ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
State Parties' Withdrawal of Direct Access to African Court of Human and Peoples Rights:: The Need to Reinvigorate Complementarity

This article analyzes the implications of the recent withdrawals of the declaration under article 34 (6) of the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court Protocol) on the activities of the Court and provides plausible recommendations. It argues that implications of the withdrawals include a decrease in the number of cases reaching the Court, compliance problems with judgments of pending cases, negative effect on the legitimacy of the Court, and more state parties being discouraged from accepting direct access declaration. As a solution to curb the impact of the withdrawals and in general, to improve the effectiveness of the African human rights system, the article suggests that there is a need for the purposive application of the complementarity relationship between the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Court. Accordingly, the Commission needs to adopt a duty-based but rebuttable referral approach for cases of non-compliance with its recommendations. It should develop purposive referral practices and refer cases to the Court frequently as this will help solve the challenges that arise from the recent withdrawals.
Effects of crop management and landscape context on Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) populations and its biological control: implications for integrated management of oilseed rape pests.

Studying the effects of crop management and landscape context on pest populations and natural pest control at multiple spatial scales is a pre-requisite for developing innovative crop protection strategies and increasing the sustainability of agroecosystems. The aim of this study was to explore the relative importance of oilseed rape crop management and landscape context on pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus Fabr.) density, damage and parasitism rates by its main parasitoids Tersilochus heterocerus, Phradis morionellus and P. interstitialis. In our multi-scale analysis we found that pest abundance and crop damage were mainly determined by and positively correlated with landscape complexity at scales ranging from 1500 m to 2000 m. The positive effect of landscape complexity on pollen beetle density and crop damage in our study region was due to the role of seminatural habitats for overwintering. Pollen beetle damage was also affected by local management as it was negatively correlated with the nitrogen nutrition status of the plants. We found that various variables at different spatial scales influenced parasitism rates. Parasitism rates were positively influenced by landscape complexity, proximity to previous year oilseed rape fields and the proportion of these latter with reduced tillage. By comparing the nutritional state of parasitoids at the time of emergence and foraging in the field, we found that parasitoids emerge with relatively small amounts of sugars and that the total amount of sugars at the end of flowering was always significantly higher than the total amount of sugars at the beginning of flowering. Finally, by studying the accuracy of simple landscape indicators to predict pollen beetle infestations and successful biological control, we found that some indicators were informative and had good discriminatory ability. Using indicators values, optimal thresholds and posterior probabilities, we were able to compute maps of areas at risk for pest infestation and/or allowing successful biological control of pollen beetle. Our study demonstrated the importance of taking into account both farming practices and semi-natural habitats scattered in the landscape to understand population dynamics and biological control in agroecosystems. Our findings open new perspectives in terms of integrated pest management strategies maximizing biological control at the landscape scale.
CHAOS ENGINEERING: STRESS-TESTING MICROSERVICES FOR RESILIENCE

In the realm of distributed systems, microservices architectures have become the cornerstone for building scalable and flexible applications. However, with the increased complexity and interdependence of services, ensuring system resilience against failures has become a significant challenge. Chaos Engineering emerges as a proactive approach to enhance the robustness of microservices by intentionally introducing failures and observing system behavior under stress. This article explores the principles and practices of Chaos Engineering as a method for stress-testing microservices to achieve resilience. It examines the inherent complexities of microservices architectures, including service dependencies, network uncertainties, and emergent behaviors that traditional testing methods may not uncover. Through real-world case studies and implementation strategies, it demonstrates how organizations have successfully adopted Chaos Engineering to identify vulnerabilities, improve system reliability, and build resilient architectures. The article also discusses emerging trends, including AI-driven experimentation, security chaos engineering, and applications in edge computing environments, highlighting the evolution and future directions of this critical discipline.
Expert Evidence in the Case Law of ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court

In criminal proceedings before international tribunals, expert evidence is particularly important for the efficient and effective prosecution of perpetrators of crimes under international law. Expert testimonies, a source of specialized knowledge, represent a significant portion of the evidence collected. The case law of international criminal tribunals confirms that expert testimonies are indispensable for establishing the truth and conducting fair criminal proceedings. Experts are appointed from diverse and broad fields, often specializing in unusual areas of expertise not typically used in criminal proceedings before national courts. This study presents the case law of ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals and the International Criminal Court regarding expert evidence, in particular, decisions defining the procedural standing of an expert and the scope of their opinion. Judicature regarding the evidentiary value of findings contained in expert testimonies prepared for international criminal proceedings will also be presented.
Mental Health Among People Presenting for Care of Physical Symptoms: The Factors Associated with Suicidality and Symptoms  of Depression and Anxiety are Similar  Across Specialties

