ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's Decision in <i>The Prosecutor v. Ferdinand Nahimana et al.</i>: The Past, Present, and Future of International Incitement Law

In The Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al., the trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda sought to define the offence of ‘direct and public incitement to commit genocide’. This case note discusses the elements required in the opinion before turning to the way in which the trial chamber applied its tests. Case law from the European Court of Human Rights and laws from a range of national jurisdictions are used to contrast the approach adopted by the trial chamber in the so-called ‘Media Trial’.
Is palliative care support associated with better quality end-of-life care indicators for patients with advanced cancer? A retrospective cohort study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to establish the association between timing and provision of palliative care (PC) and quality of end-of-life care indicators in a population of patients dying of cancer.SettingThis study uses linked cancer patient data from the National Cancer Registry, the electronic medical record system used in primary care (SystmOne) and the electronic medical record system used within a specialist regional cancer centre. The population resided in a single city in Northern England.ParticipantsRetrospective data from 2479 adult cancer decedents who died between January 2010 and February 2012 were registered with a primary care provider using the SystmOne electronic health record system, and cancer was certified as a cause of death, were included in the study.ResultsLinkage yielded data on 2479 cancer decedents, with 64.5% who received at least one PC event. Decedents who received PC were significantly more likely to die in a hospice (39.4% vs 14.5%, P&lt;0.005) and less likely to die in hospital (23.3% vs 40.1%, P&lt;0.05), and were more likely to receive an opioid (53% vs 25.2%, P&lt;0.001). PC initiated more than 2 weeks before death was associated with avoiding a hospital death (≥2 weeks, P&lt;0.001), more than 4 weeks before death was associated with avoiding emergency hospital admissions and increased access to an opioid (≥4 weeks, P&lt;0.001), and more than 33 weeks before death was associated with avoiding late chemotherapy (≥33 weeks, no chemotherapy P=0.019, chemotherapy over 4 weeks P=0.007).ConclusionFor decedents with advanced cancer, access to PC and longer duration of PC were significantly associated with better end-of-life quality indicators.
Galactic cosmic-ray anisotropy and its heliospheric modulation, inferred from the sidereal semidiurnal variations observed in the rigidity range 300–600 GV with multidirectional muon telescope at Sakashita underground station

The existence of sidereal semidiurnal variation of cosmic-ray intensity in a rigidity region 102-103 GV has been reported by many researchers, but there is no consensus of opinion on its origin. In this paper, using the observed semidiurnal variations in a rigidity range (300–600 GV) with 10 directional muon telescopes at Sakashita underground station (geog. lat. = 36°, long. = 138°E, depth = 80 m.w.e.), the authors determine the magnitudes (η1, η2) and directions (a1, a2) of the first- and second-order anisotropies in the following galactic cosmic-ray intensity distribution (j)   jdp = j0{1 + η1P1(cos χ1) + η2P2(cos χ2)}dp  , where Pnis the nth order spherical function and χn is the pitch angle of cosmic rays with respect to an. For the determination, the influence of cosmic-ray's heliomagnetospheric modulation, geomagnetic deflection and nuclear interaction with the terrestrial material and also of the geometric configuration of the telescopes are taken into account. Usually, the semidiurnal variation is produced by the second-order anisotropy. The present observation, however, requires also the first-order anisotropy which usually produces only the diurnal variation, but can produce also the semidiurnal variation as a result of the heliospheric modulation. The first- and second-order anisotropies are characterized with η1) > 0 and η2 < 0 have almost the same direction (a1 ∼ a2) specified by the right ascension (α ∼ 0.75 h) and declination (δ ∼ 50°S) and, therefore, they can be expressed, as a whole, by an axis-symmetric anisotropy of loss-cone type (i.e. deficit intensities in a cone). It is noteworthy that this anisotropy approximately coincides with that inferred from the air shower observation at Mt Norikura in the rigidity region ∼ 104 GV.
Linking humans, their animals, and the environment<i>again</i>: a decolonized and more-than-human approach to “One Health”

This article considers a broad perspective of “One Health” that includes local and animal knowledge. Drawing from various colonial efforts to link human, animal, and environmental health, it first shows that the current “One Health” initiative has its roots in colonial engagement and coincides with a need to secure the health of administrators (controlling that of local populations), while pursing use of resources. In our contemporary period of repeated epidemic outbreaks, we then discuss the need for greater inclusion of social science knowledge for a better understanding of complex socio-ecological systems. We show how considering anthropology and allied sub-disciplines (anthropology of nature, medical anthropology, and human-animal studies) highlights local knowledge on biodiversity as well as the way social scientists investigate diversity in relation to other forms of knowledge. Acknowledging recent approaches, specifically multispecies ethnography, the article then aims to include not only local knowledge but also non-human knowledge for a better prevention of epidemic outbreaks. Finally, the conclusion stresses the need to adopt the same symmetrical approach to scientific and profane knowledge as a way to decolonize One Health, as well as to engage in a more-than-human approach including non-human animals as objects-subjects of research.
CROSS-MODAL FEDERATED LEARNING WITH DIFFERENTIAL PRIVACY FOR REAL-TIME CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT

