ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Elucidating the escape dynamics of the four hill potential

The escape mechanism of the four hill potential is explored. A thorough numerical investigation takes place in several types of two-dimensional planes and also in a three-dimensional subspace of the entire four-dimensional phase space in order to distinguish between bounded (ordered and chaotic) and escaping orbits. The determination of the location of the basins of escape toward the different escape channels and their correlations with the corresponding escape time of the orbits is undoubtedly an issue of paramount importance. It was found that in all examined cases all initial conditions correspond to escaping orbits, while there is no numerical indication of stable bounded motion, apart from some isolated unstable periodic orbits. Furthermore, we monitor how the fractality evolves when the total orbital energy varies. The larger escape periods have been measured for orbits with initial conditions in the fractal basin boundaries, while the lowest escape rates belong to orbits with initial conditions inside the basins of escape. We hope that our numerical analysis will be useful for a further understanding of the escape dynamics of orbits in open Hamiltonian systems with two degrees of freedom.
A novel epigenetic modification regulating telomeric chromatin assembly

H3.3 is a histone H3 variant that is evolutionarily conserved between species. H3.3, found at both active and inactive regions of the chromatin, consists of a unique Serine residue at position 31 and, this residue may be modified. However, the function of the H3.3 Serine 31 modification has only been studied at active regions of the chromatin. Thus, this thesis investigates the function of this H3.3 Serine modification at inactive regions of the chromatin. Mutational studies of the Serine residue showed that the modification was important to regulate proteins from modifying inactive chromatin, providing new insights in inactive chromatin regulation.
Natural language processing realises the potential of electronic health records: identifying risk factors for disease progression and major adverse limb events in intermittent claudication

Abstract                                   Background/Introduction                   Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a common pathology, affecting 4.5% of the UK population. Symptomatic PAD manifests as intermittent claudication (IC). Predictors of IC progression to Chronic-Limb-Threatening Ischaemia (CLTI) and complications including Major Adverse Limb Events (MALE), such as smoking history and diabetes, have been described previously in resource-intensive cohort studies. Novel Natural Language Processing (NLP) approaches transform routinely collected, unstructured health records into datasets for real-world analysis of PAD.                                                   Purpose                   This study leverages NLP based interrogation of electronic health records to efficiently identify risk factors for disease progression and MALE in patients presenting with IC.                                                   Methods                   A retrospective cohort study of patients with PAD at a large, tertiary vascular referral centre identified using the SNOMED terms of IC in the Medcat-NLP-AI toolkit. Demographics, Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), and indicators of disease progression, and revascularisation and amputation (MALE) were analysed using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox Proportional-Hazards analysis.                                                   Results                   5,027 patients (Mean age 73.7(61.8-85.6), Males 66.1% (n=2,781) were identified. Self-reported population ethnicity was 4.72% Asian, 15.5% Black, 79.7% White. All-cause mortality was 19.5% (n=979) after 10 years of follow-up, with 5.85% of patients progressing to CLTI (n=294). 2.32% of Asian patients, 5.78% of Black patients and 5.04% of White patients progressed to CLTI, respectively. 5.09% of Asian patients, 8.99% of Black patients, and 7.36% of White patients underwent amputation. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for progression to CLTI, demonstrated that diabetes (HR 2.36, 95%CI: 1.22 - 4.48, p = .01) and smoking history (HR 1.76, 95%CI: 1.19 - 2.59, p = .004) independently predicted progression. No risk factors for MALE reached significance.                                                   Conclusions                   Diabetes and smoking behaviour are well-described in the literature as risk factors for progression to CLTI. This study demonstrates the utility of NLP as a resource efficient, validated, methodological tool. Disparities in MALE may exist between patients within a universal healthcare system, although our sample size was insufficient to demonstrate statistical significance. A larger, multicentre analysis is warranted. NLP represents a valuable tool for efficiently identifying and analysing risk factors for PAD progression and holds potential to refine management algorithms.KM curves of CLTI-free survival (DM)
Heliospheric solar wind turbulence model with implications for ab initio modulation of cosmic rays

Cosmic rays as they pass through the heliosphere carry information about the properties and structure of the heliosphere and undergo modulation due to interaction with small‐scale and large‐scale solar wind structures, including turbulence. Here, governing equations for correlation length, variance, and temperature are described to account for turbulence in the heliosphere. This extends a one‐dimensional (radial) turbulence code in a simple way to produce a two‐dimensional (radial, latitudinal) code valid in the heliosphere spanning from close to the Sun up to 100 AU. The resulting two‐dimensional version of the turbulence code is then integrated into an ab initio modulation code. The diffusion coefficients are calculated using our present understanding of the turbulence, not using ad hoc assumptions as have been reported in the past. By advancing such a theory for solar wind turbulence, we describe its implications for cosmic rays. The resulting radial profile in the equatorial plane and spectrum in the equatorial plane at various radial distances compare well with observations.
The Role of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the Aircraft Manufacturing Industry: In the Time of the Bombardier Case

