basel) 2019;7(4) doi: 10.3390/healthcare7040118[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Botwin KP, Sharma K, Saliba R, Patel BC. Ultrasound-guided trigger point injections in the cervicothoracic musculature: a new and unreported technique. Pain Physician 2008;11(6):885-9Quintner JL, Bove GM, Cohen ML. A critical evaluation of the trigger point phenomenon. Rheumatology 2014;54(3):392-99 doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu471[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Shipton B, Sagar S, Mall JK. Trigger Point Management. Am Fam Physician 2023;107(2):159-64Ahmed S, Subramaniam S, Sidhu K, et al. Effect of Local Anesthetic Versus Botulinum Toxin-A Injections for Myofascial Pain Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Pain 2019;35(4):353-67 doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000681[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Nouged E, Dajani J, Ku B, Al-Eryani K, Padilla M, Enciso R. Local Anesthetic Injections for the Short-Term Treatment of Head and Neck Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain & Headache 2019;33(2)Lugo LH, Garca H, Rogers H, Plata JA. Treatment of myofascial pain syndrome with lidocaine injection and physical therapy, alone or in combination: a single blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2016;17(1):1-11Xie P, Qin B, Yang F, et al. Lidocaine Injection in the Intramuscular Innervation Zone Can Effectively Treat Chronic Neck Pain Caused by MTrPs in the Trapezius Muscle. Pain Physician 2015;18(5):E815-26Yilmaz O, Sivrikaya EC, Taskesen F, Pirpir C, Ciftci S. Comparison of the Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin, Local Anesthesia, and Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in Patients With Myofascial Trigger Points in the Masseter Muscle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021;79(1):88 e1-88 e9 doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.09.013[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Barad M, Ailani J, Hakim SM, Kissoon NR, Schuster NM. Percutaneous Interventional Strategies for Migraine Prevention: A Systematic Review and Practice Guideline. Pain Med 2022;23(1):164-88 doi: 10.1093/pm/pnab236[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Sabatke S, Scola RH, Paiva ES, Kowacs PA. Injection of trigger points in the temporal muscles of patients with miofascial syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2015;73(10):861-6 doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20150135[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Karadas O, Inan LE, Ulas U, Odabasi Z. Efficacy of local lidocaine application on anxiety and depression and its curative effect on patients with chronic tension-type headache. Eur Neurol 2013;70(1-2):95-101 doi: 10.1159/000350619[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Baron EP, Cherian N, Tepper SJ. Role of greater occipital nerve blocks and trigger point injections for patients with dizziness and headache. Neurologist 2011;17(6):312-7 doi: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e318234e966[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Ashkenazi A, Blumenfeld A, Napchan U, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks and trigger point injections in headache management - a systematic review and suggestions for future research. Headache 2010;50(6):943-52 doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01675.x[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Venancio Rde A, Alencar FG, Jr., Zamperini C. Botulinum toxin, lidocaine, and dry-needling injections in patients with myofascial pain and headaches. Cranio 2009;27(1):46-53 doi: 10.1179/crn.2009.008[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Boelens OBA, Scheltinga MR, Houterman S, Roumen RM. Randomized clinical trial of trigger point infiltration with lidocaine to diagnose anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome. Br J Surg 2013;100(2):217-21 doi: 10.1002/bjs.8958[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Oor JE, Unlu C, Hazebroek EJ. A systematic review of the treatment for abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome. Am J Surg 2016;212(1):165-74 doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.12.013[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Boelens OB, Scheltinga MR, Houterman S, Roumen RM. Management of anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome in a cohort of 139 patients. Ann Surg 2011;254(6):1054-8 doi: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31822d78b8[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain: an updated Cochrane review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009;34(1):49-59 doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181909558[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Watters WC, 3rd, Resnick DK, Eck JC, et al. Guideline update for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 13: injection therapies, low-back pain, and lumbar fusion. J Neurosurg Spine 2014;21(1):79-90 doi: 10.3171/2014.4.SPINE14281[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Di Cesare A, Giombini A, Di Cesare M, Ripani M, Vulpiani MC, Saraceni VM. Comparison between the effects of trigger point mesotherapy versus acupuncture points mesotherapy in the treatment of chronic low back pain: a short term randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2011;19(1):19-26 doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2010.11.002[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Kocak AO, Ahiskalioglu A, Sengun E, Gur STA, Akbas I. Comparison of intravenous NSAIDs and trigger point injection for low back pain in ED: A prospective randomized study. Am J Emerg Med 2019;37(10):1927-31 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.01.015[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Saeidian SR, Pipelzadeh MR, Rasras S, Zeinali M. Effect of trigger point injection on lumbosacral radiculopathy source. Anesth Pain Med 2014;4(4):e15500 doi: 10.5812/aapm.15500[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Khoshnazar SS, Farpour HR, Shahriarirad R. A comparison between effectiveness of gluteal trigger point and epidural steroid injection in lumbosacral canal stenosis patients: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Neurosurg 2022:1-7 doi: 10.1080/02688697.2022.2033698[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Chou R, Atlas S. Subacute and chronic low back pain: Nonsurgical interventional treatment. Secondary Subacute and chronic low back pain: Nonsurgical interventional treatment 2016.www.uptodate.com.Peloso PM, Khan M, Gross AR, et al. Pharmacological Interventions Including Medical Injections for Neck Pain: An Overview as Part of the ICON Project. 2013;7(Suppl 4):473-93 doi: 10.2174/1874325001307010473[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Freeman MD, Nystrom A, Centeno C. Chronic whiplash and central sensitization; an evaluation of the role of a myofascial trigger points in pain modulation. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj 200923(4):2 doi: 10.1186/1749-7221-4-2.[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Staud R, Weyl E, Bartley E, Price D, Robinson M. Analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of muscle injections with lidocaine or saline in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. European Journal of Pain 2014;18(6):803-12Hong CZ, Hsueh TC. Difference in pain relief after trigger point injections in myofascial pain patients with and without fibromyalgia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77(11):1161-6 doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90141-0[published Online First: Epub Date]|.Goldenberg DL, Burckhardt C, Crofford L. Management of fibromyalgia syndrome. JAMA 2004;292(19):2388-95 doi: 10.1001/jama.292.19.2388[published Online First: Epub Date]|.