ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in the Settlement of Trade Disputes Between Member Countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

The flow of globalization that is taking place more rapidly at this time makes free trade no longer unstoppable. The dominance of the WTO in regulating the international trade system cannot be separated from the rapid and dynamic economic growth and development among nations. In this development, disputes between countries in international trade will certainly occur. This research aims to examine the role of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in the settlement of trade disputes between member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This research uses a normative legal research method and data collection is done by literature study. The results of this study showed that the dispute resolution system through the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO is set forth in the Understanding of Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. The substance of the provisions contained in this section is the interpretation and implementation of the provisions of Article III of the GATT of 1947 and the implementing agency is the Dispute Settlement Body. The institution is part of the WTO General Council so all member countries are bound by its rules and regulations and have the same right to use the existence of the Dispute Settlement Body.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of initial combination therapy with interferon/peginterferon plus ribavirin in patients with chronic hepatitis C in Germany: A health technology assessment commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security

Objectives:The purpose of this health technology assessment (HTA), commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Health and Social Security, was to systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment (AVT) with interferon (INF) or peginterferon (PegIFN) in combination with ribavirin (RBV) in treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and to apply these data in the context of the German health-care system.Methods:We performed a systematic literature search on effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of AVT and summarized results using meta-analysis and evidence tables. We applied the German Hepatitis C Model (GEHMO), a decision-analytic Markov model, to determine long-term clinical effectiveness, costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) of the examined treatment strategies. Model parameters were derived from German databases, published international randomized clinical trials (RCT), and a Cochrane Review.Results:Overall, nine RCTs, two HTA reports, one Cochrane review, two meta-analyses, and seven economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. These studies indicate that PegIFN+RBV achieved the highest sustained virological response rates (SVR) (54–61 percent), followed by IFN+RBV (38–54 percent) and IFN monotherapy (11–21 percent). Based on our meta-analysis, PegIFN+RBV reduced cases without SVR by 17 percent compared with INF+RBV. International cost-effectiveness studies indicate that INF+RBV is cost-effective when compared with INF monotherapy. For PegIFN+RBV, our decision analysis yielded an ICER of €9,800 per quality-adjusted life-year gained.Conclusions:This HTA suggests that initial combination therapy prolongs life, improves quality of life, and is cost-effective in patients with CHC. Peginterferon plus ribavirin is the most effective and efficient treatment among the examined options. However, because not all chronic hepatitis C patients will develop progressive liver disease, a thorough assessment of the eligibility and appropriateness of treatment with combination therapy must be performed in each individual patient.
Forecasting intermittent time series with Gaussian Processes and Tweedie likelihood

We adopt Gaussian Processes (GPs) as latent functions for probabilistic forecasting of intermittent time series. The model is trained in a Bayesian framework that accounts for the uncertainty about the latent function. We couple the latent GP variable with two types of forecast distributions: the negative binomial (NegBinGP) and the Tweedie distribution (TweedieGP). While the negative binomial has already been used in forecasting intermittent time series, this is the first time in which a fully parameterized Tweedie density is used for intermittent time series. We properly evaluate the Tweedie density, which has both a point mass at zero and heavy tails, avoiding simplifying assumptions made in existing models. We test our models on thousands of intermittent count time series. Results show that our models provide consistently better probabilistic forecasts than the competitors. In particular, TweedieGP obtains the best estimates of the highest quantiles, thus showing that it is more flexible than NegBinGP.
Central Bank Digital Currency, Monetary Policy, And Macroeconomy: Evidence From Indonesia

This paper studies the impact of a universally accessible interest-bearing Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) on macroeconomic stability and monetary policy in Indonesia. For this end, we construct a simple reduced-form New Keynesian model calibrated corresponding to the monthly data for Indonesia from July 2005 to February 2022. We find that the CBDC regime significantly improves macroeconomic stability in Indonesia. In this regard, the CBDC rate, as the additional monetary policy instrument, responsively reacts to macroeconomic fluctuations and gives a significant impact on the demand side. Our results also suggest that monetary policy is more effective under the CBDC regime than in the non-CBDC
The rotation-vibration structure of the SO$_2$ $\mathrm{\tilde{C}}^1\mathrm{B}_2$ state explained by a new internal coordinate force field