Background To identify differences in thoughts of suicide and symptoms of depression and anxiety by specialty among people presenting for care of physical symptoms, we analyzed data from routine mental health measurement in a small multispecialty practice and asked: 1. Are there any differences in suicidality (analyzed as an answer of 1 or greater or 2 or greater on the Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ] question 9) in non-specialty and various types of specialty care? 2. Are there any factors—including specialty–associated with symptoms of depression (mean PHQ score), PHQ thresholds (greater than 0, 3 or greater, 10 or greater), Generalized Anxiety Disorder instrument [GAD] score of 3 or greater, and either GAD score 3 or greater or PHQ score 3 or greater? and 3. What factors are associated with referral to a social worker? Methods As part of routine specialty and non-specialty care, 13,211 adult patients completed a measure of symptoms of depression (PHQ) that included a question about suicidality and a measure of symptoms of anxiety (GAD). Factors associated with suicidality and symptoms of depression and anxiety at various thresholds, and visit with a social worker, were sought in multivariable models. Results Accounting for potential confounding in multivariable analyses, a score higher than 0 on the suicidality question (present in 18% of people) was associated with men, younger age, English-speakers, and neurodegenerative specialty care. Symptoms of depression on their continuum and using various thresholds (28% of people had a PHQ score greater than 2) were associated with non-Spanish-speakers, younger age, women, and county insurance or Medicaid insurance. Care from the social worker was associated with PHQ score of 3 or greater and having any suicidal thoughts (score of 1 or greater on question 9) but was less common with Medicare or Commercial Insurance and less common in the unit treating cognitive decline. Conclusion The notable prevalence of symptoms of depression and suicidality among people presenting for care of physical symptoms across specialties and the relatively similar factors associated with suicidality, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety at various thresholds suggests that both non-specialty and specialty clinicians can be vigilant for opportunities for improved mental health. Increased recognition that people seeking care for physical symptoms often have mental health priorities has the potential to improve comprehensive care strategies, alleviate distress, and reduce suicide.
Federalism, Privacy Rights, and Intergovernmental Management of Surveillance: Legal and Policy Issues

The legal and policy issues involved with surveillance require recognition of the complexity of governance in United States intergovernmental system. With over 83,000 units of government, the U.S. intergovernmental system is complex and fragmented. And even within levels, much less across them, the United States system of federalism is one of limited government combined with an interdependent system of checks and balances. Rights are guaranteed by constitutions and court systems at two levels, operating concurrently. Additionally, the executive agencies across all levels are increasing engaged in collecting data on individuals. The myriad systems of data collection and management require a careful review for those developing, marketing, servicing, or using surveillance technologies.
Synthesis of the common-law accusatorial and the continental mixed criminal procedural justice system: The example of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Part 2.

In this paper, the author analyses criminal procedural rules created as an expression of the synthesis of the common-law accusatorial and the continental mixed criminal procedural justice system in International Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The field of analytical treatment in this paper is limited not only to textual material of criminal procedural rules, but the author also attempts to demonstrate the practical achievements and implications of criminal procedural institutes. Furthermore, the reasons of these synthesis are revealed and categorized into those caused by the practical need to make the process faster and more efficient (justified by the right to an expeditious trial), and those originating from the flexible adaptation of procedural rules to the legal habits and type of education of lawyers who are referred to the application of the rules. The aim of the paper is to point out the practical consequences of the criminal procedure roles and to outline their practical achievements, depending on the underlying factors. This goal is of great practical importance, considering that legal theory in this area has no influence on establishing criminal procedural rules, but it is also out of step with the critical analysis of some criminal procedural law institutes that are gradually being transferred from the ICTY to other international or national criminal procedure rules. The selected issue has been fairly neglected in our literature, although actualized in recent amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure of Serbia. By these changes, the continental type of mixed system of criminal procedure has been replaced by the model inspired by Anglo-American criminal procedural law.
Genomic profling of gastric cancer predicts lymph node status and survival