This article aims at explaining the role of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the aircraft industry, especially in the recent case brought to the WTO on Bombardier alleged subsidies. The first part of this article will give a brief overview of the WTO and General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) system and the Bombardier case. This case is currently before the WTO, and a panel has been established recently. The second part of this article will analyse from a theoretical level how the DSB in the WTO is related to resolving aircraft disputes. There are eleven cases brought to the WTO forum out of general WTO agreements relating to aircraft. The third part will review cases under the tags of aircraft and commercial aircraft that have been brought to the WTO in history. The fourth part will dissect the Bombardier case from both substantive and procedural levels. The conclusion will discuss whether a more significant role of WTO can be expected in the aviation industry in the future.
Vulnerability to Resilience: Climate Adaptation Strategies for Fisherfolk along the Kerala Coast

Vulnerability is determined by the level of exposure, the sensitivity to external stimuli, and a system's capacityto manage adverse impacts (IPCC, 2007). Coastal areas are vulnerable to erosion, flooding from storm surges,saltwater intrusion, inundation, and rising sea levels (Amadore et al.,1996). Amidst the unprecedented problemsposed by climate change, certain communities-like the fishing communities are more closely associated with thepatterns of environmental shifts. These coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to disturbances causedby climate change because, they rely on the delicate balance of oceanic eco systems. Rising sea levels, changingocean currents and erratic weather patterns have had a major negative influence on the millions of people whodepend on fishing for their daily food. It also poses threat to the sustainability of marine resources. Adapting toclimate change has been a primary focus of the majority of Climate Change Action Plans (Smith et al. 2011).This article explores the critical area of climate adaptation plans that can be adapted to the distinct requirementsand vulnerabilities of global fishermen. Based on an abundance of factual data, case studies and communityviewpoints, this study aims to analyze the effect of climate change but more significantly to identify and assessthe wide range of adaptation tactics that can be used by fishermen.
Self - determination beyond decolonization? : the separation of the Chagos Archipelago

Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch
Long‐period Comets and the Oort Cloud

ABSTRACT:  The long‐period comets pose a unique problem for the impact hazard problem. Because of their very long orbital periods and generally large distances from the Sun, they cannot be surveyed and catalogued in the same manner as the near‐Earth asteroids and short‐period comets. They appear at random, uniformly distributed on the celestial sphere. Current technologies can detect long‐period comets at distances of ∼5 AU, giving somewhat less than a one year warning time for potential Earth impactors. The mean impact probability for a long‐period comet crossing the Earth's orbit is 2.2 to 2.5 × 10−9 per perihelion passage. The mean impact velocity is ∼52 km sec−1, but the most probable impact energy is characterized by a velocity of 56 to 58 km sec−1. The estimated current impact rate for cometary nuclei large enough to create 10 km diameter (or larger) craters on the Earth is between 5 × 10−7 and 2.8 × 10−6 per year, with a best estimated value of 1.0 × 10−6 per year. Nuclei large enough to initiate global climatic disturbances strike the Earth, on average, every 16 Myr. The impact frequency may be increased substantially for brief periods of time during cometary showers, initiated by major perturbations of the Oort cloud. Improved technologies are needed to detect approaching long‐period comets at large heliocentric distances so as to increase the warning time for potential impactors.
Improving The Level of Critical Infrastructure Protection by Developing Resilience

Abstract                   Modern society is characterized by the increasing interdependence between the actors of the international environment, in the conditions of globalization of all the fields of social life. Increasing interdependencies, together with the emergence of new risks and threats, which attempt to exploit systemic vulnerabilities, which are increasingly numerous and difficult to eliminate, bring a new issue to states and other security environment actors: to ensure the protection the infrastructure elements that are indispensable to the normal activity of the population, economic agents, nongovernmental organizations and state institutions. Critical Infrastructure Protection becomes an important point on the agenda of all decision-makers who are in a position to counter the asymmetric threats that jeopardize national interests and democratic values. Due to the multiplication of risks and threats and the multiplication of interdependencies between the various infrastructure elements, the protection of critical infrastructures can not be achieved effectively only by ensuring their physical protection. The cascading effects of a disturbance can be felt at the level of society as a whole, and it is therefore necessary to address the issue of ensuring the protection of critical infrastructures in a comprehensive manner including infrastructure and community resilience issues.
ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP: A POTENTIAL TOOL FOR RESTRICTING RESERVED ANTIMCROBIALS USE, COMBATING THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS AND SAFE DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN PATIENT CARE

