ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Computational Studies of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions:  Where Are We in Predicting Mechanisms and in Understanding the Nature of Enzyme Catalysis?

We review the state of the art of combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations on enzyme systems and carry out a further analysis of the role of preorganization effects on enzyme catalysis. On the basis of our calculations, the free energy cost of aligning the functional groups for catalysis (the preorganization free energy) is responsible for a substantial fraction of the 1011−1013 faster rates of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions for trypsin and catechol O-methyltransferase compared to analogous reference reactions in aqueous solution. Although the preorganization free energy contains a large entropic contribution, entropy effects on going from the enzyme−substrate noncovalent complex to the transition state for the reaction are expected to be generally small and not very different in enzyme and in solution. We attempt to give a critical analysis of both our approach and that of Warshel to elucidating the reason for large enzymatic rate enhancements.
Watching the Watchers: Redefining Privacy and Human Rights in Correctional Surveillance

Incarcerated individuals exist in a space where security and privacy constantly clash. This study examines how surveillance technologies—biometric monitoring, video surveillance, and electronic tracking—in correctional settings impact the privacy rights of those incarcerated. Through a review of peer-reviewed literature, and insights from informal conversations with incarcerated individuals at Broome County Jail, this research examines the ethical, legal, and social implications of surveillance in carceral facilities, focusing on how constant monitoring impacts privacy, relationships, and mental well-being. Expanding beyond jails, the study considers surveillance in state and federal prisons, evaluating its implications under the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This research aims to inform policy, advocating for equitable surveillance practices that balance security with human rights. Ultimately, it raises critical questions about the broader societal impact of surveillance in heavily monitored environments.
Stem Cell Therapy: Repurposing Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine Beyond Cell Replacement

Stem cells exhibit simple and naive cellular features, yet their exact purpose for regenerative medicine continues to elude even the most elegantly designed research paradigms from developmental biology to clinical therapeutics. Based on their capacity to divide indefinitely and their dynamic differentiation into any type of tissue, the advent of transplantable stem cells has offered a potential treatment for aging-related and injury-mediated diseases. Recent laboratory evidence has demonstrated that transplanted human neural stem cells facilitate endogenous reparative mechanisms by initiating multiple regenerative processes in the brain neurogenic areas. Within these highly proliferative niches reside a myriad of potent regenerative molecules, including anti-inflammatory cytokines, proteomes, and neurotrophic factors, altogether representing a biochemical cocktail vital for restoring brain function in the aging and diseased brain. Here, we advance the concept of therapeutically repurposing stem cells not towards cell replacement per se, but rather exploiting the cells' intrinsic properties to serve as the host brain regenerative catalysts.
Optimal harmonic period assignment: complexity results and approximation algorithms

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Reducing assembly complexity of microbial genomes with single-molecule sequencing

Background: The short reads output by first- and second-generation DNA sequencing instruments cannot completely reconstruct microbial chromosomes. Therefore, most genomes have been left unfinished due to the significant resources required to manually close gaps in draft assemblies. Third-generation, single-molecule sequencing addresses this problem by greatly increasing sequencing read length, which simplifies the assembly problem.   Results: To measure the benefit of single-molecule sequencing on microbial genome assembly, we sequenced and assembled the genomes of six bacteria and analyzed the repeat complexity of 2,267 complete bacteria and archaea. Our results indicate that the majority of known bacterial and archaeal genomes can be assembled without gaps, at finished-grade quality, using a single PacBio RS sequencing library. These single-library assemblies are also more accurate than typical short-read assemblies and hybrid assemblies of short and long reads.   Conclusions: Automated assembly of long, single-molecule sequencing data reduces the cost of microbial finishing to $1,000 for most genomes, and future advances in this technology are expected to drive the cost lower. This is expected to increase the number of completed genomes, improve the quality of microbial genome databases, and enable high-fidelity, population-scale studies of pan-genomes and chromosomal organization.
[Genetic discrimination in insurance and employment].

The results of the Human Genome project will eventually have a great impact on medicine. However, the expansion of genetic testing due to these results exacerbates ethical, legal, and economic problems related to the project even today. Virtually free access to the data of testing would present an encroachment on personal freedom, since it may lead to discrimination based on genetic characteristics, i.e., genetic discrimination. Examples of this discrimination are already known; they include unsubstantiated refusals to employ carriers of certain alleles and denials of life or health insurance coverage and the ability to adopt a child. The use of genetic information in the insurance and employment fields is of primary concern due to its economic importance. Consumers consider genetic discrimination in these areas to be intolerable moral and social injustice. Genetic discrimination may eventually lead to the formation of a class of people who cannot buy an insurance policy, and, in the employment field, rejection of persons with "undesirable" genes infringes on citizens' rights to equal opportunity. However, selection for genetic characteristics in employment is justified if these characteristics determine sensitivity to occupational hazards.
Machine learning for combinatorial optimization: A methodological tour d’horizon

