ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
The Role of the United Nations Security Council in the Strengthening of the Withdrawal Clause of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

The DPRK is the only State that attempted to leave the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1993 and 2003. In accordance with Article X(1) of the NPT, a withdrawing State is required, inter alia, to submit notifications of withdrawal to all States Parties to the NPT and to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). However, the role of the UNSC in such a case is not defined in Article X(1) of the NPT. Thus, both in 1993 and 2003, there were disagreements among the UNSC members on the involvement of the UNSC into the matter and its possible actions to respond to the announcements of withdrawal from the NPT. The UNSC was criticized for either not fully deploying its mandate under the UN Charter, or intervening in the matter of withdrawal. In some cases, actions of the UNSC were regarded as an infringement of the sovereign right of States to leave Treaties. This PhD dissertation assesses the powers of the UNSC under the UN Charter that gives the UNSC the mandate to take actions in case of threat to international peace and security. The dissertation focuses on Article 39 of the UN Charter, under which the UNSC defines such threat; and on the competence of the UNSC to pass binding decisions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The dissertation concludes that the UNSC has the authority to define withdrawal from the NPT as a threat to international peace and the security and consequently to take actions under Chapter VII.
Concepts and Optimization Strategies of Experimental Design in Continuous-Flow Processing

The integration of flow systems with statistical design of experiments is emerging as a valuable strategy to develop new synthetic routes towards relevant building blocks, chemical probes, and drug compounds. Optimization by experimental design incorporates statistical algorithms, mathematical models and equations, predicting tools, feedback control, and validation to generate new optimal conditions. Continuous-flow chemistry is ideally suited for this scope, as the integration of in-line analysis is simple; experimental parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate can be easily controlled and fine-regulated; and automation of reaction screening can be accomplished with software assistance. This review article aims to illustrate how the combination of flow synthesizers and design of experiments can be profitable to speed up the development and optimization of more efficient, safer, and reproducible protocols for modern synthetic methods and manufacturing processes.
Discrete sample estimation for gaussian random fields generated by stochastic partial differential equations

Summary: The article deals with parameter estimation for Gaussian random fields generated by linear stochastic partial differential equations. Using Hilbert space methods and a particular feature of the differential operator on the left side of the equation we derive estimating equations for discrete and continuous observations. Commonly known results obtained by such techniques usually involve eigenvalues, eigenvectors or test functions related to the partial differential operator and its domain. We provide the estimators directly in terms of the observed process and its covariance function. Simulations show that the estimating equations can be effectively applied to fairly small sets of discrete, irregularly sampled data. The equations are easy to evaluate and do not involve the inverse of the covariance matrix nor its determinant which makes them exceptionally useful for computational purposes, especially when the sample size is large.
Generative AI for retail marketing: Automated campaign creation and optimization

Businesses use Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) to support their marketing practices more often now. This paper proposes a new kind of Generative AI solution that would help with content generation, both copy and visuals, and the determination of customers’ segments. Based on the analysis of the past campaigns and the market, the data sets for the AI model create marketing content more appealing and effective for interaction and advertising revenues. A survey carried out in a retail grocery chain revealed an enhanced thirty percent in the relative effectiveness of the given promotion campaign and a significant decrease of overall marketing expenditures. The results presented have confirmed the ability of Generative AI to shift the Retail Marketing paradigm towards relying on data to make marketing decisions with little to no human influence. Empirically, this study expands the knowledge of AI applications in the retail context and provides applied recommendations for marketing managers wanting to implement sophisticated technological tools.
Biodiversity or bioenergy: is deadwood conservation an environmental issue for French forest owners?<sup>1</sup>This article is one of a selection of papers from the International Symposium on Dynamics and Ecological Services of Deadwood in Forest Ecosystems.

