ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Learning (and unlearning) from failures: 30 years on from Bhopal to Fukushima an analysis through reliability engineering techniques

Abstract   Reliability engineering techniques such as failure mode effect analysis (FMEA), fault tree analysis (FTA), and reliability block diagrams (RBD) have been used to analyse the case of the Bhopal disaster ( Labib and Champaneri, 2012 ), and subsequently used in the analysis of other disasters ( Labib, 2014b ), where it has been shown how such techniques can help in building a mental model of describing the causal effects of the disaster. The same case study of Bhopal was also investigated ( Ishizaka and Labib, 2014 ) and a new logic gate in the fault tree method was proposed for analysing disasters and the benefits of using hybrid techniques of multiple criteria and fault analysis to evaluate and prevent disasters were demonstrated.  In this paper an analysis of learning, and un-learning, from failures is carried out using a comparison between Bhopal and Fukushima, although they occurred in different industries, by comparing them we observe many similarities. This is followed by a compilation of different models based on FTA and RBD analysis of the Bhopal disaster which were an outcome of a series of workshops that were carried out to investigate the Bhopal disaster. This approach shows how the same case study can be viewed from different perspectives although the same modelling techniques were used. The paper then explores few interesting research questions such as how to evaluate different models? Do multiple models lead to better understanding of the case study? And are there any practical guidance to follow when studying root cause analysis?
Health insurance coverage and access to child and maternal health services in West Africa: a study protocol for a systematic review

Abstract                 Background                 Though many studies have discussed the impact of health insurance on access to medical services, few have considered Western Africa. Despite decades of targeted efforts, West Africa has the most elevated maternal mortality rates (MMR) and under-five mortality rates in the world. The solution to this issue is widely believed to be the implementation of universal health coverage (UHC) as most causes of death could be effectively dealt with through primary health care providers. It is possible that UHC without additional efforts to tackle important determinants of health such as education and poverty is insufficient. The objective of this study is to examine the link between being covered by health insurance and access to health services for mothers and children in West Africa.                                Methods                 A systematic literature review will be conducted. We will search the online databases MEDLINE complete, Embase, CINAHL complete, and Global Health from inception onwards. The focus will be on primary research studies and grey literature that examined health insurance in relation to access to maternal and child health services. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. The primary outcome will be maternal and child access to health insurance and access to primary and secondary services such as attending the minimum number of prenatal visits and accessing services in emergency circumstances where catastrophic expenditures may have been an obstacle. A standardized data extraction form by the Cochrane library will be used. A narrative synthesis will be conducted with a summary of findings tables to be produced.                                Discussion                 The systematic review will present findings on the impact of access to health insurance on access to maternal and child health care. The findings will inform discussion around the pursuit of UHC as a key health systems policy. The final manuscript will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal and scientific conferences.                                Systematic review registration                 PROSPERO CRD42020203859
Nano‐Impact Electrochemistry Reveals Kinetics Information of Metal‐Ion Battery Materials with Multiple Redox Centers

AbstractPrussian blue (PB) has emerged as a promising cathode material in aqueous batteries. It possesses two distinct redox centers, and the potassium ions (K+) are unevenly distributed throughout the compound, adding complexity to the interpretation of the K+ insertion/de‐insertion kinetic mechanism. Traditional ensemble‐averaged measurements are limited in uncovering the precise kinetic information of the PB particles, as the results are influenced by the construction of the porous composite electrode and the redox behavior from different particles. In this study, the electrochemical processes of individual PB particles were investigated using nano‐impact electrochemistry. By varying the potentials, different types of transient current signals were obtained that revealed the kinetic mechanism of each oxidation/reduction reaction in combination with theoretical simulation. Additionally, a partially contradictory conclusion between single‐particle analysis and the ensemble‐averaged measurement was discussed. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the electrochemical processes of cathode materials with multiple redox centers, which facilitates the development of effective strategies to optimize these materials.
Cost &amp;#8211; Benefit Analysis through Stochastic Risk Assessment on Mining Waste Management

