ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Malaysia: A Silent Voice in World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement – Some Legal Considerations for Future Involvement in Renewable Energy Disputes

In the World Trade Organization (WTO), disputes of relevance for the market for equipment producing renewable energy, like solar panels, are increasing. Such cases can be important for Malaysia as one of the World leading producers of solar panels. The article addresses Malaysia’s engagement in WTO disputes from a legal perspective and finds that Malaysia is only engaged to a limited extent in WTO disputes. The limited extent of Malaysia’s engagement in WTO disputes can turn into a problem for Malaysia as the article claims that WTO law is developed through the WTO Dispute Settlement System and that the disputing parties and third parties can have an impact on that development. In order to help shaping WTO law related to renewable energy in a preferred direction, Malaysia should become more involved in WTO dispute settlement.
PHILOSOPHY OF WAR IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ETHICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF MILITARY POWER

War has always been a complex phenomenon that is simultaneously the subject of philosophical, moral, legal and technological re-examination. With the emergence of artificial intelligence and autonomous systems, war as a phenomenon is experiencing a fundamental transformation, not only in operational and tactical terms, but also in conceptual and normative terms. New technologies are changing the way wars are fought, but also the way wars are understood. Instead of war as human decisions and conflicts, contemporary studies of war imply a war in which algorithms, machines and autonomous systems make decisions with potentially deadly consequences, often without direct human oversight. This paper aims to take an interdisciplinary look at the impact of artificial intelligence on the nature of modern warfare, through the intersection of ethics, technology and the transformation of military power.  Starting from a historical overview of philosophical ideas about war, to contemporary approaches, the article explores how artificial intelligence challenges traditional paradigms and questions categories such as courage, responsibility, subjectivity and ethical choice. In particular, the focus is on the transformation of just war theory, both in terms of the justification for entering into war (jus ad bellum) and in terms of the principles within war (jus in bello). The use of autonomous weapons systems opens up a number of moral dilemmas: who is responsible for the decisions made by a machine? Can an algorithm be the subject of moral assessment? What is the role of man in the context of delegated lethal power?  The theoretical framework of the work combines philosophy, ethics, technological development and military theory, which is the basis of contemporary security studies. On the other hand, the triad of ethics, technology and transformation of power implies that the work considers normative and empirical aspects. While the use of the phrase “philosophy of war” points to a deeper, more fundamental reflection, not only on the application but also on the meaning of warfare in the age of artificial intelligence. The previously presented facts indicate how artificial intelligence fits into the strategic matrices of great powers and how new technologies are changing geopolitics, becoming a new source of global hegemony. Dominance in the field of artificial intelligence today has almost the same meaning as nuclear superiority once did.  The aim of the paper is not only to describe technological changes, but also to critically review the need for new ethical, philosophical and legal frameworks that will enable the understanding and regulation of war in the digital age. The research concludes that it is necessary to reexamine the fundamental categories that determine war, from subjectivity and responsibility, to the concept of the enemy and the ethics of violence, in order to adequately respond to the challenges brought by the age of artificial intelligence.
Wondering with physics: engage public and teachers in science communication

Abstract                The European Researchers’ Night takes place every year simultaneously in many cities all over Europe and beyond. Researchers and teachers designed and implemented together a series of inquiry-based activities to bring people closer to physics. The enthusiast answer from participants suggests that these activities can be easily utilized with students for enhance their motivation. Moreover, the close collaboration between university and secondary school teachers is an opportunity for promoting the professional development on topics, like resonance or birefringence, sometimes very far from teaching practice.
CBP60‐DB: An AlphaFold‐predicted plant kingdom‐wide database of the CALMODULIN‐BINDING PROTEIN 60 protein family with a novel structural clustering algorithm

