ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Learning to Play Pong using Policy Gradient Learning

Activities in reinforcement learning (RL) revolve around learning the Markov decision process (MDP) model, in particular, the following parameters: state values, V; state-action values, Q; and policy, pi. These parameters are commonly implemented as an array. Scaling up the problem means scaling up the size of the array and this will quickly lead to a computational bottleneck. To get around this, the RL problem is commonly formulated to learn a specific task using hand-crafted input features to curb the size of the array. In this report, we discuss an alternative end-to-end Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approach where the DRL attempts to learn general task representations which in our context refers to learning to play the Pong game from a sequence of screen snapshots without game-specific hand-crafted features. We apply artificial neural networks (ANN) to approximate a policy of the RL model. The policy network, via Policy Gradients (PG) method, learns to play the Pong game from a sequence of frames without any extra semantics apart from the pixel information and the score. In contrast to the traditional tabular RL approach where the contents in the array have clear interpretations such as V or Q, the interpretation of knowledge content from the weights of the policy network is more illusive. In this work, we experiment with various Deep ANN architectures i.e., Feed forward ANN (FFNN), Convolution ANN (CNN) and Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C). We also examine the activation of hidden nodes and the weights between the input and the hidden layers, before and after the DRL has successfully learnt to play the Pong game. Insights into the internal learning mechanisms and future research directions are then discussed.
How do language models learn facts? Dynamics, curricula and hallucinations

Large language models accumulate vast knowledge during pre-training, yet the dynamics governing this acquisition remain poorly understood. This work investigates the learning dynamics of language models on a synthetic factual recall task, uncovering three key findings: First, language models learn in three phases, exhibiting a performance plateau before acquiring precise factual knowledge. Mechanistically, this plateau coincides with the formation of attention-based circuits that support recall. Second, the training data distribution significantly impacts learning dynamics, as imbalanced distributions lead to shorter plateaus. Finally, hallucinations emerge simultaneously with knowledge, and integrating new knowledge into the model through fine-tuning is challenging, as it quickly corrupts its existing parametric memories. Our results emphasize the importance of data distribution in knowledge acquisition and suggest novel data scheduling strategies to accelerate neural network training.
The United Nations Security Council

The chapter explores how the Security Council has reacted to the changing global order in terms of institutional reform and its working methods. First, we look at how the Security Council’s setup looks increasingly anachronistic against the tremendous shifts in global power. Yet, established and rising powers are not disengaging. In contrast, they are turning to the Council to address growing challenges posed by the changing nature of armed conflict, the surge of terrorism and foreign fighters, nuclear proliferation and persistent intra-state conflicts. Then, we explore institutional and political hurdles for Council reform. While various reform models have been suggested, none of them gained the necessary global support. Instead, we demonstrate how the Council has increased the representation of emerging powers in informal ways. Potential candidates for permanent seats and their regional counterparts are committed as elected members, peacekeeping contributors or within the Peacebuilding Commission. Finally, we analyze how innovatively the Council has reacted to global security challenges. This includes working methods reform, expansion of sanctions regimes and involvement of non-state actors. We conclude that even though the Council’s membership has not yet been altered, it has reacted to the changing global order in ways previously unaccounted for.
OP22 Artificial-Intelligence-Powered Prompts For Simplified Cost-Effectiveness And Net-Benefit Analysis In Health Technology Assessment

Introduction                     Health technology assessment (HTA) often involves complex cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) that can be challenging for non-experts. This study demonstrated the use of artificial-intelligence (AI)-powered prompts to simplify CEA processes. By integrating tools for generating efficiency frontiers and net-benefit analyses, this approach enables stakeholders, such as non-modeling HTA specialists or decision-makers, to understand therapeutic scenarios and make informed adjustments to analyses.                                                           Methods                     The prompts were created using ChatGPT-4o and tested for usability and reproducibility in ChatGPT-4o and the free version 3.5. The prompts were designed to automate key steps in economic analysis, including calculating net monetary and health benefits, performing cost-effectiveness analyses applying dominance and extended dominance concepts, and generating the efficient frontier plot. Ten HTA experts with no modeling experience evaluated the prompts using predefined scenarios with hypothetical datasets. The results of both versions of ChatGPT were compared to the expected results. The usability and accuracy of the prompts were assessed during the evaluation.                                                           Results                     ChatGPT-4o achieved 100 percent accuracy in calculating net health and monetary benefits (NHB and NMB) and correctly applied the concepts of dominance and extended dominance in 83 percent of cases. It calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for non-dominated therapies in 50 percent of situations and successfully generated the efficiency frontier graphic in half of cases. In contrast, ChatGPT 3.5 achieved 50 percent accuracy for NHB and NMB calculations, only 17 percent for applying dominance and extended dominance concepts, and failed to calculate ICERs or generate the efficiency frontier plot as expected.                                                           Conclusions                     AI-powered prompts simplified cost-effectiveness analyses by enabling non-technical stakeholders to create and adjust efficiency frontiers and benefit analyses. ChatGPT-4o demonstrated improved reliability. Limitations in ChatGPT 3.5, particularly with ICER calculation and graphical outputs, indicated the need to adapt prompts to specific AI tools. Future developments may increase the robustness and usability of these types of prompts across platforms.
Implementing End-to-End Application Performance Monitoring (APM) in the Enterprise