Cost Benefit &amp;amp; Bayesian Analysis for Mining Waste Management contributes positively to developing an alternative methodology that could be implemented on an industrial scale. Two case scenarios are examined. The first scenario refers to the presentation of mining activities without 3R&amp;#8217;s policy (reduce, recover, reuse wastes) and non-implementation of environmental protection measures. The second scenario refers to the presentation of mining activities with full implementation of environmental protection requirements by a closed system of industrial units for metal recovery and avoiding free disposal of tailings in soil areas. Considering a) each project&amp;#8217;s aim and scope, b) legislative requirements for environmental protection, and c) escalation of penalty cost for non-compliance with the corresponding legislation, the total cost for each case scenario is extracted. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) evaluates the sustainability of each case scenario by its Financial Risk.The scope of this paper is to ensure the adaptability of the CBA appraisal tool to each similar subject of study, in which the lowest Financial Risk indices characterize optimal business decisions. CBA&amp;#8217;s evaluation involves each case scenario&amp;#8217;s parameters converted into monetary terms. CBA&amp;#8217;s extracted results are calibrated through Bayesian Analysis to provide more accurate Financial Risk (FR) estimation. The physical meaning of Bayesian Analysis&amp;#8217;s provided calibration to the CBA is to obtain the ability to implement stochastic risk in realistic conditions.
AI-NET-PROTECT - Providing Resilient &amp; secure networks [Operating on Trusted Equipment] to CriTical infrastructures; Teilvorhaben: KI-unterstützte Verfahren zur Netzsteuerung und Dienstautomatisierung sowie zur Erkennung und Abwehr von Cyber-Angriffen auf kritische Netzinfrastrukturen

Das Verbundprojekt AI-NET-PROTECT entwickelt Konzepte, Architekturen und Methoden für automatisierten Netzbetrieb und sichere Netze auf vertrauenswürdigen Geräten für kritische Infrastrukturen und Unternehmen. AI-NET-PROTECT gewährleistet den Schutz kritischer Daten und hohe Robustheit der Netzinfrastruktur durch eine skalierbare Netz- und Knotenarchitektur, Netztelemetrie und softwaredefiniertes Netzmanagement für die Automatisierung von Ende-zu-Ende-Diensten mit Hilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI), und starke Sicherheit auf Basis von mehrschichtiger Kryptographie, agilen Kryptofunktionen und quantensicheren Algorithmen. Im Teilvorhaben der TU Chemnitz werden hauptsächlich Fragestellungen der KI-unterstützten Netzsteuerung und Dienstautomatisierung sowie der Netzsicherheit adressiert. Es werden neue Mechanismen und Verfahren sowohl zur automatisierten Steuerung innerhalb eines Cloud-Knotens als auch zur netzweiten Steuerung entwickelt und bewertet. Im Kontext der Netzsicherheit werden ML-basierte Angriffserkennungs- und Abwehrmethoden für SDNbasierte Netze erforscht wobei der Fokus auf Cyber-Angriffe in der Netz- und Anwendungsebene liegt.
Pharmacological Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy: Advancing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, CAR-T Cell Therapies, and Cancer Vaccines

Background                     Immunotherapy has wholly changed how cancer is treated by using the body’s immune system to eliminate cancer cells. Cancer vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) treatments, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are at the forefront, each with a unique method for boosting anti-tumor immunity. Despite its success, there are still issues with resistance mechanisms, limited effectiveness in some types of cancer, and optimizing combination treatments.                                                           Purpose                     The goal of this study is to give a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological approaches to cancer immunotherapy, such as cancer vaccines, CAR-T cell treatments, and ICIs. It overviews these treatments’ mechanics, clinical activity, ongoing clinical studies, difficulties, and potential prospects.                                                           Materials and Methods                     A thorough search of the available literature and clinical trial data was used to perform the narrative review. The study incorporated publications from several sources, including PubMed and clinical trial registries, to provide a current picture of the state of cancer immunotherapy. Critical therapeutic approaches were examined in light of new therapy paradigms, clinical findings, and molecular causes.                                                           Results                     ICIs, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, have shown promise, particularly in treating non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma. Trials are being conducted to assess the use of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors after it demonstrated efficacy in hematologic malignancies. The future is being transformed by cancer vaccinations, both preventative (like the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine) and therapeutic, with combination therapy showing promise in overcoming resistance and enhancing effectiveness.                                                           Conclusion                     ICIs, CAR-T cells, and cancer vaccines are driving the revolution in cancer immunotherapy. Even though the treatments offer much promise, additional research is needed to overcome the limitations of the present day, increase response rates, and expand their uses. Clinical trials and innovation will determine the future of cancer treatment.
INTRODUCTION A National park is an area set aside by a national government for the preservation of the natural environment. The World Conservation Union defines a National park as a natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations. In Pakistan, the earlier ecological studies were generally observational. The earlier studies, generally appeared in 1950’s, were confined to visual description of the vegetation, and no attempts were made to recognize community types and to correlate them with the relevant environmental factors. On the contrary, advanced multivariate techniques of ordination and cluster analysis had been routinely used in Europe and other parts of the world. There are numerous ordination methods accessible in plant bionetwork, some of which have been extensively used, e.g. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) (Hill & Gauch, 1980), whereas some others only sporadically used (Zhang, 2004). A series of studies using different ordination techniques were carried out in Pakistan by Ahmad et al., 2009; Ahmad, 2009; Jabeen & Ahmad, 2009; Pirzada et al., 2009; Ahmad et al., 2010a, b; Ahmad, 2011. In Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) the floristic statistics and the environmental variables can be assimilated within the ordination (Kashian et al., 2003). Within the Ayubia National Park, the study area was the moist temperate forest in Rawalpindi, NE-Pakistan (Fig. 1), showing a high diversity of susceptible plant and animal species. The geographical location of the park is 330° 52' N and 730° 90' E (Farooque, 2002). The aim of this research was to quantify the vegetation in Ayubia National Park using ordination techniques and to determine the soilvegetation relationship to provide basic awareness for preservation of nationally significant native flora. A list of plant species present in the study area is provided in Table 1. Apart from their importance from ecological point of view few species are used as medicinal herbs by local inhabitants. Observed biodiversity of occuring species indicate that this area can be used for conservation of native flora. Exploring the vegetation dynamics and community assemblage in Ayubia National Park, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, using CCA

