ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
The updated ICRC Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention: Demystifying the law of armed conflict at sea

AbstractSince their publication in the 1950s and 1980s respectively, the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 have become a major reference for the application and interpretation of those treaties. The International Committee of the Red Cross, together with a team of renowned experts, is currently updating these Commentaries in order to document developments and provide up-to-date interpretations of the treaty texts. Following a brief overview of the methodology and process of the update as well as a historical background to the Second Geneva Convention, this article addresses the scope of applicability of the Convention, the type of vessels it protects (in particular hospital ships and coastal rescue craft), and its relationship with other sources of international humanitarian law and international law conferring protection to persons in distress at sea. It also outlines differences and commonalities between the First and the Second Conventions, including how these have been reflected in the updated Commentary on the Second Convention. Finally, the article highlights certain substantive obligations under the Convention and how the updated Commentary addresses some of the interpretive questions they raise.
Academic expectations stress, its associations with symptoms of depression and anxiety, and preliminary exploration of suicidality: results from a National Youth Mental Health Survey in Singapore

Background                     The Academic Expectations Stress Inventory (AESI) was developed to measure levels of academic stress resulting from perceived expectations from parents and teachers, and expectations from the self, among middle and high school students. The objectives of the present study are to describe AESI scores and compare its total and subscale scores among youths in Singapore, investigate relevant sociodemographic correlates, and examine the association between AESI scores and symptoms of depression and anxiety, with a brief exploration on suicidality.                                                           Methods                     Data analyzed for this study was collected as part of a larger study—the National Youth Mental Health Study, a cross-sectional nationwide survey of youths aged 15–35 years. Participants were recruited through door knocks and street intercepts. The survey contained a battery of self-administered instruments, including a sociodemographic section, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21, and the AESI. Nearing the tail-end of the study, a brief questionnaire on suicidality was added and administered to a subset of participants.                                                           Results                     Of the total 2600 participants who were recruited for the original study, 959 respondents indicated that they were “currently studying”. On the AESI total scale, age group, gender, ethnicity, monthly household income, paternal education, and number of siblings remained significant correlates in the regression, after accounting for other sociodemographic variables. AESI scores were significantly associated with severe depression and anxiety. A logistic regression revealed that the AESI total score remained significantly associated with having at least one suicidal ideation or behavior in the past 12 months.                                                           Conclusions                     In sum, the data seems to suggest that being female, being an only child, and belonging to the middle-income group are associated with increased risk of greater academic stress, particularly due to expectations from the self. It is hoped that results from this study would inform future interventions targeted at managing academic expectations and preventing suicide among youth.
Self-Determination Beyond Decolonization

Abstract                   Self-determination claims and movements always reached beyond the dynamics of decolonization and the Cold War system. By the 1970s the United States and other advanced industrial countries faced self-determination claims of their own, voiced by racial minorities, students, women, gay and lesbian activists, and most importantly Native Americans and other Indigenous peoples. Though rooted in local concerns, many of these movements connected their demands to broader currents of decolonization and radical Third World politics. Indigenous movements, in particular, ingeniously used domestic and international law as well as popular mobilization to force long-established states to renegotiate sovereignty arrangements with many of their own citizens and invent wholly new categories of international human rights. As they did so, these movements once again raised fears that expansive self-determination claims threatened international order.
Mass composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays based on air shower universality

Messung der Massenzusammensetzun der ultra-hochenergetischen kosmischen Strahlung. Das Auger-Observatorium beobachtet Luftschauer die von kosmischer Strahlung erzeugt werden. Zum Verständnis der kosmischen Strahlung ist es wichtig, die Primärmasse zu messen. Luftschauer können universell mit massen-sensitiven Variablen beschrieben werden. Die Ankunftsrichtungen korrelieren mit den Positionen aktiver Galaxien-Kerne. Hinweise auf eine Massen-Abhängigkeit der Korrelation wurden gefunden.
Recurrence modeling with electronic health records through natural language processing and machine learning techniques.