In today’s fast-paced digital landscape, delivering seamless and high-performing applications is critical to maintaining competitive advantage and ensuring exceptional user experiences. This article explores the implementation of End-to-End Application Performance Monitoring (APM) within enterprise environments, providing a comprehensive framework for real-time visibility into application health, user interactions, and infrastructure dependencies. By integrating advanced APM tools and methodologies, organizations can proactively detect, diagnose, and resolve performance bottlenecks across complex, distributed systems. The discussion highlights best practices for deploying scalable APM solutions, leveraging machine learning for predictive insights, and aligning monitoring strategies with business objectives. Ultimately, this article underscores how robust end-to-end APM empowers enterprises to optimize application performance, enhance operational efficiency, and deliver consistent, superior service in an increasingly dynamic IT ecosystem.
Stable isotope and trace element geochemistry of ostracod valves record Holocene environmental changes in Lake Geneva (Switzerland).

Peer Reviewed
TRIGGERING ENVIRONMENTALISM THROUGH ACCESS TO COURT: IMPERATIVE OF DEEPENING THE RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA

The environment is increasing emerging as a critical component of the socio-economic development of average Nigerians as it has not only been valuable to traditional societies for their nutritional and health needs, but also, crucial to the realization of fundamental rights. This is more pertinent as it relates to the inhabitants of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria where the activities of oil multinational companies has made the region to be synonymous with oil pollution, devastated environment and human right abuses. Unsurprisingly, Nigerian courts are increasingly being called upon to adjudicate on issues relating to pollution and other environmental abuses by both private and public persons within the oil sector. Most times, environmental disputes are brought to the court in Nigeria as tortuous cases seeking compensation for damages. Remedies can also be sought under statutory laws or as writ petitions under the fundamental human right enforcement procedure rules. The latter implicates the provision of a human right to healthy environment under statutory laws, and whether such right is recognised as binding by the courts in Nigeria. This paper explores how environmentalism can be triggered in Nigeria through the judicial recognition of the right to a satisfactory environment. It recognises that there are some efforts towards such judicial recognition of the right. However, it argues that to promote environmentalism in Nigeria, there is a need to deepen judicial recognition of the right by detailed pronouncements on the justiciability of the right.
Metagenomic Analysis of Intestinal Microbiomes in Chickens

The digestive tract of animals contains a very large numbers of microorganisms with a high diversity. Traditionally, characterization of these microbial communities has relied on the ability to clonally culture each microorganism. With significant improvements in nucleotide sequencing technologies to economically obtain billions of bases, the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples is becoming increasingly affordable. The investigation of microorganisms as a community regardless of their ability to be cultured has become reality. Using the metagenomic approach for analysis of chicken intestinal homogenates, we were able to greatly enhance the understanding of communities of microorganism in healthy and Runting Stunting Syndrome-infected chickens. In particular, comparative analysis of metagenomes from infected and noninfected chickens resulted in the identification of microorganisms as pathogen candidates. In this chapter, we demonstrate step-by-step how tools for comparative metagenomic analysis can facilitate the resolution of complex, multifactor-involved diseases.
AlphaInterp: Mechanistic Interpretability of AlphaFold 3 Reveals How Evolutionary Information Shapes Protein Structure Prediction

AlphaFold 3 predicts biomolecular structures with unprecedented accuracy, yet the computations transforming sequence and evolutionary data into structural coordinates remain poorly understood. Here, we present a systematic mechanistic interpretability analysis of AlphaFold 3, tracking its internal representations across the forward pass. Probing four critical network checkpoints reveals that the Pairformer compresses diffuse co-evolutionary inputs into a compact latent geometry where complex biophysical features become linearly decodable. Using causal activation patching, we demonstrate that predicted confidence is directly manipulable within this latent space, allowing geometric certainty to be transferred across entirely unrelated proteins. Furthermore, across adversarial-mutation, fold-switching, and generalization benchmarks, we show that AlphaFold 3's representational coherence strictly requires comparative evolutionary context. The latent space collapses when multiple sequence alignments are removed, regardless of sequence familiarity or training-set membership. This stability requires phylogenetic diversity rather than alignment depth, and a minimal set of highly divergent homologs is sufficient to anchor the latent space and activate the model's structural priors. These findings indicate that AlphaFold 3's representational coherence is deeply tied to evolutionary scaffolding, suggesting it functions similarly to an advanced fold-recognition system and highlighting that protein structure prediction from sequence alone is not yet fully solved.
Whither Europeanization? transformation of minority rights protection in Greece and Turkey