Gastric carcinogenesis is driven by an accumulation of genetic changes that to a large extent occur at the chromosomal level. We analysed the patterns of chromosomal instability in 35 gastric carcinomas and their clinical correlations. With microarray competitive genomic hybridization, genomewide chromosomal copy number changes can be studied with high resolution and sensitivity. A genomewide scanning array with 2275 BAC and P1 clones spotted in triplicate was used. This array provided an average resolution of 1.4 Mb across the genome. Patterns of chromosomal aberrations were analysed by hierarchical cluster analysis of the normalized log(2) tumour to normal fluorescence ratios of all clones, and cluster membership was correlated to clinicopathological data including survival. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed three groups with different genomic profiles that correlated significantly with lymph node status (P=0.02). Moreover, gastric cancer cases from cluster 3 showed a significantly better prognosis than those from clusters 1 and 2 (P=0.02). Genomic profiling of gastric adenocarcinomas based on microarray analysis of chromosomal copy number changes predicted lymph node status and survival. The possibility to discriminate between patients with a high risk of lymph node metastasis could clinically be helpful for selecting patients for extended lymph node resection.
Policy Analysis of Canadian Occupational Health and Safety Legislation and Regulations: Workplace Protections for Reproductive Health and Fetal Development

Canada's occupational health and safety (OHS) legislative frameworks describe the general rights and responsibilities of employers and employees to ensure safe workplaces. However, the extent to which these OHS frameworks recognize and safeguard reproductive health and fetal development remains understudied. Protections for reproductive health and fetal development were evaluated in OHS legislation, employment standards, and associated regulations across Canada's federal and 13 provincial/territorial jurisdictions by a policy analysis, supported by a sex and gender-based thematic and content analysis. OHS and reproductive health keyword frequencies were also determined. Three major themes were identified: (1)                     inconsistent recognition of workplace risks to reproductive health,                     (2)                     job modification                     , and (3)                     employer-mandated pregnancy leave.                     Our review found that workplace protections were generally limited to pregnancy, with little recognition of workplace risks to fertility, suggesting gaps in workplace protections for reproductive health and fetal development. We recommend contemporary reform of Canada's OHS legislation and regulations to support universal, comprehensive, and inclusive protections for reproductive health and fetal development for all workers, regardless of sex and pregnancy status.
The United Nations' Policy of Gender: A Study of the United Nations Security Council's Resolutions 1325 and 1509

There were two goals with this thesis. The first goal was to find out what the United Nations’ policy of gender was in United Nations’ peacebuilding missions as shown in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security and the second was to find out what the policy of gender was in the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1509, which implemented the peacebuilding mission in Liberia in 2003. I wanted to explore this topic to see how the United Nations incorporates gender mainstreaming in their peacebuilding missions and if it is possible to see if there is an understanding of gender which influences this. For my theoretical framework, I used Johan Galtung’s concepts of violence and positive peace and Harriet Holter’s perspectives on how to bring gender equality into his analysis. I have then used the concepts of Connell, West and Zimmerman to provide a theoretical framework for my thesis. To analyze the two resolutions, I have used Carol Bacchi’s “What is the problem represented to be?”-approach to critically interrogate the two documents. My main finding is that the United Nations’ gender policy consists of four themes. The themes are the use of the term “gender” to signal that the measures are directed at all genders, measures to protect women and girls from violence, references to women’s “special needs” and lastly measures to ensure that women participate in processes such as conflict resolution, promotion of peace and in political institutions. I then found that this policy of gender is also present in Resolution 1509, though in a diluted version. The thesis ended with some suggestions for how the policy of gender may be improved and some suggestions for further research.
All-optical Nonlinear Activation Function for Photonic Neural Networks

With the recent successes of neural networks (NN) to perform machine-learning tasks, photonic-based NN designs may enable high throughput and low power neuromorphic compute paradigms since they bypass the parasitic charging of capacitive wires. Thus, engineering data-information processors capable of executing NN algorithms with high efficiency is of major importance for applications ranging from pattern recognition to classification. Our hypothesis is therefore, that if the time-limiting electro-optic conversion of current photonic NN designs could be postponed until the very end of the network, then the execution time of the photonic algorithm is simple the delay of the time-of-flight of photons through the NN, which is on the order of picoseconds for integrated photonics. Exploring such all-optical NN, in this work we discuss two independent approaches of implementing the optical perceptrons nonlinear activation function based on nanophotonic structures exhibiting i) induced transparency and ii) reverse saturated absorption. Our results show that the all-optical nonlinearity provides about 3 and 7 dB extinction ratio for the two systems considered, respectively, and classification accuracies of an exemplary MNIST task of 97% and near 100% are found, which rivals that of software based trained NNs, yet with ignored noise in the network. Together with a developed concept for an all-optical perceptron, these findings point to the possibility of realizing pure photonic NNs with potentially unmatched throughput and even energy consumption for next generation information processing hardware.
The Influence Of Social Media On Mental Health And Physical Of Adolescent Athletes : A Systematic Review

