ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Operational Challenges in the Use of Structured Secondary Data for Health Research

Background: In Brazil, secondary data for epidemiology are largely available. However, they are insufficiently prepared for use in research, even when it comes to structured data since they were often designed for other purposes. To date, few publications focus on the process of preparing secondary data. The present findings can help in orienting future research projects that are based on secondary data.Objective: Describe the steps in the process of ensuring the adequacy of a secondary data set for a specific use and to identify the challenges of this process.Methods: The present study is qualitative and reports methodological issues about secondary data use. The study material was comprised of 6,059,454 live births and 73,735 infant death records from 2004 to 2013 of children whose mothers resided in the State of São Paulo - Brazil. The challenges and description of the procedures to ensure data adequacy were undertaken in 6 steps: (1) problem understanding, (2) resource planning, (3) data understanding, (4) data preparation, (5) data validation and (6) data distribution. For each step, procedures, and challenges encountered, and the actions to cope with them and partial results were described. To identify the most labor-intensive tasks in this process, the steps were assessed by adding the number of procedures, challenges, and coping actions. The highest values were assumed to indicate the most critical steps.Results: In total, 22 procedures and 23 actions were needed to deal with the 27 challenges encountered along the process of ensuring the adequacy of the study material for the intended use. The final product was an organized database for a historical cohort study suitable for the intended use. Data understanding and data preparation were identified as the most critical steps, accounting for about 70% of the challenges observed for data using.Conclusion: Significant challenges were encountered in the process of ensuring the adequacy of secondary health data for research use, mainly in the data understanding and data preparation steps. The use of the described steps to approach structured secondary data and the knowledge of the potential challenges along the process may contribute to planning health research.
Automated “Dark Patterns” in User Experience (UX) : Exploring AI-Driven Manipulative Design

The use of AI in website design is becoming more common, and with thatcomes growing concern about how it might shape user experiences, sometimesin ways that aren’t immediately noticeable. A specific area of interest in thisstudy are dark patterns, which are design tricks that can push users towardcertain actions, often without them realizing it. The idea was to take a closerlook at how AI could change or adapt these patterns depending on how someoneinteracts with a website in real time. This study utilizes an A/B testing methodology on a simulated e-commercewebsite, where one version included statically implemented dark patterns, andthe other version included dark patterns dynamically implemented by AI. TheAI system monitored real-time behavior, such as mouse movement and clickpatterns, and responded by selecting different manipulative design elementsdepending on the user's behavior. In addition to the experiment, we conductedstructured interviews to gain a better understanding of how participantsexperienced the two versions. The results of the study show that AI-based personalization often made the darkpatterns more effective, even when fewer were shown. This raised importantethical questions around user autonomy, transparency, and consent. Whilepersonalization can be useful, the line between helpful and manipulative designis not always easy to draw, especially when that line is shaped by AI.
Slow, Painful and Expensive: Current Challenges in Text-Mining Corpus Construction for the Digital Humanities

The process of assembling corpora for text-mining-based Digital Humanities projects is a crucial and yet frequently overlooked aspect of the research process. Often complicated by text availability and cost, as well as legal restrictions on in-copyright text, DH scholars frequently resort to “found” corpora marketed to libraries by publishing companies or questionably sourced corpora that inhabit legal grey areas. While such corpora have led to methodological developments in the field, there is a general sense that the biases of these corpora and the inability to share their raw data have made them imperfect vehicles for large-scale critical claims in the humanities. Recent developments, however, suggest that this situation may be changing. In the United States, the 2021 text and data-mining exemption to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) has promised to improve the viability of bespoke corpora for text-mining research. In this paper, we put these improvements to the test, reporting on our efforts to source a relatively small corpus of literary theory monographs. Focusing primarily on born-digital works and operating under all of the practical and legal constraints dictated by the exemption to the DMCA, we sought to assemble a corpus of 402 pre-selected theoretical works. We found that, despite the recent legal changes, and even with extensive support from a well-resourced library, it remains overly difficult to assemble a pre-selected corpus of scholarly works, even under ideal financial and institutional conditions. While scholars outside of the United Stats will face somewhat different legal restrictions on the collection of electronic texts than we did, we found that many of the obstacles we faced were practical, rather than regulatory, and in many cases, we found that scanning books was the easiest and most efficient route to digital versions of the texts we sought.
Figure 3 from Blood-Based Genomic Alteration Signature for Predicting Progression-Free Survival in &lt;i&gt;De Novo&lt;/i&gt; Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Real-World Study

&lt;p&gt;Nomogram for predicting PFS based on b.TRPC score.&lt;/p&gt;
Total Quality Management. Modelli e strumenti di gestione totale della qualità. Six Sigma, EFQM, Balanced Scorecard, Lean Manufaturing

