ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Practical challenges regarding the application of infringement procedures to protect judicial independence and the rule of law in EU member states

This article examines the role of infringement procedures in safeguarding judicial independence and the Rule of Law in European Union Member States. The study analyzes the legal framework, relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and complementary instruments. The study highlights how infringement procedures have evolved into constitutional enforcement mechanisms, emphasizing judicial independence as a fundamental EU principle and illustrating how the CJEU and the European Commission enforce these standards. The paper discusses practical challenges, including implementation gaps, procedural fragmentation, and the interaction between legal mechanisms and political dynamics. Infringement procedures are essential instruments for upholding EU core values and the primacy of law, particularly judicial independence.
Planet-driven Spiral Arms in Protoplanetary Disks. I. Formation Mechanism

Abstract                Protoplanetary disk simulations show that a single planet can excite more than one spiral arm, possibly explaining the recent observations of multiple spiral arms in some systems. In this paper, we explain the mechanism by which a planet excites multiple spiral arms in a protoplanetary disk. Contrary to previous speculations, the formation of both primary and additional arms can be understood as a linear process when the planet mass is sufficiently small. A planet resonantly interacts with epicyclic oscillations in the disk, launching spiral wave modes around the Lindblad resonances. When a set of wave modes is in phase, they can constructively interfere with each other and create a spiral arm. More than one spiral arm can form because such constructive interference can occur for different sets of wave modes, with the exact number and launching position of the spiral arms being dependent on the planet mass as well as the disk temperature profile. Nonlinear effects become increasingly important as the planet mass increases, resulting in spiral arms with stronger shocks and thus larger pitch angles. This is found to be common for both primary and additional arms. When a planet has a sufficiently large mass (≳3 thermal masses for (h/r)                      p                    = 0.1), only two spiral arms form interior to its orbit. The wave modes that would form a tertiary arm for smaller mass planets merge with the primary arm. Improvements in our understanding of the formation of spiral arms can provide crucial insights into the origin of observed spiral arms in protoplanetary disks.
Reforming Military Resources and the Authority of the United Nations Security Council in implementing coercive military measures

The lack of a de facto military component is rather significant in normative and operational terms within the UN system. The differences among the permanent members of the Security Council, which exist since its beginning, have stopped provisions from being enforced which were included in the United Nations Charter, as well as the design of credible and effective alternatives. Considering that what is at stake are coercive military measures decided by the Security Council under Chapter VII, this becomes a decisive issue, as these measures were decided ultima ratio to maintain or restore international peace and security. Without an operational Military Staff Committee, without armed forces and without power of authority in the enforcement process, the Council is limited to approving decisions and held hostage to the options of Member-States, namely its permanent members. To ignore the urgency of a reform implies perpetuating a double paradox: on the one hand, the Security Council is required to take increasingly wider responsibility, laid down in article 24 and, in this context, in art. 42, and this body still lacks adequate military instruments; on the other hand, by correlating the reinforcement of efficiency, legitimacy and enforcement of Council decisions exclusively with the reform of its composition and work methodology, we are neglecting the fact that this change requires a reform of military instruments and of its authority within the scope of the body's multidimensional reform process. This paper begins by analyzing the enforcement mechanism established in the Charter and then addresses the issue underlying the delegation of implementing coercive military measures. Finally, the paper discusses the reform proposals, their guidelines and puts forward possible solutions.
Role of Biological Control Agents in Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture: Efficacy, Limitations, and Future Perspectives

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) represents a sustainable and ecologically  balanced strategy for managing agricultural pests while minimizing dependence  on synthetic chemical pesticides. Biological control agents constitute a  fundamental pillar of IPM by utilizing natural enemies such as predators,  parasitoids, pathogens, and antagonistic microorganisms to suppress pest  populations below economically damaging levels. This review critically  examines the role of biological control agents in IPM, emphasizing their  mechanisms of action, efficacy across diverse cropping systems, and practical  limitations in field application. In addition, the paper highlights recent  technological and biotechnological advances, challenges in adoption, and future  prospects for strengthening biological control–based IPM programs to achieve  sustainable agricultural production and environmental conservation.
Lessons from Digital India for the Right to Internet Access

Situating Network Infrastructure with People, Practices, and Beyond, CSCW 2022
Assessment of Problematic Social Media Use and Its Effect on Mental Health Among Adolescents in Selected Secondary Schools in Jos North L.G.A, Plateau State