A new quartic force field for the SO$_2$ $\tilde{\text{C}}$$^1$B$_2$ state has been derived, based on high resolution data from S$^{16}$O$_2$ and S$^{18}$O$_2$. Included are eight $b_2$ symmetry vibrational levels of S$^{16}$O$_2$ reported in the first paper of this series [G. B. Park, $\textit{et al.}$, J. Chem. Phys. $\textbf{144}$, 144311 (2016)]. Many of the experimental observables not included in the fit, such as the Franck-Condon intensities and the Coriolis-perturbed effective $C$ rotational constants of highly anharmonic $\tilde{\text{C}}$ state vibrational levels, are well reproduced using our force field. Because the two stretching modes of the $\tilde{\text{C}}$ state are strongly coupled via Fermi-133 interaction, the vibrational structure of the $\tilde{\text{C}}$ state is analyzed in a Fermi-system basis set, constructed explicitly in this work via $\textit{partial}$ $\textit{diagonalization}$ of the vibrational Hamiltonian. The physical significance of the Fermi-system basis is discussed in terms of semiclassical dynamics, based on study of Fermi-resonance systems by Kellman and coworkers [M. E. Kellman and L. Xiao, J. Chem. Phys. $\textbf{93}$, 5821 (1990)]. By diagonalizing the vibrational Hamiltonian in the Fermi-system basis, the vibrational characters of all vibrational levels can be determined unambiguously. It is shown that the bending mode cannot be treated separately from the coupled stretching modes, particularly at vibrational energies of more than 2000 cm$^{-1}$. Based on our force field, the structure of the Coriolis interactions in the $\tilde{\text{C}}$ state of SO$_2$ is also discussed. We identify the origin of the alternating patterns in the effective $C$ rotational constants of levels in the vibrational progressions of the symmetry-breaking mode, $ν_β$ (which correlates with the antisymmetric stretching mode in our assignment scheme).
Computation of high-harmonic generation spectra of H<sub>2</sub>and N<sub>2</sub>in intense laser pulses using quantum chemistry methods and time-dependent density functional theory

In this work, we present a study of H2 and N2 electron dynamics in intense laser fields with a specific focus on high-harmonic generation (HHG) spectroscopy. We performed this study with different theoretical methods: time-dependent configuration interaction singles (TD-CIS), perturbative doubles (TD-CIS(D)), time-dependent equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (TD-EOM-EE-CCSD) and time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT). All methods were implemented using a finite expansion in field-free eigenstates, and additionally direct propagation of the time-dependent density was employed for TDDFT. Within the sum over states approximation, the effect of electron correlation and the character of the atomic orbital basis set on the electron dynamics associated with HHG spectra is analysed. With respect to basis set, use of multiple sets of diffuse functions was found to be essential, while with respect to electron correlation, the treatment of double excitations in EOM-CCSD significantly af...
Incompatibility of national law with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Does the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights have the final say?

This article considers the effect of a declaration by the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights that a municipal law is incompatible with the provisions of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in light of the decision of the African Court in Tanganyika Law Society &amp; Another v Tanzania. It argues that such a decision should have implications for all parties to the African Charter, especially those states that are also parties to the African Court Protocol. The article recognises that this effect is not automatic as the decisions of the Court are denied this expected effect under municipal law by several factors, one of which is the hostility of municipal institutions to an international court judgment that seeks to nullify the established municipal legal status quo.  Key words: incompatibility; African Court; African Charter; Tanganyika Law Society; African Commission
Random fields of multivariate test statistics, with applications to shape analysis

Our data are random fields of multivariate Gaussian observations, and we fit a multivariate linear model with common design matrix at each point. We are interested in detecting those points where some of the coefficients are nonzero using classical multivariate statistics evaluated at each point. The problem is to find the $P$-value of the maximum of such a random field of test statistics. We approximate this by the expected Euler characteristic of the excursion set. Our main result is a very simple method for calculating this, which not only gives us the previous result of Cao and Worsley [Ann. Statist. 27 (1999) 925--942] for Hotelling's $T^2$, but also random fields of Roy's maximum root, maximum canonical correlations [Ann. Appl. Probab. 9 (1999) 1021--1057], multilinear forms [Ann. Statist. 29 (2001) 328--371], $\barχ^2$ [Statist. Probab. Lett 32 (1997) 367--376, Ann. Statist. 25 (1997) 2368--2387] and $χ^2$ scale space [Adv. in Appl. Probab. 33 (2001) 773--793]. The trick involves approaching the problem from the point of view of Roy's union-intersection principle. The results are applied to a problem in shape analysis where we look for brain damage due to nonmissile trauma.
Understanding Catastrophic Forgetting and Remembering in Continual Learning with Optimal Relevance Mapping

