ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
A Natural Language Processing-Based Approach for Early Detection of Heart Failure Onset using Electronic Health Records

Abstract                                    Objectives                   This study set out to develop and validate a risk prediction tool for the early detection of heart failure (HF) onset using real-world electronic health records (EHRs).                                                     Background                   While existing HF risk assessment models have shown promise in clinical settings, they are often tailored to specific medical conditions, limiting their generalizability. Moreover, most methods rely on hand-crafted features, making it difficult to capture the high-dimensional, sparse, and temporal nature of EHR data, thus reducing their predictive accuracy.                                                     Methods                   A total of 2,561 HF and 5,493 matched control patients were identified from the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium. We employed a suite of natural language processing (NLP) models, including Bag of Words, Skip-gram, and ClinicalBERT, to generate EHR embeddings, which were used as inputs for five prediction models. Model calibration was assessed under three calibration scenarios: no recalibration, recalibration in the large, and logistic recalibration.                                                     Results                   The XGBoost model demonstrated the best overall performance, achieving an AUROC of 0.7672, an F1 score of 0.5547, an AUPRC of 0.6382, and a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.3993. The most impactful predictors included diagnoses, procedures, medications, lab tests, and patient age. Model performance varied across gender, race, and ethnicity subgroups. Logistic recalibration significantly improved model calibration in the overall cohort and demographic subgroups.                                                     Conclusions                   Our NLP-based approach demonstrated strong predictive performance and clinical relevance, highlighting its potential for integration into real-world clinical applications to facilitate early detection and proactive management of individuals at risk for HF.
Why de‐judicialize? Explaining state preferences on judicialization in World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body and Investor‐to‐State Dispute Settlement reforms

AbstractJudicialization scholarship suggests that states must seek the de‐judicialization of international dispute settlement mechanisms to regain regulatory space. Why then do some states seek a de‐judicialization yet others increased judicialization of dispute settlement mechanisms in their pursuit of regulatory space? This article advances a twofold argument. First, the concept of judicialization has been erroneously conflated with state perceptions of regulatory space under dispute settlement mechanisms. States aspiring to consolidate regulatory space may pursue de‐judicialization and increased judicialization alike. Second, states' preferences for de‐judicialization or increased judicialization to regain regulatory space should largely depend on conceptions of legitimate international law as either intergovernmental contracts or cosmopolitan quasi‐constitutional order. The article illustrates these arguments at the example of US and EU efforts to reform the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization and investor‐to‐state dispute settlement. Both seek to increase regulatory space. Yet, the USA pursues de‐judicialization while the EU promotes judicialization.
Subspace Learning Machine (SLM): Methodology and Performance

Inspired by the feedforward multilayer perceptron (FF-MLP), decision tree (DT) and extreme learning machine (ELM), a new classification model, called the subspace learning machine (SLM), is proposed in this work. SLM first identifies a discriminant subspace, $S^0$, by examining the discriminant power of each input feature. Then, it uses probabilistic projections of features in $S^0$ to yield 1D subspaces and finds the optimal partition for each of them. This is equivalent to partitioning $S^0$ with hyperplanes. A criterion is developed to choose the best $q$ partitions that yield $2q$ partitioned subspaces among them. We assign $S^0$ to the root node of a decision tree and the intersections of $2q$ subspaces to its child nodes of depth one. The partitioning process is recursively applied at each child node to build an SLM tree. When the samples at a child node are sufficiently pure, the partitioning process stops and each leaf node makes a prediction. The idea can be generalized to regression, leading to the subspace learning regressor (SLR). Furthermore, ensembles of SLM/SLR trees can yield a stronger predictor. Extensive experiments are conducted for performance benchmarking among SLM/SLR trees, ensembles and classical classifiers/regressors.
Ecological restoration, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation: The experience of the Society for Wildlife Research and Environmental Education (SPVS) in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Southern Brazil