Introduction: The pervasive integration of social media into daily life has transformed adolescent interactions, identity formation, and emotional development globally. However, the design of these platforms, cantered on maximising engagement, has led to a rise in Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU), characterised by addiction-like behaviours. International research has established a strong link between PSMU and adverse mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety, particularly during the vulnerable period of adolescence. While social media use is rapidly increasing in Nigeria, there is a critical lack of localised, empirical data on this relationship, especially in Northern regions like Plateau State. Objective: This study aimed to fill this gap by assessing the Problematic Social Media Use (PSMU) and its effect on mental health among in-school adolescents in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was employed, recruiting 336 adolescents aged 14-19 years from Senior Secondary classes (SS1-SS3) in six selected public and private schools in Jos North LGA. A multistage sampling technique was used to ensure a representative sample. Data were collected in five sections: socio-demographics, social media use patterns, the 9-item Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD-9) to assess PSMU (with a score of ≥5 indicating high PSMU), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression, and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety. Results: The study found universal social media use (100%) among respondents, with Facebook (62.5%), WhatsApp (56.3%), and TikTok (54.8%) being the most popular platforms. A significant 32.4% of adolescents were classified as having High PSMU. The mental health assessment revealed a substantial burden, with 31.6% of adolescents reporting moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥10) and 18.5% reporting moderate-to-severe anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 ≥10). Bivariate analysis showed that age and type of school were significantly associated with PSMU. However, multiple logistic regression identified age as the only significant independent predictor, with older adolescents (17-19 years) having 2.36 times higher odds of high PSMU compared to their younger (14-16 years) peers (AOR=2.36; 95% CI: 1.37–4.06; p=0.0019). Crucially, strong and significant associations were found between high PSMU and worse mental health outcomes, with a clear dose-response relationship observed for anxiety severity (p &lt; 0.0001) Conclusion and Recommendations: The study concludes that problematic social media use is highly prevalent among in-school adolescents in Jos North LGA and is significantly associated with increased levels of depression and anxiety. These findings underscore an urgent public health concern. &nbsp;
Relevance of β-delayed neutron data for reactor, nuclear physics and astrophysics applications

Initially, yields (or abundances) and branching ratios of β-delayed neutrons (βdn) from fission products (Pn-values) have had their main importance in nuclear reactor control. At that time, the six-group mathematical approximation of the time-dependence of βdn-data in terms of the so-called "Keepin groups" was generally accepted. Later, with the development of high-resolution neutron spectroscopy, βdn data have provided important information on nuclear-structure properties at intermediate excitation energy in nuclei far from stability, as well as in nuclear astrophysics. In this paper, I will present some examples of the βdn-studies performed by the Kernchemie Mainz group during the past three decades. This work has been recognized as an example of "broad scientific diversity" which has led to my nomination for the 2014 Hans A. Bethe prize.
A density functional representation of quantum chemistry. II. Local quantum field theories of molecular matter in terms of the charge density operator do not work

AbstractA comprehensive review of the attempts to rephrase molecular quantum mechanics in terms of the particle density operator and the current density or phase density operator is given. All pertinent investigations which have come to our attention suffer from severe mathematical inconsistencies and are not adequate to the few‐body problem of quantum chemistry. The origin of the failure of these attempts is investigated and it is shown that a realization of a local quantum field theory of molecular matter in terms of observables would presuppose the solution of many highly nontrivial mathematical problems.
Prototype of Air Quality Sensor for Gas Pollutants Monitoring System in Industrial and Residential Estates

Globalization causes the industrial and information era to develop in massive ways to produce and distribute goods for human needs using big trucks. Due to massive transportation passing by, it is also required to monitor the the level of gases pollutants that can endanger the human respiratory system. This work presents the integrated sensor consists of Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ that can monitor 3 different parameters such as CO, CO2, and NH3 to monitor the industrial area in Lippo Cikarang for the measurement. For monitoring system, the author uses Node-RED for implementing the internet of things system. For gas sensor, author uses MQ-135 air quality sensor to detect 3 gases parameters which have been mentioned with graphs. The main goal of this work is to contribute data for monitoring system of gas pollutants in industrial and residential areas. The experiment has been successfully done where table and graph are shown to be analyzed and summarized. Measurement results are then compared with the environmental air quality standard. As conclusion, the average level of ppm in industrial area for CO2 is 30 ppm, for NH3 is 28.9 ppm, and for CO is 27.08 ppm. While, the average level of ppm in residential area for CO2 is 21.32 ppm, for NH3 is 19.3 ppm, and for CO is 20.93 ppm.  Globalisasi menyebabkan era industri dan informasi berkembang pesat dalam memproduksi dan mendistribusi barang – barang untuk kebutuhan manusia menggunakan truk. Karena banyak transportasi yang lalu lalang, diperlukan divais untuk memonitor kadar polutan gas yang dapat membahayakan sistem pernapasan manusia. Penelitian ini menyajikan sensor terintegrasi yang terdiri dari Arduino Uno dan Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ yang dapat memonitor 3 jenis gas yang berbeda seperti CO, CO2, and NH3 di area industri. Untuk sistem monitor, penulis menggunakan Node-RED untuk implementasi sistem Internet of Things (IoT). Untuk sensor gas, penulis menggunakan sensor kualitas udara MQ-135 untuk mendeteksi 3 jenis gas yang sudah disebutkan dengan kalibrasi dan grafik agar dapat memonitor tingkatan polutan gas. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan kontribusi hasil data untuk sistem monitoring gas polutan di kawasan industri dan perumahan. Eksperimen sudah dilakukan dengan baik dimana tabel dan grafik ditampilkan untuk dianalisis dan dirangkum. Hasil dari pengukuran dibandingkan dengan standar baku mutu lingkungan. Rata – rata level dari ppm di area industri untuk CO2 adalah 30 ppm, untuk NH3 adalah 28.9 ppm, dan untuk  CO adalah 27.08 ppm. Dan juga rata – rata level dari ppm di tempat warga tinggal (perumahan) untuk CO2 adalah 21.32 ppm, untuk NH3 adalah 19.3 ppm, dan untuk CO adalah 20.93 ppm.
Geology, mineral paragenesis and fluid inclusion studies of the Yueyang Ag-Au-Cu deposit, South China: implications for ore genesis and exploration

