ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Graph Theory and Combinatorial Optimization

Foreword.- Avant-propos.- Contributing Authors.- Preface.- Variable Neighborhood Search for Extremal Graphs - XI Bounds on Algebraic Connectivity.- Problems and Results on Geometric Patterns.- Data Depth and Maximum Feasible Subsystems.- The Maximum Independent Set Problem and Augmenting Graphs.- Interior Point and Semidefinite Approaches in Combinatorial Optimization.- Balancing Mixed-Model Supply Chains.- Bilevel Programming: A Combinatorial Perspective.- Visualizing, Finding and Packing Dijoins.- Hypergraph Coloring by Bichromatic Exchanges.
From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect

In contrast with humanitarian access or the provision of humanitarian assistance, humanitarian intervention is commonly defined as the threat or use of force by a state to prevent or end widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than its own citizens, without the permission of the state within whose territory force is applied. In support of their cause, advocates of humanitarian intervention often draw upon and reference the authority of the notional “just war.” The four main ways by which humanitarian intervention has been connected to the idea of the just war relate to the ideals of self-determination, punishment, responsibility, and conditional sovereignty. For a humanitarian intervention to be considered legitimate, there must be a just cause for intervention; the use of force must be a last resort; it must meet the standard of proportionality; and there must be a good likelihood that the use of force will contribute to a positive humanitarian outcome. The historical practice of humanitarian intervention can be traced from the nineteenth century to the recognition of the Responsibility to Protect by the World Summit in 2005 and its application in Darfur. Major conceptual debates surrounding humanitarian intervention include the problematic relation between sovereignty and human rights, the legal status of intervention, the issue of multilateralism versus unilateralism, and the quest for criteria for intervention.
The multitalented TIP60 chromatin remodeling complex: wearing many hats in epigenetic regulation, cell division and diseases

The TIP60 complex is an evolutionarily conserved, multifunctional chromatin remodeling complex involved in critical cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription regulation, and cell cycle control. Although its molecular organization and functions have been extensively studied, a comparative synthesis of its context-specific roles across evolutionarily distant species and pathological conditions is important to fully grasp its biological and clinical significance. In this review, we provide an integrative overview of the TIP60 complex, emphasizing its composition and conserved functions in Homo sapiens and Drosophila melanogaster, with comparative insights from plant systems. We explore how TIP60 complex dysregulation contributes to the molecular pathology of cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting recent mechanistic insights. We also examine the emerging interplay between TIP60 complex subunits and long non-coding RNAs, which are increasingly recognized as pivotal regulators of genome accessibility and transcriptional programs. Finally, in this intriguing scenario, we highlight the non-canonical functions of the TIP60 complex in mitosis and cytokinesis, underscoring its moonlighting roles in maintaining genomic and cellular integrity, beyond its established contribution to epigenetic regulation. By connecting these diverse aspects, our review aims to provide an integrated perspective on the TIP60 complex and its expanding functional landscape in health and disease.
Risk analysis under uncertainty, the Precautionary Principle, and the new EU chemicals strategy

Three categories of uncertainty in relation to risk assessment are defined; uncertainty in effect, uncertainty in cause, and uncertainty in the relationship between a hypothesised cause and effect. The Precautionary Principle (PP) relates to the third type of uncertainty. Three broad descriptions of the PP are set out, uncertainty justifies action, uncertainty requires action, and uncertainty requires a reversal of the burden of proof for risk assessments. The application of the PP is controversial but what matters in practise is the precautionary action (PA) that follows. The criteria by which the PAs should be judged are detailed. This framework for risk assessment and management under uncertainty is then applied to the envisaged European system for the regulation of chemicals. A new EU regulatory system has been proposed which shifts the burden of proof concerning risk assessments from the regulator to the producer, and embodies the PP in all three of its main regulatory stages. The proposals are critically discussed in relation to three chemicals, namely, atrazine (an endocrine disrupter), cadmium (toxic and possibly carcinogenic), and hydrogen fluoride (a toxic, high-production-volume chemical). Reversing the burden of proof will speed up the regulatory process but the examples demonstrate that applying the PP appropriately, and balancing the countervailing risks and the socio-economic benefits, will continue to be a difficult task for the regulator. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of precaution in the management of change and of the importance of trust in the effective regulation of uncertain risks.
Machine learning of chaotic characteristics in classical nonlinear dynamics using variational quantum circuit

