ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
The Peril of Popular Deep Learning Uncertainty Estimation Methods

Uncertainty estimation (UE) techniques -- such as the Gaussian process (GP), Bayesian neural networks (BNN), Monte Carlo dropout (MCDropout) -- aim to improve the interpretability of machine learning models by assigning an estimated uncertainty value to each of their prediction outputs. However, since too high uncertainty estimates can have fatal consequences in practice, this paper analyzes the above techniques.   Firstly, we show that GP methods always yield high uncertainty estimates on out of distribution (OOD) data. Secondly, we show on a 2D toy example that both BNNs and MCDropout do not give high uncertainty estimates on OOD samples. Finally, we show empirically that this pitfall of BNNs and MCDropout holds on real world datasets as well. Our insights (i) raise awareness for the more cautious use of currently popular UE methods in Deep Learning, (ii) encourage the development of UE methods that approximate GP-based methods -- instead of BNNs and MCDropout, and (iii) our empirical setups can be used for verifying the OOD performances of any other UE method. The source code is available at https://github.com/epfml/uncertainity-estimation.
Radio emission from ultra-high energy cosmic-ray showers after reflecting on the Earth.

We present the calculation of coherent radio pulses emitted by extensive air showers induced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays accounting for reflection on the Earth’s surface. Our work is motivated by the detection of pulsed events in the ANITA experiment compatible with cosmicray origin after reflection on the ice cap at the South Pole. The properties of the radiation are discussed in detail emphasising the effects of reflection on the intensity, frequency and angular distribution of the signal. Our results are obtained with a new version of the ZHAireS simulation code, accounting for reflection on a surface. These calculations are of relevance in studies of existing and future radio detection experiments looking at the Earth from mountain tops, balloons and satellites.
In Search of A ‘Just’ World: The Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal and The Challenge to International Criminal Law

International criminal law presents itself as the main global response to atrocity, yet its selective prosecutions, narrow construction of victimhood and focus on individual perpetrators leave structural injustice largely untouched. This article argues that this doctrinal and institutional focus produces a form of structural impunity, particularly in relation to harms suffered by migrants. It develops this claim through a close reading of the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal’s (PPT) 2017–2020 sessions on the rights of migrants and refugee peoples. Using a doctrinal and critical-interpretive method, the article analyses the Tribunal’s legal basis in the law of peoples, its construction of migrants as victims of systemic injustice, and its articulation of ‘system crimes’ that are rooted in economic, political and legal structures rather than isolated acts. The article shows how the PPT attributes responsibility to European states and institutions for a migration regime that predictably produces deaths at sea, abuses in detention and degrading living conditions. It argues that the Tribunal advances a model of corrective distributive justice that links accountability to structural repair and redistribution. The conclusion suggests that a credible international justice project must move beyond retributive trials to confront the global structures that sustain violence and inequality.
EMBEDDING CYBERSECURITY RISK MANAGEMENT INTO INFORMATION SYSTEMS GOVERNANCE: A NATIONAL-SCALE FRAMEWORK FOR ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE, ECONOMIC STABILITY, AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION

This paper investigates how integrating cybersecurity risk management into Information Systems (IS) governance enhances organizational resilience. As technology becomes more central to operations and cyber threats grow in complexity, organizations face increasing difficulties in maintaining secure operations. Utilizing systems theory, this study presents a holistic framework that aligns business objectives with IT strategies, underscoring the importance of a resilient and adaptable cybersecurity posture. The research draws on a comprehensive review of current cybersecurity literature, existing frameworks, and industry practices, offering a practical guide for organizations to manage cyber risks effectively. The proposed Cybersecurity Resilience Framework integrates governance principles, continuous monitoring, stakeholder engagement, and human behavioral factors to offer a comprehensive approach. Results from this study indicate that organizations using automated detection systems experience an average response time of 20 minutes compared to 31 minutes for those relying on manual detection. Furthermore, organizations with automated systems faced reduced operational downtime (4 hours compared to 6 hours) and lower financial impact ($150,000 versus $250,000). The research also shows that organizations adhering to established frameworks such as NIST and ISO saw improved threat detection rates (over 80%) and a notable reduction in financial losses (around 20%). The analysis of Return on Security Investment (ROSI) revealed that organizations investing strategically in cybersecurity saved significantly on costs, with ROSI percentages ranging from 28% to 61%. Additionally, organizations demonstrated enhanced capacity in threat detection and response, with Cybersecurity Effectiveness Scores (CES) reflecting strong operational readiness. Overall, this framework provides a robust strategy for organizations to navigate the dynamic cybersecurity landscape while ensuring business continuity.
DIRECT DEMOCRACY AND THE PROTECTION OF THE MINORITY RIGHTS: OBSERVATIONS ON THE THESIS OF THE TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY

Este artigo aborda o tema da democracia direta e a discussão quanto ao seu uso disfuncional refletido no ataque aos direitos de minorias sociais. Não raras vezes, iniciativas e consultas populares têm como finalidade bloquear ou neutralizar garantias de direitos para agrupamentos da sociedade como os indígenas, os imigrantes, as mulheres, as minorias raciais, homossexuais etc. Fala-se, nesse sentido, do risco de a manifestação popular redundar na tirania da maioria. Diante de tal cenário, seria possível então advogar contrariamente aos instrumentos de participação direta. Em chave oposta, argumenta-se neste artigo que a tirania da maioria não é um elemento inerente aos institutos de democracia direta e que a compreensão desse fenômeno exige uma análise de contextos sociais, políticos e normativos institucionais. Objetivando fundamentar essa perspectiva, serão apresentados alguns dados e análises referentes à aplicação dos institutos de democracia direta nos Estados Unidos e Suíça. Ao final, conclui-se que os mecanismos de democracia direta devem ser desenvolvidos dentro de determinado ordenamento jurídico de modo a potencializar a participação cidadã no controle do poder e impedir ou dificultar que temas populistas de caráter conservador sejam apresentados para a decisão direta popular.
CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISIONS WITH DEFERRED EFFECT IN JUDICIAL REVIEW OF STATUTES AGAINST THE 1945 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Normatively, the Constitutional Court Law and the Law on the Establishment of Legislation only recognize non-self-executing decisions, as they require further action by the legislature or the President. However, in practice, the Constitutional Court frequently issues self-executing decisions, including those that reinterpret or redefine legal provisions. This raises constitutional challenges, particularly due to the lack of a clear legal basis and the potential conflict with the Court’s original philosophical and historical role as a judicial body. This study aims to examine: (1) the rationale behind the Court’s issuance of non-self-executing decisions; (2) the legal certainty regarding their implementation; and (3) the future framework for managing such decisions. Findings indicate that non-self-executing decisions are issued when norms fall under the domain of open legal policy, thereby deferring action to the legislature or the President. Legal certainty can be strengthened by introducing delayed enforceability and time limits for follow-up action. The study recommends revising relevant laws to provide a legal foundation for decisions involving new norms, conditional constitutionality, and deferred implementation while maintaining the principle that such decisions require legislative or executive follow-up within a specified timeframe.
Contemporary Issues on Reproductive and Sexual Health Vis-À-Vis the Rights of Women in Nigeria

Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR) of women is the state of the physiological wellness of the female organs for sexual intercourse, conception and childbirth which are naturally endowed and could be legally protected. However, there are perennial bottlenecks to effective legal regimes in Nigeria to spearhead this. Sequel to these cankerworms, the aim of this article and the major objective, was to analyze the contemporary issues in the reproductive and sexual health of women vis-à-vis their rights in Nigeria. The research methodology was doctrinal approach, using expository and analytical research design. It was observed that some Nigerian laws are inimical to women’s reproductive rights; also most illnesses among women of 15 to 40years old in Nigeria are related to pregnancy, abortion, childbirth, reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS, domestic sexual violence and other culturally associated issues. The main sources of data collection were various legal literatures, both from the physical library and the e-library. Therefore, it was recommended among others that Nigerian legislators and the judiciary should adopt the sound principles and related provisions in foreign jurisdictions to advance women’s sexual and reproductive rights. Finally, this article was made to be significant to all stakeholders in human right and feminism.
Popular Education and University Outreach in Food and Nutrition Security and the Human Right to Adequate and Healthy Food: a possible methodological path

Introduction: The theme of food and nutrition security and the human right to adequate and healthy food became a political issue in Brazil, from 2003 to 2016. However, the task of maintaining social rights was not completed and today it is politically threatened, demanding the consciousness and mobilization of segments of civil society for an understanding of reality and the resumption of the construction of possible paths for the enforceability of the law and guarantee of food and nutritional security. Objective: This work sought to report the experience and highlight the pedagogical expressions of the principles of popular education throughout the teaching-learning process of the 2018 edition of the course, held in the municipality of Colinas do Sul, Goiás. Methods: At the University of Brasília, in 2018, an Outreach and Continuing Education Program, MultiplicaSAN, was instituted. Among its activities, there was a course to promote the culture of rights aiming at the formation of civil society in the themes of food and nutritional security and the human right to adequate and healthy food, using Freire's pedagogy and the principles of Popular Education Policy. Results: The experience of the outreach program provided an in-depth look at popular education, showing the wealth of knowledge construction together with a community of female workers. Conclusion: It also revealed the transformative potential of an educational process based on the principles of popular education: lovingness, dialogicity, consciousness, construction of knowledge, based on concrete reality, transformation of the world and systematization of knowledge in the teaching-learning process of educators and students.
Discerning Digital from Canvas: Investigating Visual Distinction between AI-Generated Art and Actual Art among Far Eastern University’s Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts (IARFA) and Non-IARFA Students

Artificial Intelligence is one of the current generation’s inventions that has been widely used. It has helped make lives easier, especially regarding appliances and business, and it has also altered various industries, including the arts. However, this development has sparked different perspectives among artists and non-artists. This study aims to evaluate how students, both artists, and non-artists, perceive the differences between real art and artificial intelligence-generated art. For this study, a total of fifty (50) students will be gathered, consisting of twenty-five (25) non-artist students from different courses and twenty-five (25) artist students from the IARFA Institute of Far Eastern University. The participants will receive the questionnaire via Messenger. The results of this study showed that the participants could differentiate actual art from AI-generated art based on their knowledge when evaluating artworks. Additionally, it demonstrates that artist students showed more confidence in determining actual artworks from AI-generated artworks due to their knowledge. While non-artists remain skeptical in determining artworks as they base their perception on how they see art.
Ecological land classification as a surrogate for epigaeic arthropod biodiversity and conservation in boreal forest landscapes

The use of biodiversity surrogates offers a scientifically sound, robust, and cost-efficient approach for supporting conservation strategies over large landscapes. We examined the habitat associations of ground beetles, rove beetles, and spiders collected with pitfall traps from 12 undisturbed forest types that conform to different ecosites and ecophases using the ecosite classification system for the boreal mixedwood subregion of Alberta, Canada. A total of 79 578 epigaeic arthropods, representing 370 species, were collected during the summer of 2018. Catches of ground and rove beetles were highest in mesic deciduous forest stands, whereas spider catch was highest in subxeric, open canopy jack pine stands. Species richness and diversity differed among taxa and ecophases; however, evenness for the beetle assemblages increased along the moisture gradient, whereas, for spiders evenness was highest at both ends of the moisture gradient. Geographic location accounted for less variation among arthropod assemblages than ecosite and ecophase. In general, epigaeic arthropod assemblages reflected the environmental variation across the ecosite edatopic grid. Hence, the forest ecosite classification system can be used as a surrogate for epigaeic arthropod assemblage structure across large boreal forest mixedwood landscapes.
Strategy for Strengthening Human Resource Management in Addressing Agricultural Entrepreneurship Challenges to Achieve Sustainable Food Security

This study examines strategic approaches to strengthening human resource management in addressing the challenges faced by agricultural entrepreneurs to support sustainable food security. The research focuses on identifying competency gaps, organizational learning patterns, performance systems, motivation mechanisms, and digital adoption within agricultural enterprises. A mixed method approach was employed, combining structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with agricultural entrepreneurs, extension agents, and institutional stakeholders. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential techniques, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and contextual insights. The findings reveal that core competencies, particularly managerial and digital skills, remain limited and unevenly distributed. Organizational learning processes are largely informal, leading to inconsistent knowledge transfer and weak innovation capacity. Performance management is underdeveloped, with minimal use of structured indicators or incentive based motivation systems. Digital adoption is hindered by limited infrastructure, low literacy, and financial constraints, resulting in slow technological transformation. The study concludes that strengthening human resource management through structured training, integrated learning systems, performance frameworks, and digital capacity building is essential for enhancing entrepreneurial resilience and supporting sustainable food systems. These findings provide a strategic foundation for policymakers, training institutions, and agricultural organizations to design targeted interventions that strengthen agricultural entrepreneurship and contribute to long term food security.
VENet: Variational energy network for gland segmentation of pathological images and early gastric cancer diagnosis of whole slide images