e18004                                                           Background:                     Head and neck cancer patients with locally advanced disease requiring free flap reconstruction are at high risk for locoregional and distant recurrence yet early identification of recurrence is challenging. Unstructured clinical notes contain rich longitudinal information that may capture early signals of disease progression. We evaluated whether natural language processing (NLP)-based large language models (LLM) applied to electronic health record (EHR) notes could predict recurrence in this high-risk population.                     Methods:                     789 patients with head and neck cancers treated with free flap reconstruction from 1997-2023 at a single institution were retrospectively analyzed. EHR pathology, radiology, and clinical notes from diagnosis through five months post-diagnosis were collected. Notes were either combined into a single aggregated document per patient or as individual notes. Any notes post-recurrence were censored. Text was vectorized using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TfidfVectorizer) and a domain-adapted contextual language model trained on clinical notes (clinicalBERT). Patients were split into training and testing cohorts prior to feature extraction. Logistic regression models were trained to predict recurrence. For per-note analyses, the note with the highest recurrence probability was used for lead-time estimation.                     Results:                     The median follow-up in the entire cohort was 39.43 months (IQR 18.53-78.23). 13.05% (103/789) patients experienced disease recurrence at a median of 8.82 months since initial diagnosis (IQR 5.83-17.67). Overall discriminative performance was modest across all models. The best performing model was the combined note TfidfVectorizer, with an AUC of 0.585. Per-note TfidfVectorizer, combined note clinicalBERT, and per-note clinicalBERT had declining AUCs of 0.580, 0.525, and 0.514 respectively. Models showed relatively high specificity but limited sensitivity for recurrent cases with a maximum F1-score of 0.28 for the combined note TfidfVectorizer. Among true-positive recurrence predictions in per-note analysis, the median lead time of predicted recurrence was 194 days (IQR 100-728) for TfidfVectorizer and 187 days (IQR 86-748) for clinicalBERT.                     Conclusions:                     NLP models applied to unstructured EHR notes demonstrated limited discrimination for recurrence prediction in head and neck cancer patients undergoing free flap reconstruction. While recurrence-associated signals were detectable months to years before diagnosis in a subset of patients, overall predictive performance was modest. Predictive performance may be improved by incorporating temporal modeling, restriction to oncology-relevant note types, aggregation of notes by date of encounter, and integration of structured clinical variables.
'Danger was a thing that ye were brought up wi' : workers narratives on occupational health and safety in the workplace

This article provides workers narratives on occupational health and safety in the workplace.
Collaborative filtering model of book recommendation system

With the rapid development of information technology and internet, people from an era of scarcity gradually entered the era of information overload. For information-consumers, finding themselves interested in information from a large amount of information is a very difficult task. As regard to information producers, letting the production information stand out and getting the attention of the masses of users is also a very difficult task. To solve this contradiction, first, we establish a decorrelation principal component analysis model based on the correlation theory to obtain the main factors affecting the user evaluation of books. Secondly, we establish a predictive scoring system based on linear regression theory which can predict book ratings. Finally, we establish a collaborative filtering model of book recommendation.
Experimental and optimization study of water addition on supercritical methyl acetate for continuous biodiesel fuel production

博士論文　要旨Abstract/本文Full 以下に掲載：Journal of Supercritical Fluids 166 pp.1-8 2020. MDPI. 共著者：Iwan Ridwan, Naoyuki Katsuragawa, Kazuhiro Tamura
Convergence of Gaussian-smoothed optimal transport distance with sub-gamma distributions and dependent samples

The Gaussian-smoothed optimal transport (GOT) framework, recently proposed by Goldfeld et al., scales to high dimensions in estimation and provides an alternative to entropy regularization. This paper provides convergence guarantees for estimating the GOT distance under more general settings. For the Gaussian-smoothed $p$-Wasserstein distance in $d$ dimensions, our results require only the existence of a moment greater than $d + 2p$. For the special case of sub-gamma distributions, we quantify the dependence on the dimension $d$ and establish a phase transition with respect to the scale parameter. We also prove convergence for dependent samples, only requiring a condition on the pairwise dependence of the samples measured by the covariance of the feature map of a kernel space. A key step in our analysis is to show that the GOT distance is dominated by a family of kernel maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) distances with a kernel that depends on the cost function as well as the amount of Gaussian smoothing. This insight provides further interpretability for the GOT framework and also introduces a class of kernel MMD distances with desirable properties. The theoretical results are supported by numerical experiments.
Research on an English translation method based on an improved transformer model

Abstract                With the expansion of people’s needs, the translation performance of traditional models is increasingly unable to meet current demands. This article mainly studied the Transformer model. First, the structure and principle of the Transformer model were briefly introduced. Then, the model was improved by a generative adversarial network (GAN) to improve the translation effect of the model. Finally, experiments were carried out on the linguistic data consortium (LDC) dataset. It was found that the average Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) value of the improved Transformer model improved by 0.49, and the average perplexity value reduced by 10.06 compared with the Transformer model, but the computation speed was not greatly affected. The translation results of the two example sentences showed that the translation of the improved Transformer model was closer to the results of human translation. The experimental results verify that the improved Transformer model can improve the translation quality and be further promoted and applied in practice to further improve the English translation and meet application needs in real life.
The responsibility to protect : no more Rwandas : the international community and humanitarian intervention in the 21st century