Summary   Since 1999, SPVS has been involved in three projects that combine two fundamental goals over the course of 40 years: the conservation of one of Brazil's most important remnants of Atlantic Forest and the implementation of projects for carbon sequestration. In addition, there is an interest in replicating these projects in order to restore other degraded areas, protect the Brazilian biomes, and help to diminish deforestation and forest fire, therefore reducing carbon emissions. The acquisition of 19,000 ha of degraded areas of high biological importance in southern Brazil was the first step towards the implementation of the projects. These areas are owned by SPVS, a Brazilian NGO, and are being restored, conserved and transformed into Private Natural Reserves, in partnership with the NGO – The Nature Conservancy, and financed by the companies – American Electric Power, General Motors and Chevron Texaco. The process of forest restoration involves several stages: soil studies, surveying the region's native plants, planning for restoration by means of a Geographical Information System, production of seedlings, application of different techniques for planting (such as manual or mechanised planting with seedlings and stakes), and biomass and biodiversity monitoring. To guarantee the survival of the seedlings on the planted areas, during the first three years, there is a continuous and systematic maintenance programme including weeding of undergrowth, crowing and organic fertilisation. The three projects already planted around 500,000 seedlings of native species until September 2004, and aim to plant a further 300,000 until 2008.
Fault-tree analysis of intermittent events

This paper presents a bottom-up methodology for sequential reduction of fault tree end-branches with intermittent events. The methodology can be used in conjunction with ordinary events with permanent state change.
Engineering a genetic circuit for Turing patterns in E. coli with a Synthetic Biology approach

Genetic circuits that can form spatial patterns have been a major topic of interest within Synthetic Biology. Turing patterns are self-organising spatial wave, spot or labyrinthine patterns that are formed in some reaction-diffusion circuits. The simplest Turing circuit involves a slow-diffusing activator and a fast-diffusing inhibitor, interacting to regulate their own and each other’s rates of production. An unambiguous implementation of Turing patterns with a genetic circuit is still lacking because of their exquisitely fine-tuned nature. This study aims to address this shortcoming and sets out to engineer a genetic circuit for Turing patterning in E. coli from first principles. Two genetic circuits were studied. Firstly, a phage circuit was designed according to the minimal self-activation, lateral inhibition Turing topology and involves a slow-diffusing M13 filamentous phage and a fast-diffusing 3OC6HSL quorum sensing signal. This circuit was abandoned because of the many complexities of phage biology, which were working against its successful implementation as a Turing generator. The focus was shifted to circuit ‘3954’, which was designed according to a more robust three-node topology and implemented with two small molecule diffusors; this could be done because the circuit allows for equal diffusivity of the two diffusing signals. All the components of circuit ‘3954’ were tested in reduced subcircuits and were shown to be functioning as expected. Growing bacterial colonies bearing the circuit were then visualised for pattern formation using confocal microscopy. Even though no Turing patterns were detected, the colonies consistently showed a centre-surround expression pattern of the fluorescence reporters, where GFP was expressed at the colony centre, whereas mCherry was predominantly expressed at the periphery. The obtained reaction-diffusion patterns are a good foundation for further tuning and exploration.
The Historical Application of Command Responsibility as Basis for Prosecuting Sexual Violence Crimes Under International Criminal Law: The Post-World War II Criminal Tribunals to Rome

The principle of command responsibility places a legal obligation on military commanders or civilian superiors to take reasonable and necessary steps to prevent and suppress commission of crimes, including sexual violence crimes by persons under their command, or to report to competent authorities if the crimes are committed. This contribution provides a historical analysis of the evolution of the codification and adjudication of command responsibility and its application to prosecute sexual violence crimes under international criminal law. Examining this historical evolution aims to provide legal practitioners with a clear understanding of how the doctrine of command responsibility found its way into contemporary international criminal law treaties, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This will assist legal practitioners to successfully apply command responsibility to prosecute sexual violence crimes and to better understand the interplay between international criminal law and international humanitarian law.
Consideration of asymmetric conflicts in the Middle East by the United Nations Security Council in the 21st century. The case of Iraq, Syria and Libya.

