ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian intervention as a question of sovereignty vs. responsibility to protect

Humanitarian intervention as a form of using military force against a sovereign state because of a violation of human rights in that state causes numerous legal dilemmas and controversies that, among other things, make it an extremely significant topic in international relations, and quite controversial from the aspect of international law. Humanitarian intervention is an equally sensitive topic not only in situations when it is undertaken as such, especially without the Security Council’s decision, but also in situations where it is needed but there is no intervention as well as in cases when humanitarian intervention is undertaken with a delay, after a huge number of human casualties.The essential dilemmas that come to surface in the debate on humanitarian intervention are related to its legality and legitimacy and are mainly focused on the following questions: Whether the use of military force for the protection of human rights has a legal basis? Should the international community act with military force in cases of a violation of the International Human Rights Law or should that issue be treated as an internal affair of that state? What should the intensity of human rights violation be to allow for the derogation of state sovereignty? Which entity should decide whether to intervene in a particular case? This paper is not intended to clarify all issues related to humanitarian intervention. However, with this paper, we make an effort to clarify certain dilemmas in order to contribute to the debate on the topic. We will try to identify the conditions that should be fulfilled before undertaking a humanitarian intervention, but we will also point out the issues that are still open.
Optical Neural Networks with Tensor Compression and Photonic Memory

This paper introduces our recent efforts on scalable, energy-efficient, and low-latency tensorized optical neural networks, including design considerations, options for wavelength-parallel photonic tensor cores, and photonic memory for non-volatile tuning.
Health insurance coverage and access to skilled birth attendance in Togo

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of the newly introduced national health insurance plan on access to skilled birth attendance (SBA).MethodsThe present secondary analysis used data from the 2014 Togo Demographic and Health Survey. The study sample comprised women aged 15–49 years who had at least one delivery in the 5 years preceding the survey. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted.ResultsThe adjusted sample included 4826 women. Overall, 195 (4.0%) of 4826 pregnant women had health insurance. The coverage rate varied by wealth, with poor women having the lowest coverage rate (22/931 [1.1%]). Approximately one‐third of the women had no SBA at delivery. Women with health insurance were almost three times as likely to be assisted by skilled healthcare personnel at delivery as were those without health insurance (adjusted odds ratio 2.74, 95% confidence interval 1.63–4.59). Other factors associated with SBA included education, household wealth, and age.ConclusionThe study highlights the positive impact health insurance coverage could have on access to SBA and provides evidence that SBA use could be improved through improved access to health insurance. An accessible health insurance scheme will offer a pathway to achieving health equity and Sustainable Development Goal 3 in Togo.
Universal Internet Access: A Modern Human Right or a Path to Digital Colonialism

Access to the Internet has become an absolute necessity and nearly ubiquitous in the contemporary digital age. Statistics place the number of online users at 59% of the world's population, or more than 4.5 billion individuals. In addition to providing access to entertainment, education, and healthcare, the Internet also facilitates business opportunities, social connections, and information. Especially critical during the COVID-19 pandemic, it facilitated social interaction, commerce, and remote work in the midst of lockdowns. Nevertheless, significant disparities in access continue to exist, with 37% of the global population lacking both Internet connectivity and digital literacy. The majority of this "digital divide" exists between developed and developing countries. In the twenty-first century, economic mobility and participation are severely restricted for those who lack connectivity. Whether Internet access should now be regarded as a fundamental human right as opposed to a luxury has been the subject of discussion. In today's digitized society, proponents contend that Internet accessibility facilitates the realization of established civil rights such as free speech, healthcare, and education. Conversely, there are those who urge against prioritizing the implementation of fundamental necessities such as shelter, food, and water by framing Internet access as an essential right. This has prompted suggestions that Internet access be classified as a "ancillary right" that supports fundamental human rights guarantees without superseding them. Although the Internet offers numerous advantages, apprehensions have been raised regarding the monetization and consolidation of personal data flows by corporations, particularly in developing nations. Critics contend that prominent technology companies such as Amazon, Google, and Facebook function as "digital colonial" forces, as they exploit individuals' data for financial gain without offering adequate privacy safeguards in exchange. Developing nations function as promising emerging markets, in return for obtaining negligible tax revenues from technology companies. Achieving universal Internet access while implementing adequate security measures continues to be a delicate balancing act. Although connectivity has been crucial for promoting economic and social inclusion in the era of information, it is insufficient to address systemic inequalities on its own; guaranteed fundamental rights, effective data governance, and corporate responsibility are also required. In conjunction with a rights-based framework that addresses fundamental requirements, increased Internet accessibility must be accompanied by regulatory reforms that grant users more protections and tech companies greater obligations across jurisdictions. By effectively managing these priorities, developing nations can circumvent exploitative digital reliance and harness technological advancements for the purpose of sustainable development.
Artificial Intelligence in Marketing Automation: A Systematic Literature Review on Personalization, Campaign Optimization, and Customer Experience