Abstract                   Replicating the chaotic characteristics inherent in nonlinear dynamical systems via machine learning (ML) is a key challenge in this rapidly advancing interdisciplinary field. In this work, we explore the potential of variational quantum circuits (VQC) for learning the stochastic properties of classical nonlinear dynamical systems. Specifically, we focus on the one- and two-dimensional logistic maps, which, while simple, remain under-explored in the context of learning dynamical characteristics. Our findings reveal that, even for such simple dynamical systems, accurately replicating long-term characteristics is hindered by a pronounced sensitivity to overfitting. While increasing the parameter complexity of the ML model typically enhances short-term prediction accuracy, it also leads to a degradation in the model’s ability to replicate long-term characteristics, primarily due to the detrimental effects of overfitting on generalization power. By comparing the VQC with two widely recognized classical ML techniques, which are long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for time-series processing and reservoir computing, we demonstrate that VQC outperforms these methods in terms of replicating long-term characteristics. Our results suggest that for the ML of dynamics, it is demanded to develop more compact and efficient models (such as VQC) rather than more complicated and large-scale ones.
OSIRIS-REx Sample Analysis Plan -- Revision 3.0

The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft arrived at its target, near-Earth asteroid 101955 Bennu, in December 2018. After one year of operating in proximity, the team selected a primary site for sample collection. In October 2020, the spacecraft descended to the surface of Bennu and collected a sample. The spacecraft departed Bennu in May 2021 and will return the sample to Earth in September 2023. The analysis of the returned sample will produce key data to determine the history of this B-type asteroid and that of its components and precursor objects. The main goal of the OSIRIS-REx Sample Analysis Plan is to provide a framework for the Sample Analysis Team to meet the Level 1 mission requirement to analyze the returned sample to determine presolar history, formation age, nebular and parent-body alteration history, relation to known meteorites, organic history, space weathering, resurfacing history, and energy balance in the regolith of Bennu. To achieve this goal, this plan establishes a hypothesis-driven framework for coordinated sample analyses, defines the analytical instrumentation and techniques to be applied to the returned sample, provides guidance on the analysis strategy for baseline, overguide, and threshold amounts of returned sample, including a rare or unique lithology, describes the data storage, management, retrieval, and archiving system, establishes a protocol for the implementation of a micro-geographical information system to facilitate co-registration and coordinated analysis of sample science data, outlines the plans for Sample Analysis Readiness Testing, and provides guidance for the transfer of samples from curation to the Sample Analysis Team.
Enhancing Medical Education with AI-Generated Visual Art: Benefits and Challenges.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized traditional practices in different disciplines, including medical education.
Statistical Mechanics of Nonlinear Lattice Dynamic Models Exhibiting Phase Transitions

To imitate real systems exhibiting distortive phase transitions, it becomes customary to consider Hamiltonians of the form [1]     $$H = \sum\limits_{\ell ,\alpha } {\frac{{P_{\ell \alpha }^2}}{{2M}} + \frac{A}{2}} \sum\limits_{\ell ,\alpha } {X_{\ell \alpha }^2 + \frac{B}{{4n}}{{\sum\limits_\ell {\left( {\sum\limits_\alpha {X_{\ell \alpha }^2} } \right)} }^2}} + \frac{{{B_1}}}{4}\sum\limits_{\ell ,\alpha } {X_{\ell \alpha }^4 + \sum\limits_{\ell ,m,\alpha } {{V_{\ell ,\ell + m,\alpha \alpha }}{X_{\ell \alpha }}{X_{\ell + m\alpha }}} } .$$    (1)
Promoting Equal Opportunity: The Role of the Regulatory Agency in Racial Discrimination

The purpose of this article is to outline the variety of roles and functions of enforcement agencies established in Australasia and the UK to promote antidiscrimination law on the grounds of race. Given the range of agencies involved and the differing circumstances in which they are placed, firm conclusions regarding their relative effectiveness are difficult to draw. However, the article attempts to identify some common issues and approaches. These suggest the desirability for governments and the agencies themselves to have a greater awareness of the experience of other approaches and to undertake review from a strengthened comparative perspective.
Towards sustainable mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskål, 1775) aquaculture and fisheries through hatchery optimisation and adaptive management frameworks