Ensuring the safety of drugs constitutes a critical component of healthcare, focusing on the detection, assessment, and prevention of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Antibiotics are among the most precious and they have nite source, different from the other drugs. Antibiotics are the only drugs that do not directly affects the patients, instead they affect the growth and ecology of the pathogens that invade and also to the commensals ora. The therapy of antibiotics mostly depends on clinical conditions of the patients and the drug, however, it also depends on characterstics of organisms and the resident ora. But because of improper use of antibiotics, specially the reserved antibiotics, antibiotic resistance cases have been increasing along with serious adverse reactions while patient care. So to overcome this problems most of the hospitals have established antimicrobial stewardship programs, to optimize the benecial effects of antibiotics as well as minimise the negative consequences for both patients and community. The Pharmacovigilance program seeks to involve diverse stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, pharmacists, and the public, in the reporting of ADRs. Nevertheless, in developing nations such as India, there is a noticeable lack of public participation in reporting ADRs. The objective of this paper is to raise awareness about drug safety and adverse drug reactions , antibiotic resistance, that are associated with miss use of antibiotics and minimising the use of reserved antibiotics by implementing the antimicrobial stewardship program
Investigating genetic discrimination in Australia: Perceptions and experiences of Clinical Genetics Service clients regarding coercion to test, insurance and employment

Survey and interview-based findings from the Consumer Study of the Australian Genetic Discrimination Project (GDP) are reported. These involve perceptions and experiences of clinical genetics clients regarding coercion to undertake genetic testing and insurance and employment-related issues. Genetic discrimination is defined as the differential treatment of asymptomatic individuals because of actual or presumed genetic differences. Eligible adults (n=2667) who had requested predictive testing for designated mature-onset conditions, 1998 to 2003, were surveyed; 951/1185 respondents met asymptomatic inclusion criteria. Neurological disorders and familial cancers were relevant to the majority. Sources of coercion, where reported, included family members, doctors, geneticists/counsellors and life insurers. Insurance and employment related issues were raised; some respondents reported avoiding or being advised not to apply for life insurance. Interview data further elucidate context and impact of coercion and/or negative treatment. The experiences of respondents where neurological conditions were relevant differed from others. Implications of the study are discussed.
Pedestrian Profiling Based on Road Crossing Decisions in the Presence of Automated Vehicles: The Sorting Hat for Pedestrian Behaviours and Psychological Facets

Automated Vehicles (AVs) are being developed with the aim to reduce the occurrence and severity of Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs). Studies suggest AVs may improve the safety of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), particularly on road crossings. However, exposure to novel technology over time may lead to behavioural adaptation. Thus, understanding VRUs’ behavioural intentions towards AVs is crucial for their safe integration into traffic. We investigate four external factors pedestrians consider when crossing a road in front of an AV. An online questionnaire with 281 participants assessed crossing intentions, focusing on road gradient, weather, pedestrian–AV distance, and AV type. Personality traits and self-reported behaviour were measured. Anderson’s experimental protocol revealed all factors significantly influenced crossing decisions. Using hierarchical clustering followed by K-means clustering, the participants were classified into three different profiles: risk-averse, resolute, and indecisive pedestrians. We provide evidence of a strong link between crossing decisions, reported behaviours and psychological facets while interacting with an AV at crossings. Pedestrian profiling allows targeting preventative measures for groups based on unique characteristics, maximising efficiency thereof. Furthermore, pedestrian profiling can inform AV’s driving style to support safer road interactions. This is salient for resolute pedestrians, who take more risks, which may lead to severe RTCs.
Cut-in maneuver detection with self-supervised contrastive video representation learning

The detection of the maneuvers of the surrounding vehicles is important for autonomous vehicles to act accordingly to avoid possible accidents. This study proposes a framework based on contrastive representation learning to detect potentially dangerous cut-in maneuvers that can happen in front of the ego vehicle. First, the encoder network is trained in a self supervised fashion with contrastive loss where two augmented videos of the same video clip stay close to each other in the embedding space, while augmentations from different videos stay far apart. Since no maneuver labeling is required in this step, a relatively large dataset can be used. After this self-supervised training, the encoder is fine-tuned with our cut-in/lane-pass labeled datasets. Instead of using original video frames, we simplified the scene by highlighting surrounding vehicles and ego lane. We have investigated the use of several classification heads, augmentation types, and scene simplification alternatives. The most successful model outperforms the best fully supervised model by similar to 2% with an accuracy of 92.52%.
Assessing climate vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies for resilient beef and dairy operations in the tropics