This paper surveys the recent attempts, both from the machine learning and operations research communities, at leveraging machine learning to solve combinatorial optimization problems. Given the hard nature of these problems, state-of-the-art algorithms rely on handcrafted heuristics for making decisions that are otherwise too expensive to compute or mathematically not well defined. Thus, machine learning looks like a natural candidate to make such decisions in a more principled and optimized way. We advocate for pushing further the integration of machine learning and combinatorial optimization and detail a methodology to do so. A main point of the paper is seeing generic optimization problems as data points and inquiring what is the relevant distribution of problems to use for learning on a given task.
Integrated 5G and Edge Computing Framework for Low-Latency IoT Applications

The main idea of cloud computing is being widely promoted as the solution to current ongoing IT problems. In recent years the approach towards IT investment and management is constantly changing. At the same time, cloud computing has developed as a foundation of the contemporary technologies which enables the users to receive the necessary amount of such resources and services without any delays. The research paper delves into the transformative landscape of 5G networks, focusing on the fusion of edge and cloud computing. This fusion represents a paradigm shift in network architecture, promising enhanced performance, scalability, and innovation. Edge computing, characterized by real-time processing and low-latency applications, complements cloud computing's scalable resources for data storage and processing. Despite these challenges, the fusion of edge and cloud computing enables improved performance, scalability, and innovation, driving digital transformation and competitive advantage in the digital economy.
Monetary policy implications of central bank-issued digital currency

Artículo de revista
Generative Uncertainty in Diffusion Models

Diffusion models have recently driven significant breakthroughs in generative modeling. While state-of-the-art models produce high-quality samples on average, individual samples can still be low quality. Detecting such samples without human inspection remains a challenging task. To address this, we propose a Bayesian framework for estimating generative uncertainty of synthetic samples. We outline how to make Bayesian inference practical for large, modern generative models and introduce a new semantic likelihood (evaluated in the latent space of a feature extractor) to address the challenges posed by high-dimensional sample spaces. Through our experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed generative uncertainty effectively identifies poor-quality samples and significantly outperforms existing uncertainty-based methods. Notably, our Bayesian framework can be applied post-hoc to any pretrained diffusion or flow matching model (via the Laplace approximation), and we propose simple yet effective techniques to minimize its computational overhead during sampling.
Multiple Change Point Detection and Validation in Autoregressive Time Series Data

It is quite common that the structure of a time series changes abruptly. Identifying these change points and describing the model structure in the segments between these change points is of interest. In this paper, time series data is modelled assuming each segment is an autoregressive time series with possibly different autoregressive parameters. This is achieved using two main steps. The first step is to use a likelihood ratio scan based estimation technique to identify these potential change points to segment the time series. Once these potential change points are identified, modified parametric spectral discrimination tests are used to validate the proposed segments. A numerical study is conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method across various scenarios and compared against other contemporary techniques.
PENGEMBANGAN APLIKASI HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM (HRIS) PADA PT. XYZ

Dalam era digital ini, pengelolaan sumber daya manusia (SDM) menjadi semakin penting seiring dengan transformasi teknologi yang terus berkembang. Dalam menghadapi tantangan pengelolaan SDM di era digital yang terus berubah, pengembangan aplikasi Human Resource Information System (HRIS) menjadi krusial untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan keterampilan administratif dalam pengelolaan data karyawan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengeksplorasi pengembangan aplikasi HRIS berbasis website menggunakan teknologi React.Js dan berbasis mobile menggunakan teknologi React Native dengan metode Agile Scrum pada sebuah perusahaan. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah dengan aplikasi HRIS ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan efisiensi pengelolaan data karyawan dan mempermudah tugas administratif Human Resource (HR), sejalan dengan kebutuhan akan penyesuaian dengan lingkungan kerja yang semakin dinamis dan kompleks. Metode penelitian melibatkan pembentukan scrum team dengan peran yang jelas, pembentukan product backlog, sprint planning, serta evaluasi berkala melalui pertemuan daily scrum, sprint review, dan sprint retrospective. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan aplikasi HRIS dengan beberapa modul dan fitur yang sesuai kebutuhan perusahaan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Agile Scrum dalam pengembangan HRIS dapat memberikan solusi yang efektif dalam mengatasi tantangan pengelolaan SDM di era digital yang terus berubah.
Error Mitigation in Secure Qutrit Distribution on Cleve's Protocol on Quantum Computing

Abstract         The implementation of Cleve's Protocol, a pioneering approach to securely distribute a secret qutrit among three parties using quantum circuits. Cleve's Protocol ensures that the confidentiality of the qutrit is preserved, and its reconstruction requires collaboration between any two out of the three parties. Incorporated into Qiskit, the protocol's quantum mapping and encoding involve the use of Hadamard gates and controlled-X gates. The simulation results in Qiskit Aer confirming the protocol's security, with '000' and '111' emerging as frequent outcomes, underscoring the necessity of collaboration. Error detection and mitigation techniques are also examined, enhancing the protocol's reliability.
Can daily internet use time screen for problematic internet use among college students? A receiver operator characteristic curve-based multi-country study

Background and objective: The current article explored the possibility of using daily internet use time as an indicator for problematic internet use (PIU) among college/ university students based on observations from a multi-centric, multi-country study conducted across eight different countries. Additionally, the current article explored whether daily night time sleep and physical activity can serve as possible indicators of PIU. Methods: The present article presents the findings from analysis of information collected from 2643 college/university students from eight countries. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated to compare the predictive performance of three different indicator variables in the study participants to determine PIU. Results: The AUC for daily internet use time was 0.64 (95 % CI: 0.62 to 0.656), which was higher than the AUC for weekly physical activity (0.599; 95 % CI: 0.580 to 0.618) and daily night time sleep (0.563; 95 % CI: 0.544 to 0.582). The AUC for three indicator variables was compared, which showed that the AUC for daily internet time was significantly higher than the AUC for daily night-time sleep. Conclusions: The assessment of daily internet use time as part of a larger battery of general health-related questions could be applied periodically among young students for screening of PIU in addition to a host of other important mental and physical health related conditions and behaviors. However, further studies are needed to determine optimal cut-off depending upon the desired trade-off between sensitivity and specificity for screening among different populations.
Development of Asbestos Regulation in France: Policy Making Under Uncertainty and Precautionary Principle

Asbestos is probably one of the most feared contaminants on earth, and in practice it is the most expensive pollutant to regulate and remove. Between 1965 and 1995, 35,000 people have died in France from asbestos-related illnesses, and another 50,000 to 100,000 deaths are expected before 2025. The cost to indemnify these claims is estimated to be between 26.8 and 37.2 billion Euros over the next 20 years. Few commercial commodities have generated such intense scientific, legal, and political scrutiny as asbestos (Hncharek 1993). Yet, as a component of many industrial and construction materials, asbestos offers numerous advantages.
SRG/ART-XC all-sky X-ray survey: Catalog of sources detected during the first five surveys

We present an updated catalog of sources detected by the Mikhail Pavlinsky ART-XC telescope aboard the Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) observatory during its all-sky survey. It is based on the data of the first four and the partially completed fifth scans of the sky (ARTSS1-5). The catalog comprises 1545 sources detected in the 4-12 keV energy band. The achieved sensitivity ranges between $\sim 4\times 10^{-12}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ near the ecliptic plane and $\sim 7\times 10^{-13}$ erg s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$ near the ecliptic poles, which is a $\sim$30-50% improvement over the previous version of the catalog based on the first two all-sky scans (ARTSS12). There are $\sim 130$ objects, excluding the expected contribution of spurious detections, that were not known as X-ray sources before the SRG/ART-XC all-sky survey. We provide information, partly based on our ongoing follow-up optical spectroscopy program, on the identification and classification of the majority of the ARTSS1-5 sources (1463), of which 173 are tentative at the moment. The majority of the classified objects (964) are extragalactic, a small fraction (30) are located in the Local Group of galaxies, and 469 are Galactic. The dominant classes of objects in the catalog are active galactic nuclei (911) and cataclysmic variables (192).
The Effect of Ethical Leadership, Technological Advance Management, and Affective Organizational Commitment on Service Sabotage Behavior

This study aims to examine how Service Sabotage Behavior (SSB) is affected by Ethical Leadership (EL), Technological Advancement Management (TAM), and Affective Organizational Commitment (AOC) in the setting of Pakistani microfinance institutions. We evaluate the role of these organizational characteristics in the incidence of service sabotage behavior among workers using regression analysis. The findings show a strong positive correlation between service sabotage behavior and all three independent variables (EL, TAM, and AOC). In particular, it has been discovered that the chance of service sabotage conduct is increased by ethical leadership, technology management, and organizational dedication, with organizational commitment having the greatest impact. The model has significant coefficients for each predictor, accounting for around 33.79% of the variation in service sabotage behavior. These results demonstrate the complexity of organizational dynamics and the potential for good organizational influences to unintentionally result in negative behaviors.
Pricing music using personal data: mutually advantageous first-degree price discrimination

In addition to customized products and services, personal data also enables personalized pricing. However, consumers are often unwilling to accept being price discriminated for fear that they would end up paying more for the same product or service. This article demonstrates that by rewarding consumers for disclosing personal information it is possible to achieve a situation where first-degree price discrimination is mutually advantageous and both buyers and sellers gain by adopting such a pricing model. The conditions required for this to happen are investigated and the impact on social welfare is discussed. Finally, the article considers the robustness of this model when consumers adopt an opportunistic behavior which consists in manipulating personal data in order to masquerade as a consumer with a lower willingness to pay.
Policy Learning with Observational Data

In many areas, practitioners seek to use observational data to learn a treatment assignment policy that satisfies application-specific constraints, such as budget, fairness, simplicity, or other functional form constraints. For example, policies may be restricted to take the form of decision trees based on a limited set of easily observable individual characteristics. We propose a new approach to this problem motivated by the theory of semiparametrically efficient estimation. Our method can be used to optimize either binary treatments or infinitesimal nudges to continuous treatments, and can leverage observational data where causal effects are identified using a variety of strategies, including selection on observables and instrumental variables. Given a doubly robust estimator of the causal effect of assigning everyone to treatment, we develop an algorithm for choosing whom to treat, and establish strong guarantees for the asymptotic utilitarian regret of the resulting policy.
Tag Based Collaborative Filtering for Recommender Systems

Collaborative tagging can help users organize, share and retrieve information in an easy and quick way. For the collaborative tagging information implies user's important personal preference information, it can be used to recommend personalized items to users. This paper proposes a novel tag-based collaborative filtering approach for recommending personalized items to users of online communities that are equipped with tagging facilities. Based on the distinctive three dimensional relationships among users, tags and items, a new similarity measure method is proposed to generate the neighborhood of users with similar tagging behavior instead of similar implicit ratings. The promising experiment result shows that by using the tagging information the proposed approach outperforms the standard user and item based collaborative filtering approaches.
Problems of Right Realization for Minors Citizens Protection

This article deals with the peculiarities of right realization of parents under-age protection, the protection of orphans and children left without parental care. Here is investigated the capability of parents underage, determined the role of the guardianship authorities in the process of implementation of the rights- and legitimate interests protection of orphans and children left without parental care.
The ethics of the “responsibility while protecting”: Brazil, the Responsibility to Protect, and the restrictive approach to humanitarian intervention

In the aftermath of the intervention led by NATO in Libya, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine has received considerable blowback. Various states, most notably some of the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), claimed that NATO exceeded the mandate given to it by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1973.1 It was also suggested that the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US), and France-the socalled “P3”—acted bombastically and arrogantly in the UNSC, ignoring reasonable concerns.2 Regardless of the actual merits of these claims (I do not take a position on this issue here), these allegations have since framed some of the recent discussions about R2P, and there has been a worry that future action on R2P will be foreclosed as these concerns about the use of force under R2P remain. In this context, in November 2011 Brazil presented the “responsi-bility while protecting” (RwP) initiative. RwP is designed to address several of the worries about R2P after Libya. According to its Brazilian drafters, RwP oﬀers “an additional conceptual step” and “a new perspective” on R2P and the protection of civilians more generally.3 In short, RwP has three main claims. First, those considering undertaking humanitarian intervention need to consider alternative measures ﬁrst. Second, interveners need to take extra care when using military force to protect civilians. Third, interveners should report continually to theUNSC. In making these claims, RwP also defends the need for guidelines for humanitarian intervention for the UNSC. Subsequently, RwP has been cited in various discussions on R2P. Forinstance, it was subject to a section of the UN Secretary-General’s recent report on Pillar III of R2P, Responsibility to Protect: Timely and Decisive Response.4 In addition, there was an “Informal Discussion” on RwP at the UN in February 2012. RwP was also frequently mentioned in the General Assembly (GA) debate on the report on Pillar III of R2P in September 2012. RwP has been subject to varying reactions. On the one hand, it hasbeen seen as a vital addition to R2P, strengthening it at a time when it was facing a diﬃcult period. Some states have claimed that RwP is central to R2P. For instance, India has stated that it sees RwP as key for R2P: if R2P “is to regain the respect of the international community, it has to be anchored in the concept of RwP.”5 Perhaps most notably, in the Interactive Dialogue in September 2013, China noted that it “supports discussions at the United Nations to discuss RwP by Brazil.”6 RwP is heavily referred to in the notion of “responsible protection,” which was proposed by Chinese scholar Ruan Zongze, and which some see as representing somewhat the Chinese position on R2P.7