This thesis analyzes the transformative power of Europeanization concerning the protection of minorities in member and candidate countries as well as revealing its inherent limitations partly due to the non-existence of concrete mechanisms and specific policy guidelines concerning the minorities in the EU. On the basis of the case studies drawn from Greece (Turkish-Muslim Minority of Western Thrace) and Turkey (Greek-Orthodox Minority of Istanbul), it will be argued that Europeanization has a gradual and limited catalyzing impact in member states mainly originating from the process of international socialization and internalization of the European ideas and norms, whereas the direct incorporation of the principle of ?respect for and protection of minorities? in the conditionality mechanism of the EU potentially brings a sudden and unprecedented wave of democratizing reforms in candidate countries, especially if the degree of ?misfit? between European norms and practices and domestic policies is high. While doing so, this thesis also examines the Ottoman legacy of the millet system, the path-dependent and exclusionary nature of Greek and Turkish nationalisms, the Lausanne system of minority protection and the fundamental problems of the aforementioned minority groups, and presents thematic analyses of continuities and changes in the minority policies of Greece and Turkey.
Stochastic optimal control via forward and backward stochastic differential equations and importance sampling

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Additional file 1 of Urban cycling-specific active transportation behaviour is sensitive to the fresh start effect: triangulating observational evidence from real world data

Supplementary Material 1
Solving the Hamiltonian path problem with a light-based computer

In this paper we propose a special computational device which uses light rays for solving the Hamiltonian path problem on a directed graph. The device has a graph-like representation and the light is traversing it by following the routes given by the connections between nodes. In each node the rays are uniquely marked so that they can be easily identified. At the destination node we will search only for particular rays that have passed only once through each node. We show that the proposed device can solve small and medium instances of the problem in reasonable time.
The new stage of public engagement with science in the digital media environment: citizen science communicators in the discussion of GMOs on Zhihu

In the digital media environment, public engagement with science around controversial scientific topics such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has greatly expanded. But the public's role as science communicators in such engagement has been virtually ignored. Through an online ethnography of the discussion of GMOs on Zhihu, the biggest Chinese knowledge-sharing network, this study identifies a new group: citizen science communicators involved in online science communication. The emergence and popularity of this new group brings public engagement with science to a new stage – public engagement with science communication – and changes the role of the public in science communication from audiences to communicators. The development of digital platforms and the revolution of the understanding of science communication all contribute to the emergence and popularity of this group in the Chinese digital environment.
Additional file 1 of Pocket Crafter: a 3D generative modeling based workflow for the rapid generation of hit molecules in drug discovery

Additional file 1: Pocket Crafter workflow process sample code and example dataset (ChEMBL). SMILES Molecular formula strings. Table S1. Protein Ligand Interaction Fingerprints (PLIF) summary. Table S2. Novartis diverse library HTRF screen result dataset. Table S3. ChEMBL compound set screen HTRF result. Figure S1. Hit CHEMBL1081548 activity confirmation in WDR5 HTRF.
Recent progress of the ATLAS Planar Pixel Sensor R&D Project

The foreseen luminosity upgrade for the LHC (a factor of 5-10 more in peak luminosity by 2021) poses serious constraints on the technology for the ATLAS tracker in this High Luminosity era (HL-LHC). In fact, such luminosity increase leads to increased occupancy and radiation damage of the tracking detectors.   To investigate the suitability of pixel sensors using the proven planar technology for the upgraded tracker, the ATLAS Planar Pixel Sensor R&D Project was established comprising 17 institutes and more than 80 scientists. Main areas of research are the performance of planar pixel sensors at highest fluences, the exploration of possibilities for cost reduction to enable the instrumentation of large areas, the achievement of slim or active edge designs to provide low geometric inefficiencies without the need for shingling of modules and the investigation of the operation of highly irradiated sensors at low thresholds to increase the efficiency.   In the following I will present results from the group, concerning mainly irradiated-devices performance, together with studies for new sensors, including detailed simulations.
Association Between Workplace Gaslighting and Perceived Quality of Care, Patient Safety and Quiet Quitting: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Nurses in Greece