Cattle ranchers and dairy farmers operating throughout many tropical regions are experiencing major challenges associated with climate change such as higher incidence of heat stress and drought. These effects can result in reduced productivity of rangeland, shortage of nutritional feed, increased heat stress on animals, and high energy costs for cooling. High temperatures and resultant heat stress reduce animal productivity and increase the proliferation and survival of parasites and disease pathogens. Warming reduces the ability of dairy cattle to produce milk and gain weight and can also lower conception rates. This paper reviews research from the Caribbean on heat tolerant traits in bovine and presents evidence that introducing a “slick hair” gene into Holstein cows by crossbreeding with Senepols may increase thermo-tolerance and productivity. As in other parts of the tropics, principal cattle breeds in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands have been largely introduced from temperate regions. Research indicates these animals may be poorly adapted to rising temperatures, leaving them increasingly vulnerable to chronic heat stress and reduced productivity. Adaptive practices have been developed in breeding and pasture management programs including selection for more heat-resistant genotypes, silvopasturing and crop diversification in forage production, and optimizing facilities and practices to reduce heat stress. Given the nature of climate vulnerability, an integrated approach to adaptation will likely have the greatest success in reducing future risk for producers.
Modelling of Accretion Disk Around the Rotating Black Holes: High Mass X-ray Binaries

In this paper, we present the formation mechanisms of the accretion disk, shock cones and waves on the disk around the rotating black holes in the High Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs) solving the general relativistic hydrodynamic equation using the high resolution shock capturing scheme. We show how the disk and shock cones change depending on the initial conditions, Mach number, adiabatic index and the disk radius. Different physical conditions create different disk structures and these structures cause the varying physical mechanisms around the black holes. The shock cones around the black holes trap the oscillation modes. These trapped oscillation modes cause the quasiperiodic oscillation on the accretion disk. The different formations of disk help us to understand the properties of the black holes and mechanisms in the high mass X-ray binaries
An observational study of the relationship between meaningful use-based electronic health information exchange, interoperability, and medication reconciliation capabilities

In this quantitative study, we examined how three critical Health IT capabilities (interoperability, electronic health information exchange, and medication reconciliation) influence one another, and what the resulting policy implications are, in the midst of current challenges, such as stagnation in hospitals' adoption of data integration functionalities and reduction in the number of operational health information exchanges. We found that a significant, positive, and cyclic relationship exists between the three Health IT capabilities, in that decreases in the hospitals’ adoption of one would lead to decreases in the adoption of the others. This finding suggests that, without improving adoption of interoperability and health information exchange capabilities, capability for high quality medication reconciliation may be impeded. Policy interventions focused on improving one or more of these capabilities may have ancillary benefits.
Thermodynamic Phase Stability, Structural, Mechanical, Optoelectronic, and Thermoelectric Properties of the III-V Semiconductor AlSb for Energy Conversion Applications

This study presents a first principles investigation of the structural, thermodynamic, electronic, optical and thermoelectric properties of aluminum antimonide (AlSb) in its cubic (F-43m) and hexagonal (P63mc) phases. Both structures are dynamically and mechanically stable, as confirmed by phonon calculations and the Born Huang criteria. The lattice constants obtained using the SCAN and PBEsol functionals show good agreement with experimental data. The cubic phase exhibits a direct band gap of 1.66 to 1.78 eV, while the hexagonal phase shows a band gap of 1.48 to 1.59 eV, as confirmed by mBJ and HSE06 calculations. Under external pressure, the band gap decreases in the cubic phase and increases in the hexagonal phase due to different s p orbital hybridization mechanisms. The optical absorption coefficient reaches 1e6 cm-1, which is comparable to or higher than values reported for other III V semiconductors. The Seebeck coefficient exceeds 1500 microV per K under intrinsic conditions, and the thermoelectric performance improves above 600 K due to enhanced phonon scattering and lattice anharmonicity. The calculated formation energies (-1.316 eV for F-43m and -1.258 eV for P63mc) confirm that the cubic phase is thermodynamically more stable. The hexagonal phase exhibits higher anisotropy and lower lattice stiffness, which is favorable for thermoelectric applications. These results demonstrate the strong interplay between crystal symmetry, phonon behavior and charge transport, and provide useful guidance for the design of AlSb based materials for optoelectronic and energy conversion technologies.
5-qubit quantum error correction in a charge qubit quantum computer

We implement the DiVincenzo-Shor 5 qubit quantum error correcting code into a solid-state quantum register. The quantum register is a multi charge-qubit system in a semiconductor environment, where the main sources of noise are phase decoherence and relaxation. We evaluate the decay of the density matrix for this multi-qubit system and perform regular quantum error corrections. The performance of the error correction in this realistic system is found to yield an improvement of the fidelity. The fidelity can be maintained arbitrarily close to one by sufficiently increasing the frequency of error correction. This opens the door for arbitrarily long quantum computations.