The Yueyang epithermal Ag-Au-Cu deposit is located in the Zijinshan ore district in western Fujian Province, South China. Orebodies are predominately hosted by the Jurassic Zijinshan granite batholith and controlled by a group of NW-trending faults. Roughly all minerals were deposited in a single extended period, and three stages can be further defined: (1) the early sphalerite stage; (2) the base metal-silver stage; and (3) the post-mineralization stage. Microthermometric measurements on quartz- and sphalerite-hosted, liquid-rich fluid inclusions indicate that mixing and dilution of the ore forming fluids took place from early to late stages. However, fluid boiling may locally occur and lead to silver participation, as suggested by the presence of fluid inclusion assemblage consisting of coexisting liquid-rich and vapour-rich inclusions, and also indicated by adularia in Ag-bearing veins and the breccia type ore of bonanza grade. Compared with typical low-sulphidation epithermal deposits, the higher Ag/Au ratios and fluid salinities, Fe-poor sphalerite and large proportion of sulphide minerals suggest that the Yueyang deposit is best classified as an intermediate-sulphidation epithermal deposit. Since intermediate-sulphidation epithermal deposits favour a magmatic affinity and usually exhibit spatial and temporal association with high-sulphidation and porphyry deposits, mineral exploration at the adjacent area of the Yueyang deposit is promising.
Overcoming the uncertainty in a research reactor LOCA in level-1 PSA; Fuzzy based fault-tree/event-tree analysis

Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) which plays a crucial role in risk evaluation is a quantitative approach intended to demonstrate how a nuclear reactor meets the safety margins as part of the licensing process. Despite PSA merits, some shortcomings associated with the final results exist. Conventional PSA uses crisp values to represent the failure probabilities of basic events. This causes a high level of uncertainty due to the inherent imprecision and vagueness of failure input data. In this paper, to tackle this imperfection, a fuzzy approach is employed with fault tree analysis and event tree analysis. Thus, instead of using the crisp values, a set of fuzzy numbers is applied as failure probabilities of basic events. Hence, in the fault tree and event tree analysis, the top events and the end-states frequencies are treated as fuzzy numbers. By introducing some fuzzy importance measures the critical components which contribute maximum to the system failure and total uncertainty are identified. As a practical example, under redesign Iranian heavy water research reactor loss of coolant accident is studied. The results show that the reactor protection system has the largest index in sequences lead to a core meltdown. In addition, the emergency core cooling system has a main role in preventing abnormal conditions.
原子力発電所の確率論的安全評価(Probabilistic Safety Assessment: PSA):内的事象に対するレベル1PSA; 東京大学大学院工学系研究科原子力専攻(専門職大学院)講義用テキスト

日本原子力研究開発機構は、原子力分野の人材育成の一環として、平成17年度に開講した東京大学大学院工学系研究科原子力専攻(専門職大学院)への協力を進めており、講師の派遣並びに実習を行っている。本報告書は、原子力発電所の確率論安全評価(Probabilistic Safety Assessment: PSA)、特に、レベル1PSA(炉心損傷事故の発生頻度評価)について、その手順や方法を例示しながらわかりやすく解説したものであり、上記専門職大学院での講義用教材として作成したものである。 The Japan Atomic Energy Agency is carrying out the cooperative activity by providing specialized educational and training staff and making our facilities available for the graduate school of engineering in The University of Tokyo as part of developing human resources in nuclear technology. This report is prepared as a textbook for the lecture in the graduate school of engineering in The University of Tokyo and provides the outlines of procedures and analysis approach to the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) for nuclear power plants, in particular, the level 1 PSA (evaluation of core damage frequency) with examples shown.
Thermodynamic Recycling of Algorithmic Failure Branches: Quantum-Computer Demonstration with Quantum Error Correction