Forest owners are confronted with contradictory views on the importance of deadwood. Environmentalists argue that it should be left in the forest to conserve biodiversity, provide a habitat for specific fauna and flora, and maintain soil quality through wood decay. Conversely, industrial stakeholders, and some public decision makers, advocate harvesting deadwood. Based on a sociological survey and qualitative interviews, we first analyzed the detailed environmental opinions and values of four groups of French foresters as well as their attitudes towards biodiversity, in particular regarding deadwood conservation. We identified various types of attitudes towards deadwood, which could be seen as waste, an unprofitable by-product, a meaningless entity, or a key part of the ecosystem. We then studied the arguments leading them to choose between deadwood conservation and deadwood harvesting for bioenergy production. On one hand, foresters are interested in short-term profitability and pest control, while others fear potential loss of fertility. Finally, the article shows that specific approaches to deadwood conservation ought to be negotiated at a local scale, pending further scientific investigation into the impact of deadwood on biodiversity and the development of more positive attitudes toward ecological concerns in the forest owners’ community.
A study of the time-dependent modulation of cosmic rays in the inner heliosphere

A two-dimensional (2-D) time-dependent cosmic ray modulation model is used to calculate the modulation of cosmic-ray protons and electrons for 11-and 22-year modulation cycles using a compound approach to describe solar cycle related changes in the transport parameters. The compound approach was developed by Ferreira and Potgieter (2004) and incorporates the concept of propagation diffusion barriers, global changes in the magnetic field, time-dependent gradient, curvature and current-sheet drifts, and other basic modulation mechanisms. By comparing model results with 2.5 GV Ulysses observations, for both protons and electrons, it is shown that the compound approach results in computed intensities on a global scale compatible to observations. The model also computes the expected latitudinal dependence, as measured by the Ulysses spacecraft, for both protons and electrons. This is especially highlighted when computed intensities are compared to observations for the different fast latitude scan (FLS) periods. For cosmic ray protons a significant latitude dependence was observed for the first FLS period which corresponded to solar minimum conditions. For the second, which corresponded to solar maximum, no latitude dependence was observed as was the case for the third FLS period, which again corresponded to moderate to minimum solar activity. For the electrons the opposite occurred with only an observable latitude dependence in intensities for the third FLS period. It is shown that the model results in compatible intensities when compared to observations for these periods. Due to the success of the compound approach, it is also possible to compute charge-sign dependent modulation for 2.5 GV protons and electrons. The electron to proton ratio is presented at Earth and along the Ulysses trajectory. Lastly, it is also shown how the modulation amplitude between solar minimum and maximum depends on rigidity. This is investigated by computing cosmic ray intensities for both protons and electrons, not only at 2:5 GV, but also up to 7:5 GV. A refinement for the compound approach at higher rigidities is proposed.
Bringing Computation to the Data: Interoperable Serverless Function Execution for Astrophysical Data Analysis in the SRCNet

Serverless computing is a paradigm in which the underlying infrastructure is fully managed by the provider, enabling applications and services to be executed with elastic resource provisioning and minimal operational overhead. A core model within this paradigm is Function-as-a-Service (FaaS), where lightweight functions are deployed and triggered on demand, scaling seamlessly with workload. FaaS offers flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and fine-grained scalability, qualities particularly relevant for large-scale scientific infrastructures where data volumes are too large to centralise and computation must increasingly occur close to the data. The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) exemplifies this challenge. Once operational, it will generate about 700~PB of data products annually, distributed across the SKA Regional Centre Network (SRCNet), a federation of international centres providing storage, computing, and analysis services. In such a context, FaaS offers a mechanism to bring computation to the data. We studied the principles of serverless and FaaS computing and explored their application to radio astronomy workflows. Representative functions for astrophysical data analysis were developed and deployed, including micro-functions derived from existing libraries and wrappers around domain-specific applications. In particular, a Gaussian convolution function was implemented and integrated within the SRCNet ecosystem. The use case demonstrates that FaaS can be embedded into the existing SRCNet ecosystem of services, allowing functions to run directly at sites where data replicas are stored. This reduces latency, minimises transfers, and improves efficiency, aligning with federated, data-proximate computation. The results show that serverless models provide a scalable and efficient pathway to address the data volumes of the SKA era.
The Precautionary Principle: Scientific Uncertainty and Type I and Type II Errors

We provide examples of the extent and nature of environmental and human health problems and show why in the United States prevailing scientific and legal burden of proof requirements usually cannot be met because of the pervasiveness of scientific uncertainty. We also provide examples of how may assumptions, judgments, evaluations, and inferences in scientific methods are value-laden and that when this is not recognized results of studies will appear to be more factual and value-neutral than warranted. Further, we show that there is a "tension" between the use of the 95 percent confidence rule as a normative basis to reduce speculation in scientific knowledge and other public policy and moral concerns embodied by the adoption of a precautionary principle. Finally, although there is no precise agreement regarding what a precautionary principle might entail, we make several recommendations regarding the placement of the burden of proof and the standard of proof that ought to be required in environmental and human health matters.
Multi-modal Discriminative Model for Vision-and-Language Navigation

Accepted at SpLU-RoboNLP 2019 (workshop at NAACL)
Automated Decisions Based on Profiling: Information, Explanation or Justification – That Is The Question!