Humanitarian intervention lies at the fault-line in international relations between the principles of international law and state sovereignty (pluralism) on the one hand, and morality and the protection of human rights (solidarism) on the other. Whereas the pluralist international-society theory defines humanitarian intervention as a violation of the cardinal rules of order, it is being challenged by the solidarist view, that seeks to strengthen the legitimacy of the international community by developing its commitment to justice. As a result, a solidarist international community is one in which states accept a moral responsibility to protect the security, not only of their own citizens, but of humanity everywhere. The humanitarian tragedies in Somalia, Rwanda and Srebrenica in the 1990s and in Darfur currently, have highlighted to the international community the need for the notion of sovereignty to be re-defined, to permit intervention in support of the emerging norm of the responsibility to protect. In the 21st century, a state that violates the fundamental norms of human rights by failing to provide for the safety, security and well-being of its citizens creates a legal and moral burden on the international community to act. This dissertation contends that the international community has a legal and moral responsibility to intervene to prevent humanitarian emergencies. To test the veracity of this thesis, it was assessed against a number of case studies that span India's intervention into East Pakistan in 1971 to the ongoing crisis in Darfur in 2006. While many aspects of humanitarian intervention remain contentious this dissertation found that there is a trend towards the solidarist approach that is reflected in the emerging international norm of the \responsibility to protect\". Further it confirmed that the most successful interventions involve a range of actors usually the United Nations and/or a regional organisation backed by a hegemonic power. Finally it found that a successful humanitarian intervention is dependent upon the international community's commitment to understanding the gravity of the situation at hand and if necessary confronting the Westphalian tradition of sovereignty to provide the appropriate institutional support and resources and the political will to mobilise that capacity in the face of other priorities and preoccupations."
Genetic testing and Huntington's disease: issues of employment

Genetic information, employment, and Huntington’s disease (HD) Peter S Harper, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK The widespread publicity surrounding the recently reported case of a woman in Germany refused employment as a teacher because of a family history of HD provides a timely opportunity to examine whether and how genetic information is currently used in relation to employment, and how it might be used in the future. This issue appears to have arisen first for HD not because of any unique features of this disorder, but because it illustrates general issues in a more clear-cut form than is usually the case. Before considering the wider issues, some basic medical and genetic facts about HD need to be considered. HD is a progressive brain disease with both neurological and psychiatric features. Its onset is usually in middle life, though very variable; progression is slow, but most patients will be significantly affected after 5 years from onset, and few would be able to continue working in a stressful job after this time. In genetic terms, HD follows simple autosomal dominant inheritance; those with an affected parent have a 50% chance of inheriting the mutant gene and of developing the disorder at some point. This risk will depend on the individual’s age and on the length of time under consideration. Thus, a 25 year old with an affected parent would have a 7·5% risk of developing HD over the next 10 years and a 21% risk over the next 20 years. For a more distant relative, the risks would be much lower. Genetic testing for the unique mutation for HD is feasible at any age, regardless of whether a person is symptomatic or not. Current international guidelines on good practice for predictive testing recognise the importance of avoiding both pressure to be tested and disclosure to third parties of factors relevant to employment without specific consent. In the UK, fewer than 20% of those at risk decide to be tested, and insurance and employment issues rank low among the underlying reasons. There is currently a general UK moratorium on the need to disclose genetic test results for insurance purposes (including HD, except for the largest sums insured). The insurance situation could be a useful example for employment, although it should be noted that use of family history information is permitted in relation to insurance. Why should an employer wish to have information on the family history of an employee? There may be some benefits for the employee and others for the employer, and there is possibly substantial overlap. Information might be of use in
Cosmic radiation in the heliosphere at successive solar minima: 5. Modulation of anomalous cosmic ray helium during the three consecutive solar minimum periods of 1977/1978, 1987, and 1997