Brain tumor segmentation using AI is faced with a built-in dilemma of diagnostic accuracy vs data privacy guidelines that prevent multi-site collaboration, while existing federated learning techniques lack in making strong privacy guarantees and only operate on image data without leveraging clinical text. We propose a privacy-preserving cross-modal federated learning framework with MRI images and clinical text integration using ResNet-50 and BERT encoders with cross-modal attention fusion secured through differential privacy with gradient clipping and Gaussian noise injection. Ranked on 7,023 brain MRI images across simulated federated environments with up to 20 clients, our solution achieves 92.8% IID accuracy, 89.1% non-IID accuracy, and 87.3% differential privacy (ε=1.0, δ=1×10⁻⁵) accuracy, which is equivalent to 92.7% centralized performance retention. The multimodal fusion shows 6.9% improvement over vision-only methods, and the sub-500ms inference offers possible real-time deployment. This work introduces a novel cross-modal attention mechanism for federated medical imaging with strict differential privacy that maintains clinical utility, provides rigorous testing across heterogeneous data distributions, and demonstrates scalable and diversified framework support with mathematical privacy guarantees against membership inference attacks.
Climate Change Litigation and Environmental Law Enforcement in South Africa: A Systematic Review

Climate change litigation in South Africa has gained prominence as a tool for environmental governance and enforcement. A comprehensive search strategy was employed using databases such as Web of Science and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were articles published between and that discussed climate change litigation and environmental law enforcement in South Africa. Studies were reviewed by two independent reviewers to ensure quality control. Findings indicate a significant increase in the number of climate change-related lawsuits filed since , with over 60% involving water resources cases. The review highlights the growing role of litigation as an effective mechanism for enforcing environmental laws and addressing climate impacts. However, challenges persist regarding legal precedents and stakeholder cooperation. Policy makers should consider strengthening legal frameworks to support climate change litigation and enhance public engagement in environmental protection efforts. The empirical specification follows $Y=\beta_0+\beta^\top X+\varepsilon$, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Positivity-Preserving Analysis of Numerical Schemes for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics

Numerical schemes provably preserving the positivity of density and pressure are highly desirable for MHD, but the rigorous positivity-preserving (PP) analysis remains challenging. The difficulties mainly arise from the intrinsic complexity of the MHD equations as well as the indeterminate relation between the PP property and the divergence-free condition on magnetic field. We present the first rigorous PP analysis of conservative schemes with Lax-Friedrichs (LF) flux for ideal MHD. The significant innovation is the discovery of theoretical connection between PP property and a discrete divergence-free (DDF) condition. This connection is established through the generalized LF splitting properties, which are alternatives of the usually-expected LF splitting property that does not hold for ideal MHD. The generalized LF splitting properties involve a number of admissible states strongly coupled by DDF condition, making their derivation very difficult. We derive these properties via a novel equivalent form of the admissible state set and an important inequality skillfully constructed by technical estimates. Rigorous PP analysis is presented for finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin schemes with LF flux on uniform Cartesian meshes. In 1D case, PP property is proved for the first-order scheme with proper numerical viscosity, and also for arbitrarily high-order schemes under conditions accessible by a PP limiter. In 2D case, we show that the DDF condition is necessary and crucial for achieving PP property. It is observed that even slightly violating the proposed DDF condition may cause failure to preserve the positivity of pressure. We prove that the 2D LF type scheme with proper numerical viscosity preserves the positivity and DDF condition. Sufficient conditions are derived for 2D PP high-order schemes, and extension to 3D is discussed. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical findings.
Engineering genetic circuits: advancements in genetic design automation tools and standards for synthetic biology

Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a field at the intersection of biology and engineering. Inspired by engineering principles, researchers use defined parts to build functionally defined biological circuits. Genetic design automation (GDA) allows scientists to design, model, and analyze their genetic circuits in silico before building them in the lab, saving time, and resources in the process. Establishing SynBio's future is dependent on GDA, since the computational approach opens the field to a broad, interdisciplinary community. However, challenges with part libraries, standards, and software tools are currently stalling progress in the field. This review first covers recent advancements in GDA, followed by an assessment of the challenges ahead, and a proposed automated genetic design workflow for the future.
RIGHT TO PRIVACY VS SPOUSAL SURVEILLANCE : A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL EVIDENCE IN MATRIMONIAL DISPUTES