Abstract                                        Molecular genetic analyses in the model species                                            Arabidopsis thaliana                                          have demonstrated the major roles of different CALMODULIN‐BINDING PROTEIN 60 (CBP60) proteins in growth, stress signaling, and immune responses. Prominently, CBP60g and SARD1 are paralogous CBP60 transcription factors that regulate numerous components of the immune system, such as cell surface and intracellular immune receptors, MAP kinases, WRKY transcription factors, and biosynthetic enzymes for immunity‐activating metabolites salicylic acid (SA) and                     N                     ‐hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP). However, their function, regulation, and diversification in most species remain unclear. Here, we have created CBP60‐DB (                     https://cbp60db.wlu.ca/                     ), a structural and bioinformatic database that comprehensively characterized 1052                     CBP60                     gene homologs (encoding 2376 unique transcripts and 1996 unique proteins) across 62 phylogenetically diverse genomes in the plant kingdom. We have employed deep learning‐predicted structural analyses using AlphaFold2 and then generated dedicated web pages for all plant CBP60 proteins. Importantly, we have generated a novel clustering visualization algorithm to interrogate kingdom‐wide structural similarities for more efficient inference of conserved functions across various plant taxa. Because well‐characterized CBP60 proteins in Arabidopsis are known to be transcription factors with putative calmodulin‐binding domains, we have integrated external bioinformatic resources to analyze protein domains and motifs. Collectively, we present a plant kingdom‐wide identification of this important protein family in a user‐friendly AlphaFold‐anchored database, representing a novel and significant resource for the broader plant biology community.
A Legal Assessment of Indigenous Peoples' Rights to Lands and Natural Resources over Transboundary Aquifers Contaminated by Mining Production within the Lake Titicaca Region

Lake Titicaca is the largest lake in South America and the highest navigable lake in the world.1 Due to pressure on natural resources and losses from environmental events, Peru and Bolivia put forward a Binational Master Plan for the Lake Titicaca – Desaguadero River – Lake Poopó – Coipasa Salt Lake (TDPS) System to protect its waters through a Joint Sub-Commission for the Development of the Integrated Region of Lake Titicaca (SUBICOMILAGO), between October 1989 and June 1993. In 1996, both countries established an Autonomous Binational Authority of the TDPS System (ALT). This framework embraces the entire TDPS System and includes Peruvian and Bolivian institutions related to water resources.2
s.Two Implementation and Accountability, 7 Monitoring and Review to Assess Human Rights Implementation

This chapter analyzes the fundamental importance of monitoring and review procedures to assess the implementation of human rights to advance public health. Recognizing monitoring and review as central to human rights accountability, the evolving functions of human rights monitoring highlight the range of national, regional, and international review mechanisms that provide oversight to support the realization of health-related human rights. While these mechanisms often do not have judicial powers—their recommendations are advisory rather than legally binding—the interpretive role entrusted to these review procedures has endowed their health-related recommendations with legitimacy in clarifying human rights treaty provisions and reviewing state efforts to meet treaty obligations. Assessing the implementation of international human rights law through national practice, monitoring institutions can facilitate human rights accountability for public health promotion and operationalize public health data to press governments to implement rights.
Towards Improving Speaker Distance Estimation through Generative Impulse Response Augmentation

The Room Acoustics and Speaker Distance Estimation (SDE) Challenge at ICASSP 2025 explores the effectiveness of augmented room impulse response (RIR) data for improving SDE model performance. This challenge at GenDARA involves generating RIRs to supplement sparse datasets and fine-tuning SDE models with the augmented data. We employ the open-source fast diffuse room impulse response generator (FastRIR) conditioned only on speaker and listener locations. We design a quality filter to ensure generated RIR alignment with challenge RIRs, and hyperparameter optimization is employed for model fine-tuning. Our approach reduces the mean absolute error (MAE) of the five positions from 1.66m to 0.6m for GWA rooms and from 2.18m to 0.69m for Treble rooms, with results demonstrating that the augmentation approach significantly improves estimation accuracy, particularly at medium to long distances.
Nights at the museum: integrated arts and microbiology public engagement events enhance understanding of science whilst increasing community diversity and inclusion

This study uses integrated art and science events to explore a blended approach in improving public understanding of current scientific topics and widening participation within the local community. The events were a Halloween-inspired microbiology-themed series of interactive exhibitions hosted within a national museum as part of an existing series of adult education evenings. A representative sample of 102 mixed methods exit questionnaires, based on determining (i) audience diversity and (ii) understanding of scientific topics, were analysed by qualitative and quantitative approaches, and a post-attendance focus group was carried out to determine longer term impact of the event. Participants were grouped as 'Science', 'Arts', 'Both' or 'Neither', according to their past experience and engagement. These events welcomed more participants from the Arts and Neither subsections hence engaging a group of people who would not usually visit science public engagement events or comparative events hosted in traditional academic settings, highlighting the importance of venue choice in reaching new audiences and widening participation. An increase in perceived understanding of science was observed by all groups of participants with reported enjoyment focused around the science talks, presentations and blended art-science activities. A putative impact in science capital is observed with participants reporting an increased likelihood of attending science events in the future. Furthermore, increased discussion and awareness of science in society is evidenced by participants. Blended art and microbiology exhibitions enhance the accessibly of science public engagement events and is likely to increase science capital; the impact of this on cognitive polyphasia is also discussed.
Climate Change Litigation and Enforcement in South Africa: A Comparative Study Within Environmental law Context