This article discusses the obligations of controllers with regard to automated decision making; must they provide individuals with information, an explanation or a justification? The answer is: all three. The main underlying rationales of EU data protection laws are preventing information inequality and information injustice. These rationales can only be served if controllers cannot hide behind algorithms for automated individual decision-making. In order to comply with their data protection obligations, controllers must design, develop, and apply algorithms in a transparent, predictable and verifiable manner. Controllers will be accountable for the outcome and will therefore have to be able to ultimately justify the criteria based on which automated decision-making takes place. The current academic debate whether individuals have a limited right to information only or also a right to an explanation, misses the bigger picture, with the risk that companies do the same. The article uses multidisciplinary sources from regulatory studies, law, and computer science to understand the multifaceted implications of algorithm accountability on the protection of personal data and the expectations that individuals may have thereof. The article concludes with an overview of the requirements of white box development.
Biological pest control: The role of beneficial insects in integrated pest management of tomato crops

Biological control offers an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical insecticides in tomato pest management. This paper examines various groups of beneficial organisms, including predators and parasitoids from the families Miridae, Anthacoridae, Aphelinidae, and Braconidae, utilized in managing economically important tomato pests. Special emphasis is placed on the efficacy of these natural enemies under diverse ecological conditions, their interactions, competition, and synergistic effects within integrated pest management programs. The paper also discusses challenges in their application, such as hyperparasitism, predation, and the morphological characteristics of plants that may influence their effectiveness. Furthermore, it explores the potential for combining the use of beneficial insects with agronomic practices and biopesticides to optimize pest control efficiency. While the application of biological control in Serbia remains limited, research underscores its substantial potential in protected cultivation conditions. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of natural enemies in tomato pest management and provide a foundation for enhancing integrated pest management strategies, ultimately reducing reliance on synthetic insecticides.
Epigenetic condensates regulate chromatin activity and tumorigenesis

Alterations of epigenetic modulators are extensively associated with cancer, but their key molecular activities in cancer regulation are often unclear. We discovered that lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A, also known as UTX) suppresses cancer by forming liquid-like condensates with lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D, also known as MLL4) and regulating chromatin activity at multiple levels.
The Process of Decolonization of Mauritius and the Right to External  Self-Determination of Colonial Peoples

The right to self-determination is a collective right and one of the most significant human rights. In accordance with the right to self-determination, peoples can choose their destiny in terms of political, economic, or cultural development without any external interference. However, the scope and content of the right to self-determination have remained controversial since the emergence of this right. In particular, the legal nature of the right to self-determination has been argued; while some posit that it is a legal norm, others hold that it is merely a political status in the international arena that came to light throughout the decolonization process during 1960s and still is nowadays. In spite of the codifications of the United Nations (UN), this matter is still discussed in the international arena. Relatedly, this dispute has more recently affected the process of decolonization of Mauritius. In this case, the Chagos Archipelago was separated from Mauritius by the British Government while Mauritius was in the process of gaining its independence based on the right to selfdetermination. This research would first like to focus on the scope and content of the right to external self-determination of colonial peoples according to the UN resolutions and scholars’ opinions as well as states’ practices. Second, this paper will examine the legality of the process of decolonization of Mauritius in light of the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) advisory opinions and scholarly work.
Mining practices in Indonesia: The role of agrarian law in land grabbing and the elimination of indigenous peoples rights