The recent expansion of farming and increasing seafood demand have heightened pressure on mud crab (Scylla serrata) populations across the Indo-Pacific. This PhD thesis promotes sustainable mud crab aquaculture and fisheries management by integrating hatchery optimisation, nursery decision tools, and adaptive fishery modelling. Semi-commercial hatchery trials demonstrated that “green-water by design”, using selected microalgal products as background algae, enhances larval survival, synchronises metamorphosis, and establishes a reliable harvest window immediately after peak megalopa appearance. A complementary Artemia enrichment experiment indicated that HUFA and other feed additives offers limited benefit under typical hatchery conditions, highlighting the greater influence of developmental timing and husbandry. Nursery stocking density trials (125–1000 crablets m⁻²) showed clear trade-offs between growth and survival, with the best performance at low to moderate densities. These findings contributed to the development of a composite readiness index (CARS15), which integrates survival, size, injury, uniformity, and moulting risk to support harvest and stocking decisions. Finally, a data-limited bioeconomic model applied to the Ngeremeduu Bay mud crab fishery (Palau) shows that moderate effort reduction and higher minimum size limits can improve biomass and profitability without restocking. Collectively, these methods offer practical, scalable options for enhancing seed supply, supporting aquaculture growth, and strengthening the resilience of the mud crab fishery across the Indo-Pacific.
Protecting judicial independence through appointments processes: a review of the Indian and South African experiences

In October 2015, by majority judgement, the Indian Supreme Court found the Constitutional (99th Amendment) Act, 2014 and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014 to be unconstitutional. In a judgement that runs to over a thousand pages, certain judges reasoned that judicial independence was part of the basic structure of the Constitution and, as such, not susceptible to abrogation by Parliament. A majority of the judges held that the commission-based appointments process in the legislation would impinge on judicial independence. Thus, the legislation had to be struck down. Drawing on developments in South Africa, this article argues that, whilst aspects of the Indian Supreme Court’s judgement were motivated by legitimate concerns about executive dominance over judicial appointments, the idea that judicial primacy over the process is the only means through which independence can be assured is flawed. The judgement was a missed opportunity to interrogate the meaning of judicial independence and to consider how a more transparent process could act to protect independence whilst also enhancing judicial accountability, legitimacy and diversity.
Informing a Cost-Effectiveness Threshold for Health Technology Assessment in China: A Marginal Productivity Approach

Health technology assessment has been increasingly used in China, having been legally mandated in 2019, to inform reimbursement decisions and price negotiations between the National Healthcare Security Administration and pharmaceutical companies around the price of new pharmaceuticals. The criteria currently used to judge cost effectiveness and inform pricing negotiations, 3 × GDP per capita, is based on the rule of thumb previously recommended by the World Health Organization rather than an estimate based on an empirical assessment of health opportunity costs.The objective of this study was to inform a cost-effectiveness threshold for health technology assessment in China that accounts for health opportunity cost.The elasticity of health outcomes with respect to health expenditure was estimated using variations across 30 provincial-level administrative divisions in 2017 controlling for a range of other factors and using an instrumental variable approach to account for endogeneity to assess robustness of results. The estimated elasticity was then used to calculate the cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted by variations in Chinese health expenditure at the margin.The range estimated from this study, 27,923-52,247 (2017 RMB) (central estimate 37,446) per DALY averted or 47-88% of GDP per capita (central estimate 63%), shows that a cost per DALY averted cost-effectiveness threshold that reflects health opportunity costs is below 1 × GDP per capita.Our results suggest that the current cost-effectiveness threshold used in China is too high; continuing to use it risks decisions that reduce overall population health.
Na<sub>2</sub>CoSiO<sub>4</sub> as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries: structure, electrochemistry and diffusion pathways

A novel cobalt orthosilicate, Na2CoSiO4, shows promise as a high voltage (3.3 V vs. Na/Na+) cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.
CONTENT GENERATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF PROTECTION AGAINST DISINFORMATION