Dans un contexte conflictuel marqué par une évolution de la pratique guerrière, le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies peine à imposer la paix en Irak, Syrie et Libye. Le Moyen-Orient semble alors retracer les incompatibilités et inadaptations auxquelles le droit international fait face.Depuis près de deux décennies, l’instabilité chronique s’est graduellement emparée de nos trois cas d’analyse pour accoucher d’un terrorisme transnational difficilement saisissable. Son indéfinition relève de la complexité à englober les aspirations de chaque couche de la société, mais plus encore, de l’intrusion d’États tiers dans la pratique interne.Observer la déliquescence de l’Irak, de la Syrie et de la Libye revient à adopter un angle de vue large pour reconnaître la transition de ces États autrefois voyous vers l’avènement de leurs faillites. L’interventionnisme occidental y est consubstantiel, nous pouvons faire référence à l’intervention illégale de 2003 en Irak, mais d’autres facteurs protéiformes viennent accroître l’échec sécuritaire des États mentionnés.En effet, le recensement de la conflictualité en Irak, Syrie et Libye démontre une pratique asymétrique opposant naïvement le faible au fort. Cependant, l’asymétrie observée se noie dans les méandres d’une pratique régionale interventionniste et belliciste. En d’autres termes, la lutte par procuration des différents blocs régionaux et internationaux prend la forme d’une opposition asymétrique sans pour autant en reconnaître le fond. La conflictualité asymétrique en Irak, Syrie et Libye n’est que l’éloge de la Realpolitik moderne, où l’acteur non-étatique devient l’instrument d’une puissance régalienne.Dans ce monde où la dérive est coutume, où le système onusien semble fragmenté, il émerge une grille d’analyse névralgique à la pleine saisie des enjeux contemporains au Moyen-Orient : la nécessité de s’armer d’une approche politico-juridique.
Distributed Detection of Sparse Stochastic Signals via Fusion of 1-bit Local Likelihood Ratios

In this letter, we consider the detection of sparse stochastic signals with sensor networks (SNs), where the fusion center (FC) collects 1-bit data from the local sensors and then performs global detection. For this problem, a newly developed 1-bit locally most powerful test (LMPT) detector requires 3.3Q sensors to asymptotically achieve the same detection performance as the centralized LMPT (cLMPT) detector with Q sensors. This 1-bit LMPT detector is based on 1-bit quantized observations without any additional processing at the local sensors. However, direct quantization of observations is not the most efficient processing strategy at the sensors since it incurs unnecessary information loss. In this letter, we propose an improved-1-bit LMPT (Im-1-bit LMPT) detector that fuses local 1-bit quantized likelihood ratios (LRs) instead of directly quantized local observations. In addition, we design the quantization thresholds at the local sensors to ensure asymptotically optimal detection performance of the proposed detector. It is shown theoretically and numerically that, with the designed quantization thresholds, the proposed Im-1-bit LMPT detector for the detection of sparse signals requires less number of sensor nodes to compensate for the performance loss caused by 1-bit quantization.
Psychological Intervention in Women Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse: An Open Study—Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing EMDR Psychotherapy and Trauma-Based Cognitive Therapy

Introduction: Most victims of sexual abuse have symptoms that may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. This study aims to offer evidence-based psychological treatment to women who have been sexually abused earlier in life and currently have sequelae from that trauma. With this treatment, each of the women in the study will hopefully improve their overall quality of life and, more specifically, it is expected that post-traumatic stress symptoms will decrease, as found in recent studies, as well as strengthening their security, confidence, and coping with the situations they have experienced. Methods and analysis: The effect of two therapeutic approaches focused on the improvement of trauma will be evaluated in a sample of 30–50 women victims of childhood sexual abuse, with a randomized clinical trial comparing EMDR psychotherapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. According to the literature reviewed, both approaches will considerably improve self-esteem when the appropriate number of sessions are conducted, significantly reducing general psychiatric symptoms and depression. Furthermore, the effects are sustained over time. It should be noted that this study will be carried out comparing both therapies, analyzing both the differential benefit of each and the cumulative effect of receiving both treatments and in which order. It is also intended to demonstrate that implementing the protocols presented in this study will help improve the quality of life of the women who benefit from them, and after this study, it will be possible to replicate this program in other people with the same problems. Each of the therapeutic benefits of each of them will be analyzed, and clinical and logistical guidance will be provided to implement both, including a session-by-session protocol.
Marine engineering systems failure analysis using extended failure modes and effects analysis with quality function deployment: maritime house of reliability