The relationship between species diversity and overall community assemblage was identified in two differentzones in Ayubia National Park (Rawalpindi, NE-Pakistan) which is recognized as protected area. CanonicalCorrespondence Analysis (CCA) was used to find correlation of environmental variables with speciesabundance/richness. Results showed that in Zone 1 species were rather scattered due to the less availability oforganic matter and soil moisture as they occupy the less dense forest cover. Whereas Zone 2 showed theopposite trends. Finally the overall zones showed that maximum number of quadrats included Zone 2 speciesdue to a great forest cover with excess amount of organic matter and soil moisture. The study highlighted theimportance of dynamic nature and composition of vegetation and stressed the need of conservation of nativeflora for future generations.
Parameter optimization in additive manufacturing (3D printing) for optimal mechanical and structural performance

This master thesis explores the optimization of parameters in resin-based 3D printing to enhance mechanical and structural performance. The main problem was the development of residual stresses in the polymer resin during the 3D SLA printing and post-processing, which led to distortion and affection of the mechanical and structural performance of the printed parts. The study was conducted using the Taguchi method, a statistical approach for enhancing quality of products or processes. Specifically the research focused on print orientation, layer thickness, UV curing temperature, and UV curing time to achieve desired outcomes while minimizing distortion. Results revealed that print orientation, particularly the vertical setting of 90° had the most significant influence on both the signal-to-noise ratio and flatness of the printed parts. Additionally, lower layer thickness, UV curing time and temperature contributed to a better SNR and surface flatness. These findings offer practical insights to improve the overall quality of printed parts through careful adjustment of these parameters. The thesis also addresses the environmental and financial highlights related to resin-based 3D printing. With certain limitations and potential sources of error, the study contributes to the existing knowledge in the field of additive manufacturing and provides a foundation for further research and development. It is hoped that these findings will inspire future advancements in the field, leading to improved performance and functionality of 3D printed products. Key words: • Additive Manufacturing • Resin-based 3D Printing • Parameter Optimization • Taguchi Method • Post Processing
Towards Proper Contrastive Self-Supervised Learning Strategies for Music Audio Representation

2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME)
Supply Chains – How to Support Critical Infrastructures Safety, Protection, Preparedness and Resilience

The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) defines Supply Chain Management as follows: “Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Supply Chain Management is an integrating function with primary responsibility for linking major business functions and business processes within and across companies into a cohesive and high performing business model. It includes all of the logistics management activities noted above, as well as manufacturing operations, and it drives coordination of processes and activities with and across marketing, sales, product design, finance and information technology.”
Infrastructure as Code Security: Static Analysis and Policy Enforcement for Terraform and Ansible Deployments