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie w jaki sposób sztuczna inteligencja (AI – artificial intelligence) może wpłynąć na tworzenie i rozpowszechnianie treści w celu dezinformacji oraz jak AI wpływa na dystrybucję takich treści. Jako, że można zaobserwować wyraźny rozwój oraz wzrost popularności narzędzi do generowania treści, to ich wykorzystanie do tworzenia nieprawdziwych informacji także stale rośnie. Profesjonalne tworzone treści zarówno w formie tekstowej jak i w formie graficznej mogą być coraz trudniejsze dla czytelnika do zweryfikowania. Celem jest także identyfikacja strategii, które pozwolą na przeciwdziałanie dezinformacji tworzonej przez sztuczną inteligencję. Problem badawczy skupia się na weryfikacji, w jaki sposób narzędzia generatywne mogą być wykorzystane do tworzenia i rozpowszechniana nieprawdziwych informacji. W artykule przyjęto hipotezę, że treści generowane przez sztuczną inteligencję mogą wpłynąć na dezinformację społeczną, jednak istnieją możliwości ograniczania skutków tego negatywnego zjawiska. Metodyka badań opierała się o krytyczną analizę literatury oraz eksperymenty z użyciem popularnych narzędzi AI do generowania tekstu oraz grafik. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań potwierdziły, że narzędzia AI mogą być wykorzystywane do tworzenia błędnych treści na dużą skalę. Stosowanie narzędzi AI nie tylko ułatwia tworzenie profesjonalnych treści, ale pozwala także na ich bardzo szybkie tworzenie, przy zastosowaniu niewielkiego nakładu pracy. Badania wykazały także, że choć stosowane są mechanizmy cenzury to istnieją metody umożliwiające przełamanie takich zabezpieczeń. W treści artykułu zostały opisane możliwości obejścia mechanizmów zabezpieczających narzędzia AI. Wnioski z badań ukazują potrzebę edukacji społeczeństwa, co stanowi kluczowy element w walce z dezinformacją. Dodatkowo, artykuł wskazuje na znaczenie odpowiedzialności mediów w procesie weryfikacji i demaskowania błędnych treści, co stanowi istotny element w przeciwdziałaniu dezinformacji.
Surveillance Capitalism and the Right to Be Forgotten: Does the General Data Protection Regulation or the California Consumer Privacy Act Better Protect Individual’s Data Privacy in a Surveillance Economy?

The Western economy flourishes because of its capitalistic system, a system that is solely dependent on the success of commerce. The development of the internet, the evolution of technology and the integration of both resulted in a transformation of the capitalistic business model. Companies can now predict and influence consumer purchases by collecting and analyzing consumer data, thus ensuring profitability and guaranteeing the success of businesses with the goal of better service. However, does this model best serve consumers? Scholar Shoshana Zuboff exposes many concerns over data collecting business practices, or what she describes as surveillance capitalism. Consumers’ habits are continuously monitored, often without their knowledge or proper consent, leaving little room for privacy. Online businesses, not governments, have been left to self-regulate consumer practices, but as concerns grow, governing bodies are beginning to enact data privacy regulations. In 2018 the European Union passed the General Data Privacy Protection (GDPR), and in 2020 the state of California (in the United States) passed California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) to protect the data privacy rights of individuals when using online services. This thesis aims to determine if the GDPR or the CCPA is better equipped at addressing data privacy violations discussed by Zuboff. The Zuboff Rubric - two scales developed for this thesis based on her observations of asymmetries of knowledge and power and the absence of legitimate detection and sanctions - is used to determine each law's ability. The results of the Zuboff Rubric reveal that the GDPR and the CCPA have many similarities in providing certain aspects of data privacy protections, such as an individual’s right to request data deletion from a business’ database and to be provided information by businesses on the functions of the data processed. However, there are many aspects of data protection not covered by the CCPA but are covered by the GDPR, proving that the GDPR is better equipped to protect consumer data privacy and provide consumers more control over their data.
A multi-level collaborative filtering method that improves recommendations

Collaborative filtering is one of the most used approaches for providing recommendations in various online environments. Even though collaborative recommendation methods have been widely utilized due to their simplicity and ease of use, accuracy is still an issue. In this paper we propose a multi-level recommendation method with its main purpose being to assist users in decision making by providing recommendations of better quality. The proposed method can be applied in different online domains that use collaborative recommender systems, thus improving the overall user experience. The efficiency of the proposed method is shown by providing an extensive experimental evaluation using five real datasets and with comparisons to alternatives.
Discovering Scientific Collaboration Activities using Social Network Analysis. A Case Study: Faculty of Computer Science Universitas Indonesia

Research collaboration is needed to accomplish the University’s targets: improve quality, collaboration, and partnerships in research. Identifying research collaboration is required as located research elements to facilitate research and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration. This research is aimed to discover scientific collaboration activities in the computer science domain on the Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia. Using metadata as research data is a solution for embedded knowledge in unstructured documents. The information was collected online publications metadata from Scopus that published from 1988 to 2018. We used social network analysis (SNA) to map and measure scientific actors’ relationships to understand collaboration activities from various views of different elements and to build the author’s research profile. Based on the data, we can get information about the expertise of institution researchers and their relationships with other collaborators. Moreover, we can get information about the most popular actor, influenced actors, the bridge actors based on the relation map. The methodology in this research can be used to discover knowledge in other research domains and organizations, and the analysis of this research can be used for research management.