9 pages, 5 figures. Experiments with quantum error correction have been added
Mathematical modelling and prediction in infectious disease epidemiology

We discuss to what extent disease transmission models provide reliable predictions. The concept of prediction is delineated as it is understood by modellers, and illustrated by some classic and recent examples. A precondition for a model to provide valid predictions is that the assumptions underlying it correspond to the reality, but such correspondence is always limited—all models are simplifications of reality. A central tenet of the modelling enterprise is what we may call the ‘robustness thesis’: a model whose assumptions approximately correspond to reality will make predictions that are approximately valid. To examine which of the predictions made by a model are trustworthy, it is essential to examine the outcomes of different models. Thus, if a highly simplified model makes a prediction, and if the same or a very similar prediction is made by a more elaborate model that includes some mechanisms or details that the first model did not, then we gain some confidence that the prediction is robust. An important benefit derived from mathematical modelling activity is that it demands transparency and accuracy regarding our assumptions, thus enabling us to test our understanding of the disease epidemiology by comparing model results and observed patterns. Models can also assist in decision-making by making projections regarding important issues such as intervention-induced changes in the spread of disease.
Topological data analysis of collective and individual epithelial cells using persistent homology of loops

Topology-based machine learning classifies complex spatial patterns of epithelial cells into distinct phases. The presence and stability of spatially-connected loops is an effective measure of topological similarity, even when population size varies significantly due to proliferation.
A CONSTRAINT ON THE INTEGRATED MASS POWER SPECTRUM OUT TO                     <i>z</i>                     = 1100 FROM LENSING OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND

The temperature fluctuations and polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) are now a well-known probe of the Universe at an infant age of 400,000 years. During the transit to us from the surface of last scattering, the CMB photons are expected to undergo modifications induced by the intervening large-scale structure. Among the expected secondary effects is the weak gravitational lensing of the CMB by the foreground dark matter distribution. We derive a quadratic estimator that uses the non-Gaussianities generated by the lensing effect at the four-point function level to extract the power spectrum of lensing potential fluctuations integrated out to z ~ 1100 with peak contributions from potential fluctuations at z of 2 to 3. Using WMAP 7-year temperature maps, we report the first direct constraints of this lensing potential power spectrum and find that it has an amplitude of A_L = 0.96 +/- 0.60, 1.06 +/- 0.69 and 0.97 +/- 0.47 using the W, V and W+V bands, respectively.
Critical Infrastructure Protection by Advanced Modelling, Simulation and Optimizattion for Cascading Failure Mitigation and Resilience

Sans cesse croissante complexité et l'interdépendance des infrastructures critiques modernes, avec des environs de risque plus en plus complexes, posent des défis uniques pour leur exploitation sûre, fiable et efficace. L'objectif de la présente thèse est sur la modélisation, la simulation et l'optimisation des infrastructures critiques (par exemple, les réseaux de transmission de puissance) à l'égard de leur vulnérabilité et la résilience aux défaillances en cascade. Cette étude aborde le problème en modélisant infrastructures critiques à un niveau fondamental, en se concentrant sur la topologie du réseau et des modèles de flux physiques dans les infrastructures critiques. Un cadre de modélisation hiérarchique est introduit pour la gestion de la complexité du système. Au sein de ces cadres de modélisation, les techniques d'optimisation avancées (par exemple, non-dominée de tri binaire évolution différentielle (NSBDE) algorithme) sont utilisés pour maximiser à la fois la robustesse et la résilience (capacité de récupération) des infrastructures critiques contre les défaillances en cascade. Plus précisément, le premier problème est pris à partir d'un point de vue de la conception du système holistique, c'est-à-dire certaines propriétés du système, tels que ses capacités de topologie et de liaison, sont redessiné de manière optimale afin d'améliorer la capacité de résister à des défaillances systémiques de système. Les deux modèles de défaillance en cascade topologiques et physiques sont appliquées et leurs résultats correspondants sont comparés. En ce qui concerne le deuxième problème, un nouveau cadre est proposé pour la sélection optimale des mesures appropriées de récupération afin de maximiser la capacité du réseau d’infrastructure critique de récupération à partir d'un événement perturbateur. Un algorithme d'optimisation de calcul pas cher heuristique est proposé pour la solution du problème, en intégrant des concepts fondamentaux de flux de réseau et le calendrier du projet. Exemples d'analyse sont effectués en se référant à plusieurs systèmes de CI réalistes.