Catastrophic forgetting in neural networks is a significant problem for continual learning. A majority of the current methods replay previous data during training, which violates the constraints of an ideal continual learning system. Additionally, current approaches that deal with forgetting ignore the problem of catastrophic remembering, i.e. the worsening ability to discriminate between data from different tasks. In our work, we introduce Relevance Mapping Networks (RMNs) which are inspired by the Optimal Overlap Hypothesis. The mappings reflects the relevance of the weights for the task at hand by assigning large weights to essential parameters. We show that RMNs learn an optimized representational overlap that overcomes the twin problem of catastrophic forgetting and remembering. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance across all common continual learning datasets, even significantly outperforming data replay methods while not violating the constraints for an ideal continual learning system. Moreover, RMNs retain the ability to detect data from new tasks in an unsupervised manner, thus proving their resilience against catastrophic remembering.
Gap Risk KVA and Repo Pricing: An Economic Capital Approach in the Black-Scholes-Merton Framework

Although not a formal pricing consideration, gap risk or hedging errors are the norm of derivatives businesses. Starting with the gap risk during a margin period of risk of a repurchase agreement (repo), this article extends the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing framework by introducing a reserve capital approach to the hedging error's irreducible variability. An extended partial differential equation is derived with two new terms for expected gap loss and economic capital charge, leading to the gap risk economic value adjustment and capital valuation adjustment (KVA) respectively. Practical repo pricing formulae is obtained showing that the break-even repo rate decomposes into cost of fund and economic capital charge in KVA. At zero haircut, a one-year term repo on main equities could command a capital charge as large as 50 basis points for a 'BBB' rated borrower.
Mitochondrial Genomic Instability in Colorectal Cancer: No Correlation to Nuclear Microsatellite Instability and Allelic Deletion of hMSH2, hMLH1, and p53 Genes, but Prediction of Better Survival for Dukes’ Stage C Disease

Malfunction of mismatch repair (MMR) system and p53 produces nuclear genomic instability and is involved in colorectal tumorigenesis. In addition to a nuclear genome, eukaryotic cells have cytoplasmic genomes that are compartmentalized in the mitochondria. The aims of this study were to detect the mitochondrial genomic instability (mtGI) in colorectal carcinomas, and to explore its relationship with nuclear genetic alterations and its prognostic meaning.Eighty-three colorectal carcinomas with corresponding normal mucosa were analyzed for mtGI, nuclear microsatellite instability (nMSI), and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of hMSH2, hMLH1, and p53 genes. Mitochondrial and nuclear alterations were examined for mutual correlation and for associations with clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes.Out of 83 cases, mtGI was identified in 23 carcinomas (27.7%), whereas nMSI was detected in 11 (13.3%). Of the 23 cases with mtGI, only two showed nMSI simultaneously. The frequencies of LOH of hMSH2, hMLH1, and p53 were 16.1%, 11.6%, and 65.3%, respectively. There was no significant association between mtGI and these allelic losses. Notably, Dukes' C patients with mtGI had better disease-free and overall survival than those lacking this feature (p = 0.0516 and 0.0313, respectively).Mitochondrial genomic instability occurs with a high frequency in colorectal carcinomas but is independent of nMSI and allelic deletion of hMSH2, hMLH1, and p53 genes. The results suggest that, instead of nuclear MMR system, there might be different mechanisms involving mitochondrial genomic integrity, and mtGI confers a better prognosis in Dukes' C colorectal cancer.
Data mining, unsupervised learning and Bayesian ying-yang theory

A number of unsupervised learning methods or algorithms have been summarized from the perspective of their potential uses in data mining. Major unsupervised learning tasks are then systematically viewed under a unified framework called Bayesian ying-yang (BYY) learning. Furthermore, it is shown systematically how the BYY learning theory can guide us not only to revisit the existing major unsupervised learning methods and results, but also to obtain a number of new methods and results.
Community media for peace-building, conflict resolution and reconciliation: a roadmap to develop a bi-community radio station in Cyprus

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Workplace monitoring of PBDFs and PBDDs during extrusion production and injection molding of a poly-butyleneterephthalate (PBTP)/glass fiber/tetrabromo-bisphenol A carbonate oligome ; part II