Purpose                     This study develops the Maritime House of Reliability (M-HoR), an integrated model combining Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), to improve the reliability assessment of marine engineering systems by systematically embedding user requirements and accounting for failure interdependencies.                                                           Design/methodology/approach                     The M-HoR framework translates marine engineers' reliability expectations into technical requirements by integrating QFD and FMEA. Severity is divided into weighted sub-criteria using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, and domino effects among failure modes are modelled. The methodology is demonstrated through a case study on crankcase explosion failures.                                                           Findings                     The results show that considering domino effects and detailed severity parameters significantly alters failure prioritization compared to conventional FMEA. Specifically, Risk Priority Numbers changed by up to 299% and certain critical failure modes, previously underestimated, were reassigned as high risk, demonstrating improved precision and operational relevance of the proposed M-HoR approach.                                                           Research limitations/implications                     The study is validated through a single case application. Future studies should explore broader system applications to confirm generalizability.                                                           Practical implications                     The M-HoR framework provides a decision-support tool for marine engineers, enabling proactive risk management and contributing to safer and more sustainable ship-board operations.                                                           Social implications                     Improving system reliability supports environmental protection and advances the shipping industry's decarbonization and safety goals.                                                           Originality/value                     This research introduces a structured, user-centred reliability assessment framework for marine engineering systems. By integrating cascading failure analysis and refined severity evaluation, the M-HoR model addresses limitations in traditional methods and supports more resilient system design and maintenance practices.
Dispute Settlement Understanding: Developing a Firm Foundation for Implementation of the World Trade Organization [Archival Digital Edition]

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Archival Digital Edition of the original 1998 article published in the Suffolk Transnational Law Review. This article examines the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) and argues for a stronger and more enduring implementation framework for the multilateral trading system.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Developed during the 1995–1998 formative period and published at the start of the DSU/WTO tipping point, this article was one of the few very early statements of the broader promise and practical significance of an emerging “everything WTO / DSU” world. Methodologically, the article combined close reading, use, and analysis of the original DSU document and its text with validation through discussions, interviews, and contemporaneous practitioner, legal, diplomatic, and policy sources, including Ambassador Harlan Cleveland, U.S. Trade Representative leadership and context, and lawyers and leaders from other countries. Its relevance today is even clearer in hindsight: the WTO now has 166 members out of around 200 countries worldwide today, and its framework covers 98% of world trade. In that sense, the article addressed not a marginal mechanism, but the rise of a near-universal trade architecture with real enforcement teeth.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The paper was significantly shaped by interviews and discussions with Ambassador Harlan Cleveland and grounded in contemporaneous U.S. trade-policy realities of the period, including Mickey Kantor and Charlene Barshefsky’s testimony on the enforcement gap. In approach, balance, reach, and timing, it stands as one of the few very early statements of the broader promise and practical significance of the emerging WTO/DSU order.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;This is a historically significant work originally published in 1998 and republished in digital archival form in 2026 to preserve the original publication, restore access, support accurate citation, and document an early contribution to a framework that later became globally significant.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Archival Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Originally published in &lt;em&gt;Suffolk Transnational Law Review&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 22, No. 1, Winter 1998, pp. 63–107. This archival digital edition restores and preserves the article for scholarly access, responsible public reference, and continued availability.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rights &amp;amp; Preservation:&lt;/strong&gt; Restored and deposited by the author, Jonathan C. Spierer, for digital preservation, scholarly access, and responsible public reference. This archival digital edition relates to the article originally published in &lt;em&gt;Suffolk Transnational Law Review&lt;/em&gt;, Vol. 22, No. 1, Winter 1998, pp. 63–107.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
The European Central Bank’s monetary policy and Central Bank Digital Currency

This paper discusses the introduction of an account-based general-purpose Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) by the European Central Bank (ECB) that is directly accessible to consumers through national central banks (NCB). This paper finds that it is not possible to introduce such a system under the ECB’s monetary mandate. The ECB therefore would have to introduce this system through its economic mandate. This paper discusses whether the ECB can introduce a digital euro under the current legal framework. In doing so, this paper will provide a significant discussion on the legal interpretation of the secondary objectives of the ECB. To do so this paper first discusses the literature on the secondary objectives in section 2. It then continues by discussing in section 3 whether there is a legal foundation for the ECB to introduce a general-purpose digital euro. Section 4 will continue by assessing the legal framework of the secondary objectives of the ECB. This section will consider both the aim of the objectives and the limitation of ‘efficient allocation of resources’. It is concluded that the current legislation does not provide the ECB with the competence to issue a directly accessible digital euro, new legislation would have to be drafted for the ECB to introduce a CBDC system with direct consumer access. Even with this new legal foundation, the ECB would have to comply with its economic mandate. When introducing a digital euro directly accessible through NCBs the ECB is competing with commercial banks. This competition should be considered unfair based upon the ECB’s exclusive power to issue legal tender and the public status of NCBs. Since the issue of unbanked in the EU is limited and decreasing, there is not enough reason to consider offering a bank account as a Service of General Economic Interest. The introduction of directly accessible general purpose CBDC would therefore be unlawful.