L'attuazione di un Sistema di Gestione Totale della Qualità (l'impropriamente detta Qualità Totale), oggi si confronta con diversi modelli di eccellenza quali Six Sigma, EFQM, Balanced Scorecard, Lean Manufacturing e altri. Il testo, percorrendo, inizialmente, l'evoluzione storica del concetto di Qualità, delinea poi, per la prima volta nelle teorie organizzative, una dimensione verticale e una orizzontale del TQM. All'interno della prima si trovano i sistemi di pianificazione strategica quali l'Hoshin Planning, le Balanced Scorecard o il DMAIC Six Sigma, descritti in modo operativo tramite esempi di organizzazioni che li hanno adottati. Nella dimensione orizzontale, invece, si trova l'integrazione dei sistemi di gestione: qualità, ambiente, sicurezza ed etica, economico-finanziario e della produzione, al fine di soddisfare non solo il cliente ma tutte le parti interessate. Il Premio Europeo della Qualità EFQM e il Six Sigma fungono, in tal senso, da contenitori delle due dimensioni. Il testo si sofferma anche sulla descrizione di alcune parti della dimensione orizzontale quali Costi della Qualità, ABC, Lean Manufacturing, con cenni nel primo capitolo ai sistemi di gestione per la qualità normati ISO 9001 - ISO 9004. Infine, a supporto dei Modelli TQM, il testo offre ampia trattazione degli Strumenti per la Qualità più noti (Pareto, Causa Effetto, Diagramma di Correlazione, Istogrammi, Carte di Controllo) e a quelli di tipo avanzato, quali QFD e Problem Solving 8D.
Market Potential for CO$_2$ Removal and Sequestration from Renewable Natural Gas Production in California

Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (BECCS) is critical for stringent climate change mitigation, but is commercially and technologically immature and resource-intensive. In California, state and federal fuel and climate policies can drive first-markets for BECCS. We develop a spatially explicit optimization model to assess niche markets for renewable natural gas (RNG) production with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) from waste biomass in California. Existing biomass residues produce biogas and RNG and enable low-cost CCS through the upgrading process and CO$_2$ truck transport. Under current state and federal policy incentives, we could capture and sequester 2.9 million MT CO$_2$/year (0.7% of California's 2018 CO$_2$ emissions) and produce 93 PJ RNG/year (4% of California's 2018 natural gas demand) with a profit maximizing objective. Existing federal and state policies produce profits of \$11/GJ. Distributed RNG production with CCS potentially catalyzes markets and technologies for CO$_2$ capture, transport, and storage in California.
REGULATION OF ETHNO-LINGUISTIC SPHERE IN TATARSTAN REPUBLIC AND PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES' RIGHTS

The article is devoted to the study of legal provision of ethnic minorities' rights by the example of the ethno-linguistic sphere regulation in the Republic of Tatarstan. the authors analyze the two editions of the Tatarstan Republic Law On the state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages in the Republic of Tatarstan and the state programs of the Republic of Tatarstan for preservation, study and development of the state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan and other languages in the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as the experience of law enforcement in this sphere.
Artificial Intelligence Regulation and Political Ethics: An Analysis of Indonesia's Position in AI Governance

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology is having far-reaching impacts on global economic, social and political aspects. However, the absence of universal ethical standards and regulatory gaps between developed and developing countries have posed serious challenges to fair and inclusive AI governance. Indonesia as the largest democracy in Southeast Asia is faced with a dilemma: responding to AI opportunities while ensuring ethical sustainability and digital sovereignty. This research aims to analyze Indonesia's normative and practical position in the dynamics of global AI governance, focusing on the regulatory dimension, political ethics, and participation in multilateral forums such as the G20, UNESCO, and ASEAN. A qualitative approach was used with methods of public policy analysis, official document studies (Personal Data Protection Bill, National AI Strategy), and interviews with technology experts and digital diplomats. The results show that Indonesia is still at an early stage in building a comprehensive AI regulatory framework, although it has shown commitment through strengthening its data privacy policy and national AI strategy. However, the absence of AI-specific laws and the lack of active engagement in global ethical governance frameworks are major obstacles in strengthening Indonesia's position as a normative actor at the international level.
Enhancing the implementation of decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights through complementarity and collaborative monitoring