Gland segmentation of pathological images is an essential but challenging step for adenocarcinoma diagnosis. Although deep learning methods have recently made tremendous progress in gland segmentation, they have not given satisfactory boundary and region segmentation results of adjacent glands. These glands usually have a large difference in glandular appearance, and the statistical distribution between the training and test sets in deep learning is inconsistent. These problems make networks not generalize well in the test dataset, bringing difficulties to gland segmentation and early cancer diagnosis.To address these problems, we propose a Variational Energy Network named VENet with a traditional variational energy Lv loss for gland segmentation of pathological images and early gastric cancer detection in whole slide images (WSIs). It effectively integrates the variational mathematical model and the data-adaptability of deep learning methods to balance boundary and region segmentation. Furthermore, it can effectively segment and classify glands in large-size WSIs with reliable nucleus width and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio features.The VENet was evaluated on the 2015 MICCAI Gland Segmentation challenge (GlaS) dataset, the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Glands (CRAG) dataset, and the self-collected Nanfang Hospital dataset. Compared with state-of-the-art methods, our method achieved excellent performance for GlaS Test A (object dice 0.9562, object F1 0.9271, object Hausdorff distance 73.13), GlaS Test B (object dice 94.95, object F1 95.60, object Hausdorff distance 59.63), and CRAG (object dice 95.08, object F1 92.94, object Hausdorff distance 28.01). For the Nanfang Hospital dataset, our method achieved a kappa of 0.78, an accuracy of 0.9, a sensitivity of 0.98, and a specificity of 0.80 on the classification task of test 69 WSIs.The experimental results show that the proposed model accurately predicts boundaries and outperforms state-of-the-art methods. It can be applied to the early diagnosis of gastric cancer by detecting regions of high-grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia in WSI, which can assist pathologists in analyzing large WSI and making accurate diagnostic decisions.
Coproduction of a resource sharing public views of health inequalities: An example of inclusive public and patient involvement and engagement

AbstractBackgroundUNderstanding Factors that explain Avoidable hospital admission Inequalities—Research study (UNFAIR) addresses how to reduce health inequalities, particularly for avoidable hospital admissions. Our Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) members broached that health inequalities are complex, challenging to understand and communicate. They identified a need to explore diverse views, including people who have a higher risk of health inequalities. With limited public‐facing resources relating to the public's understanding or emotions around health inequalities, this project aimed to fill this gap using co‐leadership and co‐production.MethodsMembers of the public worked with researchers to co‐produce and run PPIE workshops. This project was co‐led by a member of the public and a researcher. One online workshop open to anyone in England accompanied by three face‐to‐face workshops were held. Public contributors, including people living in diverse communities, were invited. Inclusive involvement opportunities were offered including flexible ways of involvement and remuneration. To strengthen the key messages' rigour, transcriptions of the audio‐recordings from each workshop, with facilitator notes, were analysed using thematic analysis. From the key messages, an animation was co‐produced with public contributors with the public's voice being integral throughout.Key MessagesA total of 58 people took part capturing intersecting and multiple dimensions of marginalisation including people with a range of ages, genders, ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, and members of communities who face exclusion (including people with learning difficulties and experiencing ill‐health). The animation highlighted powerful lived experience, for example, some people are dying earlier than expected. Health inequalities conjured up powerful emotions, such as anger and hopelessness. Public views of how to address health inequalities included respecting, accepting and valuing everyone, regardless of, for example, where people live. The animation is publicly available for use by anyone, including decision makers across the health and care system.ConclusionsThrough co‐leadership and co‐production, this project is an example of inclusive PPIE. This project provided a way for the public's voice to influence policy and practice to inform understanding and action to address health inequalities. The animation provides powerful insights into what health inequalities mean to people with examples of lived experience and corroborates the moral argument for action by decision makers.Patient and Public ContributionMembers of the public, including people who were affected or at higher risk of health inequalities, co‐led this project and were involved as co‐creators and developers from the inception of the project to completion. Their involvement was integral and documented in full throughout the project.
Why Recognizing the Right to a Healthy Environment Would Strengthen the Environmental Human Rights Framework under the European Convention on Human Rights

The ECtHR lacks a mandate for general measures aimed at redressing or preventing environmental harm as such. Only the introduction of the environment as the object of human rights protection, through the Right to a Healthy Environment, could trigger the necessary conceptual shift and legitimise the Court and the CoE Committee of Ministers to require member States to take measures such as mitigation of environmental risks and ecological redress.
Artificial intelligence-based incident analysis and learning system to enhance patient safety and improve treatment quality

Patient safety and high treatment quality are essential in modern healthcare, but analyzing safety incidents for insights is labor-intensive and inconsistent process. To address this, we developed the Artificial Intelligence-based Incident Analysis and Learning System (AI-ILS), trained on 1548 expertly curated incidents categorized by the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). AI-ILS identifies latent safety threats and classifies incident causes with high accuracy, achieving an average AUROC of 0.92, MCC of 0.72, and overall accuracy of 79%. In testing on 350 real-world clinical incidents, AI-ILS showed 88% concordance with expert reviewers and operated 29 times faster than manual analysis. We deployed and validated AI-ILS using real-world radiation oncology data, where it improved retrospective incident analysis at our institution by generating aggregated HFACS-based results and addressing challenges related to inconsistent review processes and lack of standardized taxonomies.