This study aims to systematically review the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in marketing automation, with a focus on personalization, campaign optimization, and customer experience enhancement. Specifically, it addresses four research questions concerning the evolution of AI approaches in digital marketing, techniques for predicting customer behaviour and engagement, AI’s role in enhancing personalization and marketing effectiveness, and its contribution to brand equity and loyalty. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted using the Scopus database as the primary source, covering publications from 2014 to 2025. Boolean queries were applied to identify relevant studies, followed by PRISMA-based screening to select 100 articles. Additionally, Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques were employed through Biblioshiny to perform keyword co-occurrence analysis, thematic mapping, and trend visualization, providing an enriched understanding of thematic clusters and research evolution. Results indicate a marked increase in scholarly output on AI in marketing since 2019, peaking in 2022 and 2024. Personalization emerged as the dominant theme (83%), followed by customer experience (73%), while campaign optimization (17%) and brand equity and loyalty (27%) remain underexplored. Machine learning (27%) and deep learning (17%) were the most prevalent AI techniques, with growing adoption of clustering algorithms, NLP, and hybrid recommender systems. The integration of AI has demonstrated significant potential in improving targeting precision, engagement prediction, and customer retention strategies. This research contributes to the literature by combining an SLR approach with NLP-based bibliometric analysis to provide both a conceptual and empirical mapping of AI-driven marketing trends. It identifies research gaps, particularly in AI’s role in brand equity, and proposes future directions for interdisciplinary exploration. The findings offer actionable insights for marketing managers and policymakers to integrate AI tools strategically, prioritizing personalization and predictive analytics to maximize ROI, enhance customer loyalty, and sustain competitive advantage in digital marketplaces.
Precision Agriculture Technologies for Food Security and Sustainability

The use of technology for the purpose of improving crop yields, quality and quantity of the harvest, aswell as maintaining the quality of the crop against adverse environmental elements (such as rodent orinsect infestation, as well as microbial disease agents) is becoming more critical for farming practiceworldwide. One of the technology areas that is proving to be most promising in this area is artificialintelligence, or more specifically, machine learning techniques. This chapter aims to give the reader anoverview of how machine learning techniques can help solve the problem of monitoring crop quality anddisease identification. The fundamental principles are illustrated through two different case studies, oneinvolving the use of artificial neural networks for harvested grain condition monitoring and the otherconcerning crop disease identification using support vector machines and k-nearest neighbor algorithm.
Sexual and reproductive rights in women with a diagnosis of severe mental disorder: arguments and consensus of community mental health professionals

Con el objetivo de conocer los argumentos de profesionales de la salud mental en torno al ejercicio y/o vulneración de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos (DSR) de las mujeres con diagnóstico en trastorno mental grave (DTMG) y establecer prioridades para la investigación en intervención dentro del área, aplicamos el método Delphi para la obtención de información y un análisis del contenido temático para su análisis.Los resultados evidencian como el género interactúa con el estigma social asociado al DTMG como elementos que posicionan a las mujeres en situaciones de vulnerabilidad social, los cuales tienen efectos negativos sobre el ejercicio de sus DSR. Estos efectos están presentes tanto en el área de la sexualidad, caracterizada por el tabú y la medicalización, como en el área de la reproducción, caracterizada por la mirada incapacitante en torno a la maternidad y el control reproductivo. Asimismo, sitúan a las mujeres en posiciones de opresión que favorecen situaciones de abusos y maltratos.Se concluye destacando los elementos clave para la comprensión del fenómeno, los cuales serán de utilidad para el desarrollo de futuros análisis en el área: el estigma del DTMG, el ejercicio del poder simbólico sobre la construcción de la subjetividad y la reproducción de la exclusión social. Finalmente, proponemos líneas de acción social orientadas a revisar los recursos, el reconocimiento de la agencia de las mujeres con DTMG, y el establecimiento de procesos donde participen el saber científico y profesional, las mujeres y sus familias.
Supplementary_Table_1_Pre-LIFEView_scores_for_ESAS-r_and_FACIT-Sp-12 – Supplemental material for A mixed-methods pilot study of ‘LIFEView’ audiovisual technology: Virtual travel to support well-being and quality of life in palliative and end-of-life care patients