This article investigates potential collaboration between the African Court and the African Commission regarding the implementation of the Court's judgments and decisions. Non-compliance with human rights rulings is a pervasive challenge affecting all human rights bodies. While each institution may adopt its own strategies, a common approach is strongly encouraged, especially given the lack of political oversight from the African Union organs. This research analyses the African Court's practices in monitoring the implementation of its decisions to determine how the Court might benefit from the experiences and resources of the African Commission. Studies suggest that the various human rights bodies in Africa possess unique strengths in implementation monitoring. By leveraging the strengths of other human rights bodies, especially the African Commission, in tracking the implementation of its rulings, the Court could improve the execution of its judgments. While the Court will certainly benefit from collaborating with other AU and United Nations human rights bodies, the focus of this article is on how the processes of the African Commission may enhance the implementation of the Court's decisions, and vice versa. Employing a doctrinal method, the article conducts a content analysis of the various implementation reports from the Court and reviews other primary and secondary legal sources. In the context of complementarity and collaborative monitoring, the study offers relevant recommendations for enhancing implementation and ensuring compliance with the Court's judgments.
Discard indices based in on-board observers data: the case of Spanish fresh trawlers targeting black hake in NW Africa

Quantification of discard per unit effort rates (DPUE) has been proposed by the European Commission as a measure to manage the discarding of commercially fished organisms. In the Spanish fresh trawling fleet operating in North West Africa, both target species of black hakes, Merluccius polli and Merluccius senegalensis are data limited stocks (DLS). Hence, discards of these fleets are even more unknown but not unimportant part of the total catch (retained and discarded). Onboard observer data from commercial surveys from 2016 to 2018 provide a detailed source of scientific information about catches, discards, effort and technical factors in this fleet. This is the first quantitative analysis to model DPUE through generalised linear mixed models (GLMM), based on the explicit distinction between abundance and technical factors coming from information of observer surveys. We describe the relationship between discards and environment, catches of target and other species, effort of the fleet, spatial and temporal variation in discard accessibility, vessel characteristics, strategy of the skippers and market decisions. Unlike hake catches, discards were higher and more dispersed in shallower than in deeper waters. We identified two separate métiers for the Spanish fresh trawling fleet determined by depth and treated total discards as a stock unit susceptible of being monitored, managed and assessed. The strategy of the skipper appears to have a more important effect on discards than vessel characteristics. This study shows the importance of observer data for this fishery and identifies recommendations for the improvement in the scientific usefulness of logbook information.
Understanding and modelling the thermodynamics and electrochemistry of lithiation of tin (IV) sulfide as an anode active material for lithium ion batteries

Tin (IV) sulfide is a promising anode active material for lithium ion batteries due to its relatively high reversible capacity of 644 mAh/g, which is more than one and a half times that of graphite. During lithiation of tin (IV) sulfide, an inert Li 2S matrix is formed in the first discharge cycle, which serves to accommodate the mechanical stresses associated with the volume expansion of tin during the successive Li xSn alloying and de-alloying reactions. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of tin (IV) sulfide further, fundamental understanding and insights into the thermodynamics, phase formation, and driving forces for the lithiation reactions are still required. Therefore, in this work, a computational thermodynamics approach was combined with ex-situ XRD investigations of electrodes during the discharge reaction as well as galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) experiments in order to clarify the lithiation thermodynamics of tin (IV) sulfide. Based on the experimental data, a one-phase mechanism was suggested for the intercalation of lithium into SnS 2, a thermodynamic model was developed to describe the intercalation reaction and the expected open circuit voltages were calculated.
International dispute settlement system design : analysis of the World Trade Organization

The dispute settlement process established by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994, (the "DSU"), has drawn widespread attention. While the DSU is the most used international dispute settlement process, it is geared to resolving complaints by one country against another concerning enforcement of the WTO rules and obligations. This research has examined the WTO in two dimensions: first, how does the DSU fit within a larger system of processes for resolving policy making and implementation, as well as enforcement disputes. Secondly, how do those processes measure up to the characteristics of effective dispute resolution. In answer to the first question, I have categorized policy disputes into three orders: first-order disputes in policymaking, second-order disputes in policy implementation, and third-order disputes in policy enforcement. The same issues, e.g., agricultural subsidies or intellectual property, emerge in all three dispute orders. First-order disputes are resolved by all WTO members through consensus-based negotiation. The negotiation experience of the last four multilateral trade negotiations--the Kennedy Round, the Tokyo Round, the Uruguay Round and the pending Doha Round--are assessed. Second-order disputes are considered by all WTO members through operating committees and the Trade Policy Review Mechanism. Third-order disputes are resolved through the DSU; 304 cases were submitted from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2003. More effective dispute resolution processes tend to exhibit a number of characteristics: they involve lower transactions costs in terms of economics, time, bureaucracy, diplomacy and opportunity; parties are satisfied with the outcome and the process; relationships among the affected parties
CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY (CBDC) AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: PRIVACY, SURVEILLANCE, AND FINANCIAL FREEDOM