Abstract   Workplace air measurements are presented for PBDDs and PBDFs. These measurements were taken during extruder production and injection molding of a PBTP-polymer blended with glass fiber, Sb 2 O 3 , and tetrabromobisphenol A carbonate oligomer powder or PBTP-BC52-batch. The extruder granulate and the molded test articles were also analyzed. The sampling trains, technique and plans, as well as the preparation, clean up and determination methods were further developed on the basis of our previous work in this field 1, 5 . No 2,3,7,8-isomer-substituted PBDDs and PBDFs could be detected. The values monitored for the other isomers (tetra- to hexabromo-compounds) were in the region of 30 to 260 pg/m 3 .
Real-world time-to-event detection of immune-related adverse events from electronic health records using clinical natural language processing.

e13650                                                           Background:                     Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a major challenge in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. In real-world practice, irAEs are often documented in unstructured clinical narratives, limiting systematic surveillance. We evaluated the feasibility of detecting irAEs from clinical narratives in electronic health records (EHRs) using a natural language processing (NLP) pipeline in a large real-world cohort.                     Methods:                     We conducted a retrospective cohort study using EHR data from a single tertiary hospital (2004–2023). Among 177,535 patients, 57,658 had cancer. Patients with cancer prescribed ICIs were compared to patients with cancer without documented ICI prescriptions using 1:1 nearest-neighbor propensity score matching. Clinical narratives were analyzed using MedNERN-CR-JA, a BERT-based Japanese medical NLP pipeline, to extract irAE-labeled entities. The primary outcome was time to first NLP-detected irAE per patient, defined as the earliest documentation of either an organ-attributed irAE entity or a generic “irAE” mention. Time-to-event analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. All clinical notes from the matched cohort were manually reviewed at the note level as a reference standard by a trained pharmacy student and an oncology-certified pharmacist, then aggregated to patient-level classifications and assessed for misclassification, with correction of misclassified cases and qualitative error analysis.                     Results:                     After matching, 1,160 patients were included in each group. NLP-detected irAEs occurred in 18.8% of ICI-treated patients, compared with 0.9% in matched patients with cancer without documented ICI prescriptions, consistent with known real-world irAE frequencies, and were strongly associated with ICI exposure (hazard ratio: 23.72, 95% confidence interval: 12.94–43.48). Organ-specific irAEs explicitly mentioned in clinical narratives were identifiable using the NLP pipeline, and irAEs normalized as non-organ-specific entities could be retrospectively mapped to specific organs through manual chart review. Manual review revealed few false-positive patient classifications, mainly due to differential diagnoses or precautionary statements without active symptoms.                     Conclusions:                     Clinical NLP enables scalable, real-world detection of irAEs from unstructured EHR narratives and efficient identification of an irAE-enriched cohort, substantially reducing the population requiring detailed review. This framework supports robust time-to-onset analyses and facilitates future investigations of longer-term outcomes, such as symptom resolution, that typically require extended follow-up. These results support the feasibility of NLP-based irAE surveillance and its potential role in scalable, real-world safety evaluations of ICI therapy.
Protecting human rights and the environment: The Judgment of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 5 September 2023 in the case of Ivorian League for Human Rights and Others v. Côte d’Ivoire

In autumn 2023, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights issued a decision in the case of massive human rights violations due to the disaster that occurred in August 2006. It is about a scandalous incident of dumping highly toxic waste in the port city of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) and its suburbs, which affected and continues to affect the health and lives of more than a hundred thousand people. At the same time, serious harm was caused to the environment as well. Despite the fact that the State is recognized as the primary subject of international human rights law, which is obliged to respect, observe and protect human rights, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights still examined in detail the scope of responsibility of a transnational corporation (Trafigura in this case) as a participant in international relations that affects human rights. Although the Court did not equate the responsibility of a transnational corporation in human rights with that of a State, it nevertheless noted the need for further study of this responsibility and the possibility of a more effective response to it by human rights mechanisms. In highlighting the issue of ensuring the right to reparation for human rights violations in the proceedings on the merits of the case, the African Court reaffirmed its commitment to the understanding of this right by the UN bodies with considering the specific African legal approach. In this regard, the decision against Côte d’Ivoire is noteworthy, since the Court supported the applicants’ demand to oblige the State to apply all five forms of reparation: restitution, compensation, satisfaction, rehabilitation and guarantees of non-repetition. At the same time, the Court analyzed each of the forms of reparation and applied them to the circum-stances of the case under consideration. Meanwhile, the African Court once again emphasized the need for an indi-vidual approach to reparation for victims of human rights violations and a broader structural approach to preventing possible violations. The significance of this judgment of an international human rights judicial mechanism is due to the massive violations of human rights with the ongoing consequences and to the lack of access to national courts for most of the victims. In this case, the Court considered violations of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights as well as the 2003 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the 1991 Bamako Conven-tion on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa.