ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Coastal Forests of Kenya-Ecology, Biodiversity &amp; Conservation

Aims: the broad objective of this study is to investigate the ecological, biodiversity and conservation status of the coastal forests of Kenya fragments. The specific aims of the study are: (1) to investigate current quantitative trends in plant diversity; (2) develop a spatial and standardised vegetation database for the coastal forests Kenya; (3) investigate forest structure, species diversity and composition across the forests; (4) investigate the effect of forest fragment area on plant species diversity; (5) investigate phylogenetic diversity across these coastal remnants (6) assess vulnerability and provide conservation perspectives to concrete policy issues; (7) investigate plant and butterfly diversity correlation. Methods: I performed various analytical methods including species diversity metrics; multiple regression models for species-area relationship and small island effect; non-metric multidimensional scaling; ANOSIM; PERMANOVA; multiplicative beta diversity partitioning; species accumulation curve and species indicator analysis; statistical tests, rarefaction of species richness; phylogenetic diversity metrics of Phylogenetic diversity index, mean pairwise distance, mean nearest taxon distance, and their null-models: and Co-correspondence analysis. Results: developed the first large standardised, spatial and geo-referenced vegetation database for coastal forests of Kenya consisting of 600 plant species, across 25 forest fragments using 158 plots subdivided into 3160 subplots, 18 sacred forests and seven forest reserves; species diversity, composition and forest structure was significantly different across forest sites and between forest reserves and sacred forests, higher beta diversity, species-area relationship explained significant variability of plant diversity, small Island effect was not evident; sacred forests exhibited higher phylogenetic diversity compared to forest reserves; the threatened Red List species contributed higher evolutionary history; a strong correlation between plants and butterfly diversity. Conclusions: This study provides for the first time a standardized and large vegetation data. Results emphasizes need to improve sacred forests protection status and enhance forest connectivity across forest reserves and sacred forests.
A review of cost–effectiveness evaluations as part of national health technology assessments of biologic DMARDs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic disease which is associated with an increasing disability in patients and high socioeconomic burden. Given the large number of economic evaluations considered by national health technology assessments (HTAs), this review attempts to clarify whether results from biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) economic evaluations form the basis of official recommendation by national HTA agencies in Australia, Canada, Scotland and England. The results show that evidence of cost-effectiveness was not equally perceived by decision makers and did not have equal weightage in defining the official listing of biologic DMARDs for the treatment of RA. As it has been demonstrated in previous studies, major barriers exist for the integration of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility results with national HTA activity. In fact, as shown in this review, even when such analysis are available, cost-minimization and comparative effectiveness studies seemed to be preferred by some HTA agencies as tools to inform allocation of healthcare resources.
INRA-CSIRO Linkage proposal 2019 title: Harnessing genomic tools for risk assessment and sustainable management of the invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, a major new threat to agriculture and food security in the Old World and Australia. Project Report January 2020 Emmanuelle d'Alençon

Context S. frugiperda (or Fall armyworm FAW), a polyphagous Noctuid moth attacking staple crops (corn, rice, sorghum, soybeans, sugar cane) was initially present on the American continent and the Caribbean. Since 2016, it has become a pest wordwide since it first invaded Sub-Saharan Africa then India, and in 2019 China, Korea, Japan to the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam , Malaysia and Indonesia as well as Egypt, threatening now Australia and Europe. Since the 2000s, the DGIMI laboratory has been developing genomic resources on this insect to understand the interaction with host plants, pathogens and parasites for biological control purposes. CSIRO Canberra developed genomic ressources on another Noctuid moth Helicoverpa armigera which became invasive in America. Project challenges Scientific issues 1) Characterize the genetic diversity of invasive and native populations in order to identify the populations at the origin of the invasion 2) Characterize the adaptive potential of invasive populations in their new environments. This required the establishment of a global collection network and population genomic analyzes at the scale of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, the first published papers being based on only one mitochondrial or nuclear marker which turn out to be very uninformative. Strategic challenges 1) Maintain INRA's leadership in Spodoptera genomics after having published the reference genomes of the two host plant variants of Spodoptera frugiperda in 2017 2) Strengthen our scientific strike force by reactivating collaboration with our CSIRO colleagues who have a expertise in genomics of the invasion of another Noctuelle polyphage Helicorverpa armigera 3) Position itself on a global scale on the subject of the biology of the invasion of this insect (compared to the FAO and the CAAS in China in particular) by publications.
Navigating the unstructured by evaluating alphafold’s efficacy in predicting missing residues and structural disorder in proteins

The study investigated regions with undefined structures, known as “missing” segments in X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) data, by assessing their predicted structural confidence and disorder scores. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), residues were categorized as “modeled”, “hard missing” and “soft missing” based on their visibility in structural datasets. Key features were determined, including a confidence score predicted local distance difference test (pLDDT) from AlphaFold2, an advanced structural prediction tool, and a disorder score from IUPred, a traditional disorder prediction method. To enhance prediction performance for unstructured residues, we employed a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model, integrating both scores with amino acid sequences. Notable patterns such as composition, region lengths and prediction scores were observed in unstructured residues and regions identified through structural experiments over our studied period. Our findings also indicate that “hard missing” residues often align with low confidence scores, whereas “soft missing” residues exhibit dynamic behavior that can complicate predictions. The incorporation of pLDDT, IUPred scores, and sequence data into the LSTM model has improved the differentiation between structured and unstructured residues, particularly for shorter unstructured regions. This research elucidates the relationship between established computational predictions and experimental structural data, enhancing our ability to target structurally significant areas for research and guiding experimental designs toward functionally relevant regions.
Judicial Review of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 93/PUU-XX/2022 on Guardianship for Persons with Mental Disabilities from a Human Rights Perspective

This article is motivated by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 93/PUU-XX/2022 concerning the judicial review of Article 433 of the Indonesian Civil Code, particularly the phrases “dungu” (feebleminded), “sakit otak” (mentally ill), and “mata gelap” (dark-minded). The Court held that these terms are no longer relevant in light of modern scientific developments and may perpetuate discriminatory stigma against persons with disabilities; however, they were nevertheless retained within the legal norms. The central problem of this study is to examine the judicial considerations in Decision Number 93/PUU-XX/2022 and its juridical review from a human rights perspective.This study employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a case approach. The findings reveal that although the Court acknowledged that the terms are scientifically outdated, the phrases were still maintained. From the principle of equality before the law, the decision raises critical concerns as it potentially perpetuates stigma and is inconsistent with Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). From the Islamic perspective, the ruling is also incompatible with the objectives of maqasid al-shariah, particularly the principle of hifz al-nafs (protection of life). Therefore, reform of legal terminology toward more humane and inclusive language is urgently required so that the law truly reflects substantive justice and guarantees equality for every citizen. [Artikel ini dilatarbelakangi oleh Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-XX/2022 terkait pengujian Pasal 433 KUHPerdata, khususnya frasa “dungu”, “sakit otak”, dan “mata gelap”. Mahkamah menyatakan bahwa istilah-istilah tersebut tidak relevan dalam perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan modern serta berpotensi menimbulkan stigma diskriminatif terhadap penyandang disabilitas, namun tetap mempertahankannya dalam norma hukum. Permasalahan utama penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pertimbangan hakim dalam Putusan Nomor 93/PUU-XX/2022 serta bagaimana tinjauan yuridisnya ditinjau dari perspektif hak asasi manusia.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Mahkamah menilai istilah tersebut tidak lagi relevan secara ilmiah, frasa tersebut tetap dipertahankan. Dari sudut pandang asas equality before the law, putusan ini menimbulkan catatan penting karena berpotensi melanggengkan stigma serta tidak sejalan dengan Pasal 28D ayat (1) UUD 1945 dan Konvensi Hak-Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (CRPD). Dalam perspektif Islam, hal ini juga tidak sejalan dengan maqasid al-shariah, khususnya prinsip hifz al-nafs atau perlindungan jiwa. Oleh karena itu, pembaruan terminologi hukum yang lebih manusiawi dan inklusif sangat diperlukan agar hukum benar-benar mencerminkan keadilan substantif serta menjamin kesetaraan bagi setiap warga negara..]
Help That Hurts: The Creativity Cost of Generative AI Ideation in Music Composition