This paper explores how India's proposed Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), known as the Digital Rupee, could reshape the country's financial and constitutional landscape. Introduced as part of the Reserve Bank of India's drive toward a more inclusive and efficient economy, the CBDC also raises serious questions about privacy, individual freedom, and equality. Unlike cash, digital money leaves behind a trace, giving rise to fears of state surveillance and loss of financial autonomy. Using constitutional principles from landmark judgments such as Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, the paper analyses whether the Digital Rupee can coexist with the rights guaranteed under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution. Drawing comparisons with China's surveillance-prone digital yuan, the European Union's privacy-focused digital euro, and the United States' cautious legislative approach, the study argues for a rights-based model for India. It recommends clear legal safeguards, limited data access, options for anonymous low-value transactions, and parliamentary oversight to ensure democratic accountability. The paper concludes that the success of the Digital Rupee will depend not only on technological innovation but also on how well it upholds the constitutional values of privacy, dignity, and liberty.
Unlocking Insights in Thyroid Care: Applying Natural Language Processing to Electronic Health Records for Improved Patient Stratification and Clinical Decision Support

Background: The clinical management of thyroid disorders, ranging from autoimmune conditions to cancer, generates vast amounts of unstructured data within Electronic Health Records (EHRs). This data, embedded in clinical notes, radiology reports, and pathology summaries, contains rich phenotypic details that are largely inaccessible to traditional analytical methods, creating a significant information gap for research and precision care. Aim: This narrative review aims to synthesize the current landscape, methodologies, challenges, and future directions of applying Natural Language Processing (NLP) to mine EHRs for thyroidology. It evaluates how NLP can transform unstructured text into structured data to enhance patient stratification, support clinical decisions, and advance epidemiological research. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and ACL Anthology for studies published between 2010 and 2024, using keywords related to NLP, EHRs, and thyroid disorders. Relevant studies were selected and thematically analyzed. Results: The review identifies key NLP architectures—from rule-based systems to deep learning models—successfully applied to extract thyroid-specific concepts, automate TI-RADS scoring, predict outcomes, and identify adverse events. However, significant challenges persist, including data heterogeneity, clinical nuance, and ethical concerns regarding bias and generalizability. Conclusion: NLP is a powerful, transformative tool for thyroid care, poised to unlock latent insights from EHRs. Realizing its full potential requires interdisciplinary collaboration, robust validation, and the development of standardized, ethically aware frameworks to integrate these technologies into clinical workflows and research infrastructures.
A Study on Occupational Correlates for Workplace Wellbeing, Morbidities and Occupational Health and Safety Vulnerability Measures amongst Diamond Workers In Surat

Introduction: Workers in diamond industry are exposed to various hazards. There are only few published scientific studies on workplace well-being, occupational health and safety measures in diamond workers. Objectives: To study occupational correlates for workplace wellbeing, morbidities and occupational health and safety vulnerability measures in diamond workers. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted on 350 diamond workers in four diamond industries located in Surat, Gujarat. Two stage convenient sampling was done with selection of industries in the first and selection of participants in the second. A questionnaire eliciting Socio demographic, Occupational and epidemiological variables was prepared along with workplace well-being questionnaire and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) vulnerability measure. Proportions, Chi-square, Fishers exact test and ANOVA, Post Hoc tests were calculated for tests of significance. Results: Out of 350 workers, 260 experienced health issues. Pain in the wrists, elbows, and shoulders (Musculo skeletal disorders) was reported by 156 (44.5%). Significant difference was found between different styles of work amongst diamond workers and work satisfaction. The workers when asked about OHS (Occupational Health and safety) Vulnerability Measures, all the workers mentioned “Never” for Question 8WH (Workplace Hazards-WH) Experience being bullied or harassed at work. Conclusions: All the five types of workers have medium level of work satisfaction, but differences are evident by mean scores with Table work having highest score over other type of works. Those doing Taliya and Mathala work had more health issues than Table, Ghat, and Athphel workers.
How to undertake a root cause analysis investigation to improve patient safety

Root cause analysis is a tool that can be used when determining how and why a patient safety incident has occurred. Incidents that usually require a root cause analysis include the unexpected death of a patient, serious pressure ulcers, falls that result in injury, and some infections and medication errors. This article outlines the stages of the investigation process for undertaking a root cause analysis. REFLECTIVE ACTIVITY: 'How to' articles can help update your practice and ensure it remains evidence-based. Apply this article to your practice. Reflect on and write a short account of.