Shodh Sanchar Bulletin, Vol. 16, Issue 61, pp. 135-140, ISSN 2229-3620
The ‘Responsibility while protecting’: a pivotal step in the road towards the universal acceptance of humanitarian intervention? : with particular attention on the ongoing Syrian crisis

Second semester University: University of Vilnius
Attitudes of business administration students towards corporate social responsibility and business ethics

El reconocimiento creciente de la importancia de la gestión responsable y ética de las organizaciones debería verse reflejado en el campo de la educación, especialmente en los estudios de administración de empresas. A partir de una muestra de estudiantes de esta especialidad, se analizan sus actitudes en dicho campo. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes, en su concepción de lo que es una empresa bien gestionada, priorizan el enfoque de los “interesados en la compañía”. Por otra parte, se aprecian diferencias entre las percepciones relativas al clima ético actual y al deseado. También se observan diferencias en función del género, pero no del curso académico, lo que denota que la educación recibida no incide sobre las percepciones de los alumnos con respecto a la temática abordada.
The jet emitting disk standard accretion disk model applied to the active galactic nuclei ultra violet Xray correlation

The non linear correlation between the UV and X-ray emission observed in Active Galactic Nuclei remains a puzzling question that challenged accretion models. While the UV emission originates from the cold disk, the X-ray emission is emitted by a hot corona whose physical characteristics and geometry are still highly debated. The Jet Emitting Disk - Standard Accretion Disk (JED-SAD) is a spectral model stemming from self similar accretion-ejection solutions. It is composed of an inner highly magnetized and hot accretion flow launching jets, the JED, and an outer SAD. The model has been successfully applied to X-ray binaries outbursts. The AGN UV X-ray correlation represent another essential test for the JED-SAD model. We use multiple AGN samples to explore the parameter space and identify the regions able to reproduce the observations. In this first paper, we show that JED-SAD model is able to reproduce the UV--X-ray correlation.
Randomized Controlled Trials Under Influence: Covariate Factors and Graph-Based Network Interference

Randomized controlled trials are not only the golden standard in medicine and vaccine trials but have spread to many other disciplines like behavioral economics, making it an important interdisciplinary tool for scientists.   When designing randomized controlled trials, how to assign participants to treatments becomes a key issue. In particular in the presence of covariate factors, the assignment can significantly influence statistical properties and thereby the quality of the trial. Another key issue is the widely popular assumption among experimenters that participants do not influence each other -- which is far from reality in a field study and can, if unaccounted for, deteriorate the quality of the trial.   We address both issues in our work. After introducing randomized controlled trials bridging terms from different disciplines, we first address the issue of participant-treatment assignment in the presence of known covariate factors. Thereby, we review a recent assignment algorithm that achieves good worst-case variance bounds.   Second, we address social spillover effects. Therefore, we build a comprehensive graph-based model of influence between participants, for which we design our own average treatment effect estimator $\hat τ_{net}$. We discuss its bias and variance and reduce the problem of variance minimization to a certain instance of minimizing the norm of a matrix-vector product, which has been considered in literature before. Further, we discuss the role of disconnected components in the model's underlying graph.
Dirac equation as a special case of Cosserat elasticity

We suggest an alternative mathematical model for the electron in which the dynamical variables are a coframe (field of orthonormal bases) and a density. The electron mass and external electromagnetic field are incorporated into our model by means of a Kaluza-Klein extension. Our Lagrangian density is proportional to axial torsion squared. The advantage of our approach is that it does not require the use of spinors, Pauli matrices or covariant differentiation. The only geometric concepts we use are those of a metric, differential form, wedge product and exterior derivative. We prove that in the special case with no dependence on the third spatial coordinate our model is equivalent to the Dirac equation. The crucial element of the proof is the observation that our Lagrangian admits a factorisation.
Self-Propelled Rods: Insights and Perspectives for Active Matter

A wide range of experimental systems including gliding, swarming and swimming bacteria, in-vitro motility assays as well as shaken granular media are commonly described as self-propelled rods. Large ensembles of those entities display a large variety of self-organized, collective phenomena, including formation of moving polar clusters, polar and nematic dynamic bands, mobility-induced phase separation, topological defects and mesoscale turbulence, among others. Here, we give a brief survey of experimental observations and review the theoretical description of self-propelled rods. Our focus is on the emergent pattern formation of ensembles of dry self-propelled rods governed by short-ranged, contact mediated interactions and their wet counterparts that are also subject to long-ranged hydrodynamic flows. Altogether, self-propelled rods provide an overarching theme covering many aspects of active matter containing well-explored limiting cases. Their collective behavior not only bridges the well-studied regimes of polar self-propelled particles and active nematics, and includes active phase separation, but also reveals a rich variety of new patterns.
The Precautionary Principle in Environmental Policy and the Theory of Choice under Uncertainty

The precautionary principle, presented as a guide to environmental policy decisions in the presence of uncertainty, has been the subject of vigorous debate. However, the has generally not been discussed in relation to formal theories of choice under uncertainty developed as generalizations of the expected utility model. In this paper, it is argued that a formal basis for the precautionary principle may be found in an incompleteness hypothesis regarding formal models of choice under uncertainty. The incompleteness hypothesis states that estimates derived from formal models of choice under uncertainty will generally be over-optimistic and that the errors will be greater, the less well-understood is the problem in question.
Teaching and reinforcement learning of robotic view-based manipulation

The authors study “view-based teaching/playback”: a method of robot programming with view-based image processing which can achieve more robustness against changes of task conditions than the conventional teaching/playback scheme. Reinforcement learning was integrated with this method to make necessary human teaching minimal and it was applied to robotic manipulation in a virtual environment in our previous study. However, the process of online reinforcement learning requires huge computation time. Moreover, the low success rate of reinforcement learning makes the expected time to learning success longer. Thus we accelerate the process of reinforcement learning in this paper to make our proposed method more practical. We also try to improve the success rate of reinforcement learning for further learning acceleration.
Breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence in Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: Radiomics and Pathology

As the most common cancer after lung cancer presently, breast cancer needs to gain extensive awareness of both general public and healthcare professionals. With continuous developments of technology researchers on medical science began to attach great significance to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and clinical diagnostics. With the purpose of enhancing early diagnosis and prognosis and implementing more effective and timely treatment for breast cancer, increased research efforts are currently aimed at applying AI to breast cancer detection and classification, opening up new avenues for improving patient care. The paper initially discusses the progress of AI in the diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer and presents an overview of the existing literature of research in this area. It describes the main methods and procedures employed in AI-assisted diagnosis and response prediction with particular emphasis on radiological as well as pathological approaches. Comparative analysis is also provided comparing differences in sensitivity and specificity between clinicians and AI systems when interpreting images. Furthermore, the paper discusses existing challenges in the introduction of AI in clinical practice to assist clinicians’ diagnosis and carry out treatment. The major challenges include requirements for data volumes, standardization and ethical problems. Then, it predicted the future progress of AI technologies in diagnostics and prognosis of breast cancer, providing practical suggestions on promoting applications of AI in diagnosis, therapy and general use.
Data Ethics in the Era of Healthcare Artificial Intelligence in Africa: An Ubuntu Philosophy Perspective

Data are essential in developing healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, patient data collection, access, and use raise ethical concerns, including informed consent, data bias, data protection and privacy, data ownership, and benefit sharing. Various ethical frameworks have been proposed to ensure the ethical use of healthcare data and AI, however, these frameworks often align with Western cultural values, social norms, and institutional contexts emphasizing individual autonomy and well-being. Ethical guidelines must reflect political and cultural settings to account for cultural diversity, inclusivity, and historical factors such as colonialism. Thus, this paper discusses healthcare data ethics in the AI era in Africa from the Ubuntu philosophy perspective. It focuses on the contrast between individualistic and communitarian approaches to data ethics. The proposed framework could inform stakeholders, including AI developers, healthcare providers, the public, and policy-makers about healthcare data ethical usage in AI in Africa.
Palliative care and end-of-life quality indicators in critical patients in ICU: systematic review protocol

Introduction                     Palliative and end-of-life care in the intensive care unit (ICU) is crucial for improving the quality of life of critically ill patients. However, no consensus exists on the most effective quality indicators (QIs) for assessing this care. This systematic review aims to identify and analyse the characteristics of QIs used in palliative and end-of-life care for ICU patients.                                                           Methods and analysis                     The Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis 2020 guidelines will conduct this systematic review to ensure methodological transparency and rigour. A comprehensive literature search will be conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect and BASE. Studies published up to 30 March 2025, will be included. The quality of indicators will be assessed using the appraisal of indicators through research and evaluation tool, and the characteristics of QIs will be analysed using the Donabedian model of quality. Data synthesis will include thematic analysis.                                                           Ethics and dissemination                     Ethical approval is not required as this study does not involve human participants. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.                                                           PROSPERO registration number                     CRD42024513075.