Background: Patient safety is a top priority for healthcare organization leadership worldwide, as approximately one in ten patients experiences an adverse event, and nurses often report that the quality of the care they deliver is poor. Objectives: The present study aim was to examine the impact of work gaslighting on perceived quality of care, patient safety and quiet quitting on nursing staff. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Greece and data were collected using an online survey during October to November 2025, with 492 nurses. We used the Gaslighting at Work Scale (GWS) and the Quiet Quitting Scale to measure workplace gaslighting and quiet quitting. Perceived quality of care and perceived patient safety were measured with single items, representing the overall assessments in nurses’ unit. Results: Nurses reported low to moderate levels of workplace gaslighting and quiet quitting, as well as almost half of the participants (52.0%, n=256) evaluated the quality of care in their unit as good, and 33.1% (n=163) of nurses perceived patient safety as good. In the univariate comparisons, greater workplace gaslighting was significantly associated with lower odds of reporting perceived quality of care to be good or excellent (OR = 0.650, 95% CI: 0.527–0.803; p &amp;lt; 0.001). This association was still statistically significant in the multivariable model after gender, years of work experience, working in shifts and working in an understaffed department were included (adjusted OR = 0.655; 95% CI: 0.529–0.810; p &amp;lt; 0.001). Workplace gaslighting was also strongly related to perceived patient safety. In the univariate analysis increased workplace gaslighting was associated with decreased odds of good-to-excellent patient safety (OR = 0.553, 95% CI: 0.445–0.686, p &amp;lt; 0.001). This association remained after controlling for the potential confounders (adjusted OR = 0.561, 95% CI: 0.450–0.700, p &amp;lt; 0.001). In the multivariable model, workplace gaslighting was significantly and positively associated with quiet quitting (adjusted beta = 0.224, 95% CI = 0.163 to 0.285, p &amp;lt; 0.001) after adjusted for demographic and work-related characteristics. Conclusions: The present study is the first that highlighted the significant association between workplace gaslighting and the quality and safety of care, as well as nurses’ quiet quitting. A zero-tolerance stance by senior leadership, coupled with the establishment of clear policies and procedures that encourage staff to report such behaviors, is essential to dismantle the barriers created by psychological manipulation.
Que direito à saúde para a população GLBT? Considerando direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos em busca da integralidade e da eqüidade What do health rights mean for the GLBT population?Considering human, sexual and reproductive rights in the search for equity and integrality in the health system

Este artigo tem como objetivo problematizar a pertinência de uma política de saúde para a população de Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais - GLBT. A partir da consideração dos processos de violação de seus direitos humanos, sistematicamente comprometidos devido a estigmas e processos discriminatórios, busca-se evidenciar a necessidade de uma política de saúde específica a esta população, na perspectiva da integralidade da atenção e da eqüidade no sistema de saúde. O desafio da construção de uma política de atenção integral à saúde dessa população, tal como prevista no programa de governo federal Brasil sem Homofobia, implica a complexificação e alargamento do que se compreende por direitos sexuais e reprodutivos para a efetiva promoção da eqüidade e universalidade do acesso aos bens e serviços.This paper discusses whether a specific health policy for Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, Transvestites and Transsexuals is a good way to improve their lives and health situation, recognizing that their human rights are systematically violated by prejudice and discrimination processes. A health policy could be a strong political and technical instrument for achieving integrality in health care and equity in the health system. Building a health policy according to the constitutional right of universality and integrality in health care is proposed by the Federal Government's program called No Homophobia in Brazil. For its consolidation, we need to broaden what we understand by sexual and reproductive rights.
Interactions between groundwater and surface water in a virginia coastal plain watershed. 1. Hydrological flowpaths

AbstractA field study of surface water and groundwater interactions during baseflow and stormflow conditions was performed at the Reedy Creek watershed in the Virginia Coastal Plain. Three estimates of the average saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the unconfined aquifer were in reasonable agreement (ranging from 0.0033 to 0.010 cm/s), indicating that baseflow in the creek is entirely from the drainage of shallow groundwater from the relatively thin (1–6 m thick) unconfined aquifer. This relatively permeable surficial aquifer was found to be underlain by dark, olive grey, clay‐silt and diatomaceous Miocene deposits of low permeability known as the Calvert Formation, which is believed to function as a confining bed in the area.A chemical hydrograph separation technique was used to resolve the contributions of [old] (pre‐event) and [new] (event) water to stormflow. Results from a major rainstorm indicated that old water dominated the stormflow response of the watershed, although the new water contribution approached 40% at the hydrograph peak. Stormflow at Reedy Creek appears to result from saturation overland flow from variable source areas which include the stream channels and a significant part of the riparian wetland area. This response appears to be attributable to the transient dynamics of the shallow groundwater flow system and to the formation of localized groundwater mounds which raise the water‐table to the wetland surface.