Climate change litigation in South Africa has become increasingly common within environmental law enforcement, reflecting growing public awareness and legal action against climate-related issues. The research employs a mixed-methods approach combining case law analysis and stakeholder interviews. Data collection includes legal documents from court cases and semi-structured interviews with key players in environmental enforcement. A notable finding is that climate change litigation has led to significant changes in corporate behaviour, as evidenced by the adoption of more stringent emission reduction measures within companies under scrutiny. The study concludes that climate change litigation plays a crucial role in advancing environmental law enforcement but also highlights challenges such as inconsistent judicial decisions and resource allocation issues. Stakeholders recommend increased training for judges on climate science to enhance their understanding of climate-related cases, along with better coordination between government agencies and courts. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
The Impact of Patient to Nurse Ratio on Quality of Care and Patient Safety in the Medical and Surgical Wards in Malaysian Private Hospitals: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and objective: Nursing shortage and inadequate hospital nursing jeopardized quality of care andpatient safety. This study aims to predict the impact of patient to nurse ratio on quality of care and patient safetyin medical and surgical wards in Malaysian private hospitals.Methods: Cross-sectional data collected by questionnaire from 652 nurses working in the medical and surgicalwards in 12 private hospitals participated in the study. Stratified simple random sampling performed to invitesmall size (less than 100 beds), medium size (100-199 beds) and large size (over than 200) hospitals’ nurse toparticipate in the study, which allow also nurses from all shift to participate in the study from the participatedhospitals.Results: Nurses with higher ratio of patients have greater negative association on quality of care and patientsafety. However, this negative association significantly associated with patient safety, whereas insignificantlyassociated with quality of care.Conclusions: Staffing level inconsistently associated with quality of care and patient safety, so there is at leastone intervening process factor mitigate the negative impact of nursing shortage on quality of care in Malaysianhospitals. However, nurses delivering care for 11-15 patients and nurses delivering care for more than 15patients had significant negative impact on both quality of care and patient safety at a p<0.05 significance levelcompared with those caring for less than 5 patients.
Structure/Property Relationships of Battery Composite Electrodes - Electrochemistry and Materials Science

Abstract not Available.
Human Rights in the Era of Surveillance: Balancing Security and Privacy Concerns

In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, the delicate equilibrium between security imperatives and the protection of individual privacy is under intense scrutiny. This abstract explores the multifaceted challenges posed by the proliferation of surveillance technologies and their impact on human rights. As governments and corporations harness the power of surveillance for security purposes, concerns over privacy violations, data breaches, and potential abuses of power have come to the forefront. This abstract delves into the evolving legal and ethical frameworks governing surveillance practices, highlighting key debates and global perspectives. It also examines the implications for fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression, privacy, and assembly. By examining case studies, emerging technologies, and international efforts to strike a balance between security and privacy, this abstract seeks to shed light on the complex dynamics of this contemporary issue and proposes potential avenues for reconciling these often conflicting interests. Ultimately, it calls for a thoughtful and inclusive dialogue that can guide the development of responsible surveillance policies that respect individual rights and uphold the principles of a free and democratic society.
Coupled social and ecological outcomes of land use change and agricultural intensification in Costa Rica and the future of biodiversity conservation in tropical agricultural regions

Tropical ecosystem conversion to agriculture has caused widespread habitat loss and created fragmented landscapes composed of remnant forest patches embedded in a matrix of agricultural land uses. Non- traditional agricultural export (NTAE) crops such as pineapple are rapidly replacing multiuse landscapes characterized by a diverse matrix of pasture and smallholder crops with intensive, large-scale, monoculture plantations. Using an interdisciplinary approach, we conduct a case study to examine the coupled social and ecological implications of LUCC and agricultural intensification in this region, with larger application to regions experiencing similar patterns. Guided by frameworks from both political and landscape ecology, we: (1) describe the social and economic implications of pineapple expansion, specifically the concentration of land, labor and financial resources, (2) quantify pineapple cultivation's spatial characteristics, and (3) assess the effects of pineapple expansion on surrounding forest ecosystems, on the agricultural matrix and on biodiversity conservation. Our results indicate that pineapple production concentrates land, labor, and financial resources, which has a homogenizing effect on the agricultural economy in the study region. This constrains farm-based livelihoods, with larger implications for food security and agricultural diversity. Landscape ecology analyses further reveal how pineapple production simplifies and homogenizes the agricultural matrix between forest patches, which is likely to have a negative effect on biodiversity. To offset the effects of pineapple expansion on social and environmental systems, we recommend developing landscape level land use planning capacity. Furthermore, agricultural and conservation policy reform is needed to promote landscape heterogeneity and economic diversity within the agricultural sector. Our interdisciplinary research provides a detailed examination of the social and ecological impacts of agricultural intensification in a tropical landscape, and offers recommendations for improvement relevant not only to our study region but to the many other tropical landscapes currently undergoing non-traditional agricultural export driven agricultural intensification.
Computational Mechanism Study on Allylic Oxidation of <i>cis</i>-Internal Alkenes: Insight into the Lewis Acid-Assisted Brønsted Acid (LBA) Catalysis in Heteroene Reactions