A renewed attempt is made to model anomalous cosmic ray He+ spectra observed during the solar minimum periods of 1977/1978, 1987, and 1997, from 1 to 66 AU in the heliosphere. This model improves on the one in our paper 3 in this series [Reinecke et al., 1996], because it now contains the new 1997 observations, and because a physically justified input spectrum for anomalous species on the solar wind termination shock is used. This input spectrum is based on the work of Steenberg [1998] and Steenberg and Moraal [1999]. For simplicity, only anomalous He+ is considered. This is partially justified because the properties of other anomalous species, such as O+, are quite similar. This paper extends the work of paper 4 in the series [Reinecke et al., 2000], in which similar fits to galactic He++ were done. It is shown that it remains impossible to find a single set of modulation parameters that fit the 1977, 1987, and 1997 anomalous and galactic spectra simultaneously. In addition, the new 1997 observations introduce further constraints that make it impossible to even find a single set of parameters for 1977 and 1997 with the current model, although these two periods are in the same so‐called drift cycle.
Electrochemistry and Optical Microscopy

Electrochemistry exploits local current heterogeneities at various scales ranging from the micrometer to the nanometer. The last decade has witnessed unprecedented progress in the development of a wide range of electroanalytical techniques allowing to reveal and quantify such heterogeneity through multiscale and multifonctionnal operando probing of electrochemical processes. However most of these advanced electrochemical imaging techniques, employing scanning probes, suffer from either low imaging throughput or limited imaging size. In parallel, optical microscopies, which can image a wide field of view in a single snapshot, have made considerable progress in terms of sensitivity, resolution and implementation of detection modes. Optical microscopies are then mature enough to propose, with basic bench equipment, to probe in a non destructive way a wide range of optical (and therefore structural) properties of a material in situ, in real time: under operating conditions. They offer promising alternative strategies for quantitative high-resolution imaging of electrochemistry. The first sections recall the optical properties of materials and how they can be probed optically. They discuss fluorescence, Raman, surface plasmon resonance, scattering or refractive index. Then the different optical microscopes used to image electrochemical processes are examined along with some strategies to extract quantitative electrochemical information from optical images. Finally the last section reviews some examples of in situ imaging, at micro- to nanometer resolution, and quantification of electrochemical processes ranging from solution diffusion to the conversion of molecular interfaces or solids.
MARINE PROTECTED AREAS FOR THE TEMPERATE AND BOREAL NORTHWEST ATLANTIC: THE POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES AND CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Year-round no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) can enhance con- servation of exploited species and biodiversity overall. MPAs have the potential to sustain living marine resources and their support systems at genetic, population- community, ecosystem, and landscape levels. From a fisheries perspective they can protect spawning and nursery areas of key species, maintain age structure (retain older, proportionately more fecund individuals), protect key habitats, and reduce bycatch. MPAs are used sporadically in management of fisheries and are generally based on predicted responses for populations of exploited taxa. However, identifica- tion of representative, rare, and high diversity areas of temperate and boreal marine systems, especially on outer continental shelves, is still in its infancy. There is infor- mation available from both the scientific literature and from fishers on the life his- tory and behavior of economically important species, on species assemblage pat- terns, and on physical structure of the marine environment. Such information could be used as a starting point for identifying areas of particular importance to popula- tions or communities of fishes and for the conservation of diversity at the regional scale. Identification of such areas could serve as a basis to design an experimental network of MPAs. Such MPAs, designated for the purpose of maintaining or devel- oping sustainable fisheries, must explicitly be designed within an experimental con- text, maintaining flexibility for changes in regulations as new information becomes available. Monitoring change in exploited and non-target populations (intra- and in- ter-guild), habitat complexity indices, and diversity of sentinel taxa (for assessing maintenance of diversity) will be needed to provide feedback to assess the efficacy of MPAs and to recommend changes in the regulatory framework.
Confidence Interval Estimation of Predictive Performance in the Context of AutoML

Any supervised machine learning analysis is required to provide an estimate of the out-of-sample predictive performance. However, it is imperative to also provide a quantification of the uncertainty of this performance in the form of a confidence or credible interval (CI) and not just a point estimate. In an AutoML setting, estimating the CI is challenging due to the ``winner's curse", i.e., the bias of estimation due to cross-validating several machine learning pipelines and selecting the winning one. In this work, we perform a comparative evaluation of 9 state-of-the-art methods and variants in CI estimation in an AutoML setting on a corpus of real and simulated datasets. The methods are compared in terms of inclusion percentage (does a 95\% CI include the true performance at least 95\% of the time), CI tightness (tighter CIs are preferable as being more informative), and execution time. The evaluation is the first one that covers most, if not all, such methods and extends previous work to imbalanced and small-sample tasks. In addition, we present a variant, called BBC-F, of an existing method (the Bootstrap Bias Correction, or BBC) that maintains the statistical properties of the BBC but is more computationally efficient. The results support that BBC-F and BBC dominate the other methods in all metrics measured.