Background: Mobiles have become an essential tool in today's world as many activities can be conducted online. According to a 2015 study, over 2,000 adolescents use mobile phones to access social media for 92% of their day. However, the excessive use of social media can have negative impacts on the mental and physical health of adolescent athletes, such as increased stress, unhealthy lifestyle habits (such as alcohol and drug use), changes in sleep patterns, and obesity. It is therefore crucial for adolescent athletes to manage their time on social media in order to maintain their mental and physical health. This study aims to explore the relationship between social media usage and the mental and physical health of adolescent athletes. Methods: In this study, the researcher employed a systematic review method and selected articles using the PRISMA method. The articles were retrieved from online databases such as Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The articles used in the study were published between 2017 and 2022 (a period of 5 years). Results: Based on the five selected articles, it was found that all of them reported a correlation between social media usage and the mental and physical health of adolescent athletes. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be concluded that better time management of social media usage can have a positive impact on the mental and physical health of adolescent athletes.
Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine in Autoimmune Diseases

The role of immune system in our body is to defense against the foreign bodies. However, if the immune system fails to recognize self and non-self-cells in our body leads to autoimmune diseases. Widespread autoimmune diseases are rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and more yet to be added to the list. This chapter discusses about how stem cell-based therapies and advancement of regenerative medicine endow with novel treatment for autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, in detail, specific types of stem cells and their therapeutic approach for each autoimmune condition along with their efficiency to obtain desired results are discussed. Ultimately, this chapter describes the recent trends in treating autoimmune diseases effectively using advanced stem cell research.
Improving adherence to asthma clinical guidelines and discharge documentation from emergency departments: Implementation of a dynamic and integrated electronic decision support system†

AbstractObjective:  The authors previously developed a dynamic and integrated electronic decision support system called ACAFE (Asthma Clinical Assessment Form and Electronic decision support). The objective of this present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this system on asthma management and documentation in an ED.Method:  Observational study using a pre‐ and post‐intervention design, comparing patients managed using ACAFE after its implementation with historical controls. A systematic data abstraction process was used to compare patient records.Results:  A total of 50 patients were enrolled in the study group. These were compared with 50 historical controls. Use of ACAFE was associated with significantly higher rates of documentation of asthma severity (98% vs 18%, P &lt; 0.01), as well as other clinically important variables, such as asthma precipitants, intensive care admission history and smoking history. ACAFE was also associated with significantly higher rate of asthma discharge plan documentation (76% vs 16%, P &lt; 0.01), and this remained significant after adjustment for triage category and seniority of treating doctor in a regression model.Conclusion:  The use of this decision support system in patients presenting to emergency with asthma was associated with improvements in clinical documentation and discharge management plans. Electronic decision support systems developed collaboratively with clinicians should play an important part of system‐wide efforts to improve guideline adherence and compliance in ED.
Intelligent Change Management in CI/CD Pipelines: Automating DevOps Governance at Scale

This article explores the evolution of change management in modern CI/CD environments, examining the transition from traditional manual governance to intelligent, automated systems. It addresses the fundamental tension between deployment velocity and governance controls that organizations face in today's technology landscape. Through an examination of architectural components, implementation strategies, and emerging technologies, the article demonstrates how leading organizations have transformed governance from an external gate to an embedded pipeline capability. Key patterns, including policy-as-code implementation, machine learning risk prediction, automated evidence collection, and real-time feedback loops, are explored as foundations for effective governance at scale. The article further identifies organizational challenges in enterprise-wide implementation, metrics for measuring effectiveness, and coordination mechanisms for multi-team environments. Finally, it examines future directions, including predictive governance, proactive compliance verification, security-aware deployment decisions, and autonomous governance systems, offering a scalable roadmap for organizations seeking to implement intelligent change management that enables both speed and control.