The catalytic allylic C-H oxidation of alkenes plays an important role in the field of medicine chemistry. Recently, Tambar et al. improved this transformation via a heteroene reaction with the assistance of a Lewis acid-assisted chiral Brønsted acid (LBA) and achieved a selective allylic oxidation of inactivated cis-internal alkenes to versatile oxidation products. By means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we provided a detailed investigation on the mechanism of the heteroene reaction and successfully located a new catalytic process, which is able to explain the experimental observations very well. Four different reactive pathways (pathways A, B, C, and D) for the LBA-catalyzed heteroene reaction have been designed. We found pathway D, which undergoes a protonation process for the activation of enophile benzenesulfonyl sulfurimide, has the lowest overall free energy barrier. Pathway E was put forward to lead to a minor enantiomer. The theoretical enantiomeric ratio calculated via their energy difference is consistent with the experimental report. For the heteroene reaction, we proposed a new reaction mechanism, which can assist in related transformations and the design of new LBA catalysts.
Machine learning enables accurate prediction of breast cancer five-year survival using somatic genomic variants

Abstract                 Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers, accounting for about 30% of female cancers and a mortality rate of 15%. The 5-year survival rate is most commonly used to assess cancer progression and guide clinical practice. We used the CatBoost model to systematically construct a five-year mortality risk prediction model based on two independent data sets (BRCA_METABRIC, BRCA_TCGA). The model input data are the somatic genomic variants (copy number variation, SNP locus, cumulative mutation number of genes) and phenotype data of cancer samples. The optimal model combined all the above characteristics, and the AUC reached 0.70 in an independent external data set. At the same time, we also conducted a biological analysis of the characteristics of the model and found some potential biomarkers (TP53, DNAH11, MAP3K1, PHF20L1, etc.). The results of model risk stratification can be used as a guide for the prognosis of breast cancer.
The Four Pillars of Alternative Dispute Resolution: Arbitration, Mediation, Conciliation and Negotiation in Out-of-Court Dispute Settlement

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has emerged as one of the most significant developments in contemporary legal systems. Across the world, courts are burdened with increasing caseloads, procedural delays, and high litigation costs. In response to these challenges, legal scholars and policymakers have increasingly promoted dispute settlement mechanisms that operate outside the formal judicial process. ADR mechanisms provide flexible, efficient, and collaborative methods for resolving disputes while reducing the adversarial nature of litigation. This article examines the four foundational pillars of ADR-negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration. These mechanisms represent different forms of dispute settlement ranging from informal dialogue to quasisjudicial decisionsmaking.
Diversity Policy Gradient for Sample Efficient Quality-Diversity Optimization

A fascinating aspect of nature lies in its ability to produce a large and diverse collection of organisms that are all high-performing in their niche. By contrast, most AI algorithms focus on finding a single efficient solution to a given problem. Aiming for diversity in addition to performance is a convenient way to deal with the exploration-exploitation trade-off that plays a central role in learning. It also allows for increased robustness when the returned collection contains several working solutions to the considered problem, making it well-suited for real applications such as robotics. Quality-Diversity (QD) methods are evolutionary algorithms designed for this purpose. This paper proposes a novel algorithm, QDPG, which combines the strength of Policy Gradient algorithms and Quality Diversity approaches to produce a collection of diverse and high-performing neural policies in continuous control environments. The main contribution of this work is the introduction of a Diversity Policy Gradient (DPG) that exploits information at the time-step level to drive policies towards more diversity in a sample-efficient manner. Specifically, QDPG selects neural controllers from a MAP-Elites grid and uses two gradient-based mutation operators to improve both quality and diversity. Our results demonstrate that QDPG is significantly more sample-efficient than its evolutionary competitors.