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Table_1_Pre-LIFEView_scores_for_ESAS-r_and_FACIT-Sp-12 for A mixed-methods pilot study of ‘LIFEView’ audiovisual technology: Virtual travel to support well-being and quality of life in palliative and end-of-life care patients by Monisha Kabir, Jill L Rice, Shirley H Bush, Peter G Lawlor, Colleen Webber, Pamela A Grassau, Bahareh Ghaedi, Misha Dhuper and Rebekah Hackbusch in Palliative Medicine
AnomalyPainter: Vision-Language-Diffusion Synergy for Zero-Shot Realistic and Diverse Industrial Anomaly Synthesis

While existing anomaly synthesis methods have made remarkable progress, achieving both realism and diversity in synthesis remains a major obstacle. To address this, we propose AnomalyPainter, a zero-shot framework that breaks the diversity-realism trade-off dilemma through synergizing Vision Language Large Model (VLLM), Latent Diffusion Model (LDM), and our newly introduced texture library Tex-9K. Tex-9K is a professional texture library containing 75 categories and 8,792 texture assets crafted for diverse anomaly synthesis. Leveraging VLLM's general knowledge, reasonable anomaly text descriptions are generated for each industrial object and matched with relevant diverse textures from Tex-9K. These textures then guide the LDM via ControlNet to paint on normal images. Furthermore, we introduce Texture-Aware Latent Init to stabilize the natural-image-trained ControlNet for industrial images. Extensive experiments show that AnomalyPainter outperforms existing methods in realism, diversity, and generalization, achieving superior downstream performance.
Protection of the right to freedom and personal inviolability when applying measures of influence to minors in administrative proceedings

Relevance. Analyzes the specifics of protecting the right to freedom and personal integrity when applying measures of influence to a minor in administrative proceedings. Ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of a juvenile offender requires a special approach, since it is necessary not only to guarantee the observance of his rights and freedoms, but also to exert a certain educational influence on him.The purpose is based on the study of the practical implementation of the established special judicial procedure for the placement of juvenile offenders in a temporary detention center.The objectives of the study are to identify and analyze the effectiveness of preventive measures against juvenile offenders and issues arising in law enforcement practice.Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific and private scientific research methods: logical, comparative legal and formal legal. The results of the study revealed issues in the implementation of the provisions of the legislation on the prevention of juvenile delinquency, requiring analysis and making appropriate changes. Conclusion. The placement of a minor in a temporary detention center for juvenile offenders is used solely as a temporary measure of influence. The article substantiates the provision on the expediency of legislatively establishing alternative measures of influence so that the court could apply them in case of refusal to place them in a special center, indicating them in the instruction to parents. Proposals have been formulated to amend the legislation on administrative proceedings governing the rules of territorial jurisdiction, the list of evidence in the case, the timing of the appeal and consideration of cases during the revision of judicial acts. An additional guarantee for the protection of the interests of juvenile offenders is the provision on the mandatory appointment of a lawyer as a representative in all administrative cases.
Early Pancreatic Cancer Detection Using Deep Learning and Optical Neural Networks on Integrated Photonic Chips

Employing Integrated Photonic Chip-Based Optical Neural Networks (ONNs) for early pancreatic cancer detection, achieved an average Dice score of 0.58 for 2D and 0.6412 for 3D segmentation, matching or surpassing electronic models, demonstrating ONNs as efficient, high-speed alternatives to traditional electrical training systems.
An Inconvenient Deliberation: The Precautionary Principle's Contribution to the Uncertainties Surrounding Climate Change Liability

»Vielmehr bietet [der Kommentar] auf höchstem Niveau eine substantielle Auseinandersetzung mit den Hintergründen, den Zusammenhängen, der Theorie und der Praxis des Grundgesetzes. Besseres lässt sich von einem Verfassungskommentar nicht sagen.“  Herbert Günther Staaatsanzeiger für das Land Hessen 2018 (50), 1494–1495
Preventive Arrest of Minors: Between Necessity and Protection of Fundamental Rights

The preventive detention of minors is an exceptional measure intended to protect public order and ensure the administration of justice, but it raises issues related to the respect of children’s fundamental rights. Although international and national legislation provides that this measure should only be applied as a last resort and for a minimum period, in practice, minors may be exposed to inadequate detention conditions, affecting their psychological and social development. The justification for preventive detention is based on the prevention of serious crimes and the avoidance of evasion of criminal responsibility, but there is a risk that this measure contributes to recidivism and social marginalization. In this context, alternative solutions, such as judicial supervision or placement in specialized centers, are considered more effective for the reintegration of minors. A balance between the need to protect society and respect the rights of the child is essential. Legislative reforms and the implementation of educational and rehabilitation measures can help reduce the negative impact of detention on minors, ensuring both public security and respect for their rights.        Received: 20 April 2025 / Accepted: 12 June 2025 / Published: 25 June 2025
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments

Since the first successful application of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) as a vaccine agent in a preclinical study nearly 30 years ago, numerous advances have been made in the field of mRNA therapeutic technologies. This research uncovered the unique favorable characteristics of mRNA vaccines, including their ability to give rise to non-toxic, potent immune responses and the potential to design and upscale them rapidly, making them excellent vaccine candidates during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Indeed, the first two vaccines against COVID-19 to receive accelerated regulatory authorization were nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines, which showed more than 90% protective efficacy against symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection alongside tolerable safety profiles in the pivotal phase III clinical trials. Real-world evidence following the deployment of global vaccination campaigns utilizing mRNA vaccines has bolstered clinical trial evidence and further illustrated that this technology can be used safely and effectively to combat COVID-19. This unprecedented success also emphasized the broader potential of this new drug class, not only for other infectious diseases, but also for other indications, such as cancer and inherited diseases. This review presents a brief history and the current status of development of four mRNA vaccine platforms, nucleoside-modified and unmodified mRNA, circular RNA, and self-amplifying RNA, as well as an overview of the recent progress and status of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. We also discuss the current and anticipated challenges of these technologies, which may be important for future research endeavors and clinical applications.
sj-pdf-2-wjn-10.1177_01939459221114079 – Supplemental material for Nurse Managers’ Leadership, Patient Safety, and Quality of Care: A Systematic Review

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-2-wjn-10.1177_01939459221114079 for Nurse Managers’ Leadership, Patient Safety, and Quality of Care: A Systematic Review by Seung Eun Lee, Lee Hyunjie and Somin Sang in Western Journal of Nursing Research
Comparing hypothetical structures generated in the third Cambridge blind test of crystal structure prediction

In the third Cambridge blind test of crystal structure prediction, participants submitted extended lists of up to 100 hypothetical structures. In this paper these lists are analyzed for the two small semi-rigid molecules, hydantoin and azetidine, by performing a new energy minimization using an accurate force field, and grouping these newly minimized structures into clusters of equivalent structures. Many participants found the same low-energy structures, but no list appeared to be complete even for the structures with one independent molecule in the asymmetric unit. This may well be due to the fact that a cutoff at even 100 structures cannot ensure the presence of a structure that has a relatively high ranking in another force field. Moreover, some structures should have possibly been discarded because they correspond to transition states rather than true energy minima. The r.m.s. deviation between energies in corresponding clusters was calculated to compare the reported relative crystal energies for each pair of participants. Some groups of force fields show a reasonably good correspondence, yet the order of magnitude of their discrepancies is comparable to the energy differences between, say, the first ten structures of lowest energy. Therefore, even if we assume that energy is a sufficient criterion, it is not surprising that crystal structure predictions are still inconsistent and unreliable.
Law 7/2023, of March 28, on the protection, rights and welfare of animals. TNR method for the control of feral cat colonies: a veterinary profession perspective

In recent years, following an analysis of the current abandonment rate in Spain, there has been a notable increase in awareness among the general public regarding animal rights. This has led to a significant rise in the importance of cat colonies, given their impact on public health and the environment. A survey was conducted among veterinarians in the Canary Islands who are involved in the management of feline colonies. The objective was to assess the efficacy of the capture, sterilization, and return method, as well as the level of citizen and authority involvement. The survey has revealed the necessity for local entities to comply with Law 7/2023 for the Protection of Animal Rights and Welfare. Additionally, veterinary professionals have proposed potential solutions to the most ineffective aspect of the CER method, with the aim of increasing its success rate.
Importance of best Human Resource Management Practices and the need for a Human Resource Information System (HRIS) for the Public Health Sector in Sri Lanka

Human Resource (HR) management practices are essential for delivering effective healthcare services in hospitals. To maximise the usage of available HR, an effective and prudent HR management policy is essential. Special emphasis is necessary with regard to the HR management of public sector doctors and dental surgeons. A Health Resource Information System (HRIS) is helpful in achieving this. Such a system should be sustainable and affordable.  DOi:  http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljbmi.v3i2.2449    Sri Lanka Journal of Biomedical Informatics 2012;  3 :55-62
Large Language Model Alignment: A Survey

76 pages