Background: The relationship between nature and society is an ecological unity that is mutually formed. However, in the historical premise of capitalism, man is separated from nature and placed in relations of production that make nature an object of exploitation for the accumulation of capital. In Indonesia, the expansion of extractive industries, particularly mining, does contribute to national economic growth, but at the same time results in structural land grabbing, especially in indigenous territories. This study aims to examine the practice of mining as a manifestation of the capitalist system that perpetuates agrarian injustice, deprivation of land rights, and the marginalization of Indigenous Peoples. Methods: The research uses qualitative method through literature review and comparative-descriptive case study with socio-legal approach to examine the relationship between socio-ecological reality due to mining and agrarian legal framework. Data were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science indexed journals, ecological perspective books, and NGO and institutional reports. The analysis was carried out using Marxist ecological theory, which views capitalism as treating nature as an unlimited resource that can be exploited, as well as agrarian law theory, which asserts that the earth, water, and natural resources must be controlled by the state for the greatest prosperity of the people. Findings: The findings show that the hegemony of the mining industry in Papua, North Maluku, NTT, and Sumatra is causing the loss of indigenous peoples' living space, resulting in increased poverty and decreased health quality, as well as triggering ecological damage such as deforestation and river pollution. This condition is consistent with the Marxist ecological perspective that capitalism encourages degrarianization and creates ecological disharmony through the expansion of extractive industrial production space. In addition, formal agrarian law often fails to protect indigenous peoples' rights to land as living space. Conclusion: In conclusion, capitalism transforms nature from a living space into an object of production, while the role of the state that facilitates extractive industries reinforces structural inequality and ignores the mandate of Agrarian Justice in Article 2 point 3 of the 1960 Constitution. Novelty/Originality of this article: The novelty of this study lies in integrating Marxist ecological theory with agrarian law analysis to reveal how capitalism and state-facilitated mining perpetuate indigenous dispossession and ecological degradation in Indonesia.
Before and beyond the precautionary principle: Epistemology of uncertainty in science and law

The precautionary principle has become, in European regulation of science and technology, a general principle for the protection of the health of human beings, animals, plants, and the environment. It requires that "[w]here there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation". By focusing on situations of scientific uncertainty where data are lacking, insufficient, or inconclusive, the principle introduced a shift from a neutral legal attitude towards science to a bias in favor of safety, and a shift from the paradigm of science certain and objective to the awareness that the legal regulation of science involves decisions about values and interests. Implementation of the precautionary principle is highly variable. A crucial question still needs to be answered regarding the assumption that scientific certainty is a 'normal' characteristic of scientific knowledge. The relationship between technoscience and society has moved into a situation where uncertain knowledge is the rule. From this perspective, a more general framework for a democratic governance of science is needed. In democratic society, science may still have a special authoritative voice, but it cannot be the ultimate word on decisions that only the broader society may make. Therefore, the precautionary model of scientific regulation needs to be informed by an 'extended participatory model' of the relationship between science and society.
Exploring the Influence of Business Intelligence and Analytics, and Management Accounting Information Systems on Organisational Performance

This concept paper explores the potential impact of Business Intelligence and Analytics (BI&amp;A) on Management Accounting Information Systems (MAIS), and their collective influence on organizational performance. As organizations increasingly shift toward a data-driven culture, BI&amp;A emerges as a critical tool for enhancing employee and customer experiences through informed decision-making. Simultaneously, MAIS serves as a foundational system for generating relevant accounting data to support managerial decisions. However, a key concern addressed in this paper is the reluctance of management accountants to adopt advanced technologies, largely due to a reliance on traditional practices. This hesitation presents a barrier to the effective implementation of BI&amp;A and MAIS in enhancing financial and operational outcomes. By reviewing existing literature, this paper proposes a conceptual framework that highlights the interrelationships among BI&amp;A, MAIS, and organizational performance. It also incorporates contingency theory to underscore how technological integration supports risk management and adaptability in complex organizational settings. Ultimately, this concept paper advocates for the strategic adoption of BI&amp;A and MAIS by management accountants to drive sustainable improvements in organizational performance.
Estimated area of land and territories of Indigenous Peoples, local communities and Afro-descendants where their rights are not recognized

In 2015, RRI undertook the first global analysis to quantify the amount of land legally recognized by national governments as owned by or designated for Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The study, covering 64 countries comprising 82 percent of global land area, showed that communities legally owned 10 percent of this area and held designated rights to another 8 percent. Yet, some studies suggest that the total area under community management is much greater. Indeed, the leaders of Indigenous, community, and Afro-descendant organizations and expert opinion have long held that communities exercise customary rights on well over 50 percent of the global land mass outside of Antarctica.  This report aims to address this gap by offering a first comprehensive effort to develop a global baseline of the total land area with unrecognized rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities and Afro-descendants. This analysis draws on previous work, emerging evidence, and expert opinion to begin the process of quantifying the full extent of land to which Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-Descendants have customarily held rights that have yet to be legally acknowledged by states.