Generative AI is transforming creative industries, particularly music, and raising questions about artistic practice and creator roles. Text-to-music systems can produce full songs from prompts, yet their effect on human creativity and quality is unclear. This paper analyzes how AI assistance shapes the creative process and outcomes in music. We conduct a randomized controlled trial with musically trained individuals who compose an original 15-second piano melody, assigning them to either an AI-ideation group or a no-AI control. External evaluators of varied musical experience rate each melody on perceived creativity. On average, we find that listeners rate the melodies generated under the treatment condition as less creative. Furthermore, access to the AI changes stylistic choices, which are perceived as less creative by evaluators.
Multi-model climate change projections for India under representative concentration pathways

Climate projections for the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are made using the newly developed representative concentration pathways (RCPs) under the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5). This article provides multi-model and multi-scenario temperature and precipitation projections for India for the period 1860-2099 based on the new climate data. We find that CMIP5 ensemble mean climate is closer to observed climate than any individual model. The key findings of this study are: (i) under the business-as-usual (between RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) scenario, mean warming in India is likely to be in the range 1.7-2 degrees C by 2030s and 3.3-4.8 degrees C by 2080s relative to pre-industrial times; (ii) all-India precipitation under the business-as-usual scenario is projected to increase from 4% to 5% by 2030s and from 6% to 14% towards the end of the century (2080s) compared to the 1961-1990 baseline; (iii) while precipitation projections are generally less reliable than temperature projections, model agreement in precipitation projections increases from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5, and from short-to long-term projections, indicating that long-term precipitation projections are generally more robust than their short-term counterparts and (iv) there is a consistent positive trend in frequency of extreme precipitation days (e.g. > 40 mm/day) for decades 2060s and beyond. These new climate projections should be used in future assessment of impact of climate change and adaptation planning. There is need to consider not just the mean climate projections, but also the more important extreme projections in impact studies and as well in adaptation planning.
Ensemble Methods for Neural Network‐Based Weather Forecasts

AbstractEnsemble weather forecasts enable a measure of uncertainty to be attached to each forecast, by computing the ensemble's spread. However, generating an ensemble with a good spread‐error relationship is far from trivial, and a wide range of approaches to achieve this have been explored—chiefly in the context of numerical weather prediction models. Here, we aim to transform a deterministic neural network weather forecasting system into an ensemble forecasting system. We test four methods to generate the ensemble: random initial perturbations, retraining of the neural network, use of random dropout in the network, and the creation of initial perturbations with singular vector decomposition. The latter method is widely used in numerical weather prediction models, but is yet to be tested on neural networks. The ensemble mean forecasts obtained from these four approaches all beat the unperturbed neural network forecasts, with the retraining method yielding the highest improvement. However, the skill of the neural network forecasts is systematically lower than that of state‐of‐the‐art numerical weather prediction models.
The Critical Role of Pharmacist Interventions in Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: A Comprehensive Review

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health crisis threatening the effective prevention and treatment of a growing range of infections. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) are coordinated interventions designed to promote the optimal use of antimicrobial agents. Pharmacists, with their unique expertise in pharmacology and microbiology, are positioned to be pivotal leaders within these programs. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library from 2010 to 2023. Search terms included "antimicrobial stewardship," "clinical pharmacist," "pharmacist interventions," "antibiotic resistance," and "prospective audit and feedback." Findings: Pharmacist-led interventions within ASPs are highly effective across diverse healthcare settings. Key interventions include prospective audit and feedback (PAF), formulary management and pre-authorization, education, and dose optimization. These activities consistently result in improved antibiotic appropriateness, reduced antimicrobial consumption, decreased hospital length of stay, lower rates of Clostridioides difficile infection, and significant cost savings. The integration of pharmacists into multidisciplinary teams is a critical success factor. Interpretation: Pharmacists are indispensable members of the antimicrobial stewardship team. Their interventions directly contribute to combating AMR by improving patient outcomes and preserving the efficacy of existing antimicrobials. Health systems should mandate and resource the full integration of clinical pharmacists into ASPs as a standard of care.
Implications of Non-Refoulement for Refugees and Asylum Seekers Suspected of Serious Crimes from an International Law Perspective

The principle of non-refoulement is a fundamental norm of international law that prohibits countries from returning refugees or asylum seekers to territories where they are at risk of torture, ill-treatment, or serious threats to their life and freedom. Its implementation faces challenges when refugees or asylum seekers are suspected of being involved in serious crimes, such as terrorism, war crimes, or transnational crimes. This study uses a juridical-normative approach by examining international legal instruments, including the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (Article 33 on non-refoulement and Article 1F on exclusion clauses), and the Convention Against Torture (CAT) Article 3. At the national level, the study refers to Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration and Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 on the Handling of Refugees from Abroad. The analysis shows that although exclusion clauses allow countries to refuse protection to perpetrators of serious crimes, the principle of non-refoulement remains binding when there is a risk of torture or inhumane treatment. Thus, states need to prioritize alternative mechanisms such as domestic prosecution (aut dedere aut judicare), extradition with guaranteed human rights protection, or resettlement in a third country. This study recommends the creation of a comprehensive national refugee law to balance international obligations, human rights protection, and state sovereignty.
Interoperable Electronic Health Records and Health Information Exchanges: Systematic Review (Preprint)

BACKGROUND                         As the availability of interoperable electronic health records (iEHRs) or health information exchanges (HIEs) continues to increase, there is greater need and opportunity to assess the current evidence base on what works and what does not regarding the adoption, use, and impact of iEHRs.                                                                       OBJECTIVE                         The purpose of this project is to assess the international evidence base on the adoption, use, and impact of iEHRs.                                                                       METHODS                         We conducted a systematic review, searching multiple databases—MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)—with supplemental searches conducted in Google Scholar and grey literature sources (ie, Google, Grey Literature Report, and OpenGrey). All searches were conducted in January and February 2017. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they were published in English, were published from 2006 to 2017, and were either an original research study or a literature review. In order to be included, articles needed to focus on iEHRs and HIEs across multiple health care settings, as well as on the impact and effectiveness of iEHR adoption and use.                                                                       RESULTS                         We included 130 articles in the synthesis (113 primary studies, 86.9%; 17 reviews, 13.1%), with the majority focused on the United States (88/130, 67.7%). The primary studies focused on a wide range of health care settings; the three most prevalent settings studied included acute care (59/113, 52.2%), primary care (44/113, 38.9%), and emergency departments (34/113, 30.1%). We identified 29 distinct measurement items in the 113 primary studies that were linked to 522 specific measurement outcomes. Productivity and quality were the two evaluation dimensions that received the most attention, accounting for 14 of 29 (48%) measurement items and 306 of 522 (58.6%) measurement outcomes identified. Overall, the majority of the 522 measurement outcomes were positive (298/522, 57.1%). We also identified 17 reviews on iEHR use and impact, 6 (35%) that focused on barriers and facilitators to adoption and implementation and 11 (65%) that focused on benefits and impacts, with the more recent reviews finding little generalizable evidence of benefit and impact.                                                                       CONCLUSIONS                         This review captures the status of an evolving and active field focused on the use and impact of iEHRs. While the overall findings suggest many positive impacts, the quality of the primary studies were not evaluated systematically. When broken down by specific measurement item, the results directed attention both to measurement outcomes that were consistently positive and others that were mostly negative or equivocal.
Logics of Governance and International Law at/of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia

Abstract                Chapter 3 traces the logics of governance that constitute the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the case study of international law that is the focus of this book. In particular, the chapter introduces four origin stories that constitute the ICTY and the rationale given for its creation: “Never Again” and war crimes tribunals; detention camps in Bosnia; (non)interventions in the post–Cold War period; and the promise of international law. Each of these origin stories depends on civilizational logics and cis-heteronormative discourses of gender, sexuality, and violence. The chapter also focuses on Balkanism as an example of international law’s civilizational logics. At the ICTY and in broader discourses on the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Balkanism constructs a “superior” (western) Europe and an “inferior” former Yugoslavia in gendered and gendering, and violent and violating, ways. The chapter provides the foundations for the queer analysis of ICTY texts conducted in the following chapters.
Aquatic biodiversity conservation in wetland and marine protected areas

Discussion of integrated management in protected areas has mostly been directed towards considerations of terrestrial ecosystems. Sustainability too has predominantly been directed towards the sustainable use of terrestrial resources rather then aquatic ones. The numbers and sizes of designated protected areas reflect similar bias. This contribution reviews the integrated management of freshwater and marine habitats, and considers the potential of protected areas in contributing to both the conservation of aquatic biodiversity and its sustainable use. Options for multipurpose use of aquatic resources are discussed and prospects for the restoration of degraded aquatic systems considered. It is concluded that the world’s natural aquatic resources remain under increasing threat and that the inevitable reduction in aquatic biodiversity will have major implications for its sustainable use.