Infrastructure as Code (IaC) has fundamentally changed how organizations provision and manage cloud resources. Terraform and Ansible are the two most widely adopted IaC tools, with Terraform dominating declarative infrastructure provisioning and Ansible leading configuration management and application deployment. The shift from manual infrastructure management to code-defined infrastructure introduces a new class of security risks: misconfigurations encoded in version control that propagate at scale across every deployment. A single misconfigured Terraform module can create hundreds of publicly accessible storage buckets, unencrypted databases, or overly permissive network rules across multiple cloud accounts within minutes of a terraform apply. This paper examines the security risks inherent in IaC workflows and proposes a multi-layered security framework combining pre-commit static analysis, CI pipeline scanning with plan-level evaluation, policy-as-code enforcement using Open Policy Agent and Sentinel, and Terraform state file protection. We analyze common misconfiguration patterns observed in real-world Terraform codebases comprising 340 modules and 1,200 resource definitions across AWS and Azure environments, and demonstrate how systematic automated scanning identified 290 security misconfigurations and enabled 94 percent automated remediation. The paper also addresses Ansible-specific security considerations including vault management, playbook injection risks, Ansible Galaxy supply chain concerns, and the comparative gap in static analysis tool coverage between Terraform and Ansible codebases. We conclude with practical recommendations for organizations integrating IaC security into their DevSecOps pipelines and discuss the evolving regulatory landscape driving IaC compliance requirements.
SPICA Assessment Study Report for ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Plan

SPICA (Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics) is a JAXA led observatory that will operate in the mid and far infrared wavelength range (5-210 micron) with unprecedented sensitivity, thanks to the 3.5 m (current baseline) cold telescope (< 6 K) and advanced instruments. SPICA will carry a mid infrared camera, mid infrared spectrometers and a mid infrared coronagraph (built by JAXA institutes), a far infrared imaging spectrometer (SAFARI, provided by a European/Canadian consortium), and a far infrared/sub-millimetre spectrometer (proposed by U.S.). The contribution from ESA consists of the telescope assembly, a collaboration in the ground segment and the interface management to JAXA of the European instrument SAFARI. The SPICA observatory will be open to the worldwide community and will provide unique and ground-breaking answers to fundamental questions in planetary formation and formation and evolution of galaxies through cosmic history. The target launch year of SPICA is 2018. SPICA was selected in October 2007 as a candidate M-class mission for the ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 Plan, with the character of "mission of opportunity". This report presents the science case of SPICA, describes the mission and summarises the outcome of the ESA Assessment Study.
Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care for Children By Mother’s Sexual Orientation

Few population-based studies have examined the health care experiences of children with sexual minority parents. The purpose of this study was to compare health insurance status, access to care, and health services utilization for children by mother's sexual orientation.We used data on children with lesbian mothers (n = 195), bisexual mothers (n = 299), and heterosexual mothers (n = 23,772) in the 2013-2017 National Health Interview Survey. Logistic regression models were used to compare health insurance status, access to care, and health services utilization while adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the child, mother, and household.After controlling for sociodemographic factors, there were no statistically significant differences in health insurance coverage, access to care, or health services utilization between children of lesbian mothers and children of heterosexual mothers. Compared to children with heterosexual mothers, children with bisexual mothers were more likely to have public health insurance (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.07-7.68), delayed medical care due to cost (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.12-4.86), unmet medical care due to cost (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.07-7.68), and a visit to the emergency room (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.27-2.39) in the prior year after controlling for child-level characteristics. Some of these differences were attenuated after controlling for maternal demographics and household characteristics.Children with bisexual mothers experience barriers to routine medical care. Addressing socioeconomic dimensions of health care access and targeted outreach to bisexual parents will help promote health equity for children growing up in sexual minority households.
Legitimizing Vetoes : A Discourse Analysis of How Vetoes are Motivated in the United Nations Security Council

How is a veto justified? Within the discipline of International Relations, discourse analysis is gaining a higher status. However, there is a surprising lacuna in the literature as a discursive approach to the veto in the United Nations Security Council, is yet to be taken. This is unfortunate, given the Security Council’s prominence. The way in which the council members make meaning through their word choice has profound effects for politics in the international system. There is, nonetheless, a growing debate on the functioning of the council, and the veto-power is an important object of contestation. Motivated by current veto-restraining initiatives, this thesis performs a discourse analysis on the 19 cast vetoes between 2005-2016. The actors of relevance are the permanent Security Council members China, Russia, and the US, and the study demonstrates how the concepts of sovereignty, intervention and legitimacy are employed in the discursive construction of the legitimate veto. The thesis further argues that there are patterns and reoccurring themes in the way meaning is created that can be summarized into a contra-discourse —a veto-discourse —contrasting the dominating discourse within the Security Council.