ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Cosmic ray modulation with a Fisk-type heliospheric magnetic field and a latitude-dependent solar wind speed

Abstract   The effect of a latitude-dependent solar wind speed on a Fisk heliospheric magnetic field [Fisk, L. A. Motion of the footpoints of heliospheric magnetic field lines at the Sun: implications for recurrent energetic particle events at high heliographic latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 15547–15553, 1996] was first discussed by Schwadron and Schwadron and McComas [Schwadron, N.A. An explanation for strongly underwound magnetic field in co-rotating rarefaction regions and its relationship to footpoint motion on the the sun. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 1–8, 2002. and Schwadron, N.A., McComas, D.J. Heliospheric “FALTS”: favored acceleration locations at the termination shock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 41–1, 2003]. Burger and Sello [Burger, R.A., Sello, P.C. The effect on cosmic ray modulation of a Parker field modified by a latitudinal-dependent solar wind speed. Adv. Space Res. 35, 643–646, 2005] found a significant effect for a simplified 2D version of a latitude-dependent Fisk-type field while Miyake and Yanagita [Miyake, S., Yanagita, S. The effect of a modified Parker field on the modulation of the galactic cosmic rays. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, 445–448, 2007] found a smaller effect. The current report improves on a previous attempt Hitge and Burger [Hitge, M., Burger, R.A. The effect of a latitude-dependent solar wind speed on cosmic-ray modulation in a Fisk-type heliospheric magnetic field. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 449–450, 2007] where the global change in the solar wind speed and not the local speed gradient was emphasized. The sheared Fisk field of Schwadron and McComas [Schwadron, N.A., McComas, D.J. Heliospheric “FALTS”: Favored acceleration locations at the termination shock. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 41–1, 2003.) is similar to the current Schwadron–Parker hybrid field. Little difference is found between the effects of a Parker field and a Schwadron–Parker hybrid field on cosmic-ray modulation, in contrast to the results of Burger and Sello and Miyake and Yanagita [Burger, R.A., Sello, P.C. The effect on cosmic ray modulation of a Parker field modified by a latitudinal-dependent solar wind speed. Adv. Space Res. 35, 643–646, 2005 and Miyake, S., Yanagita, S. The effect of a modified Parker field on the modulation of the galactic cosmic rays. In: Proceedings of 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference. Merida, Mexico, vol. 1, pp. 445–448, 2007]. The two-dimensional approximation used by these authors is therefore inadequate to model the complexities of the actual three-dimensional field. We also show that a Fisk-type field with a latitude-dependent solar wind speed (Schwadron–Parker hybrid field) decreases both the relative amplitude of recurrent cosmic ray intensity variations and latitude gradients and yields similar constants of proportionality for these quantities as for the constant solar wind speed case.
Building a stronger patient safety and quality improvement system

All people should always experience the safest, highest-quality, best-value healthcare across all settings. This paper analyses how, in keeping with its vision, The Joint Commission works with healthcare organisations to continuously improve healthcare quality and patient safety. It holds its accredited organisations to the highest standards by inspiring them to excel and achieve zero harm. To effectively help healthcare organisations positively transform, The Joint Commission shares with them its high-reliability framework for achieving zero harm. In addition, it provides strategies on how to reorganise healthcare organisations’ structures to integrate all improvement efforts, including performance improvement, infection control, regulatory, accreditation, patient safety and environmental services. The Joint Commission survey is designed to assess risk and identify potential harm that an identified risk poses to a healthcare organisation’s patients, staff and visitors. Healthcare leaders are provided with valuable tools and data analytics that prioritise risk and identify those areas that are most likely to lead to serious harm. Although all identified areas of risk must be addressed, these tools and analytics allow leaders to prioritise their resources and focus their initial efforts on areas that matter most. These electronic tools are available to healthcare systems regardless of size, and are of benefit to leaders in assessing those organisations that may need greater support and/or more resources to perform better. The Joint Commission has positioned itself as a leader in quality improvement and patient safety solely in order to partner with healthcare organisations to help them advance their improvement efforts while at the same time inspiring organisations to aim to eliminate all forms of harm.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Managers' Effective Leadership Behaviors and Employees' Organizational Commitment Levels

The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between institution managers' effective leadership behaviors and institution employees' organizational commitment based on the perceptions of employees working in public institutions. The population of the study comprises of institution employees working in public institutions in the province of Amasya in Turkey in 2020. The sample of study consists of 132 institution employees working in public institutions in Tasova district and selected using random sampling method. While independent T test was applied to gender, age, marital status, education level and duration of service in the profession variables, One-way ANOVA test was used for the working duration with the last manager as a variable. LSD test was used to determine differences among groups. The findings of the present study suggest that public institution managers display highly effective leadership behaviors. On the other hand, institution employees' organizational commitment levels are above the average. In terms of the perceptions of employees working in public institutions, a positive correlation was found between institution managers' effective leadership behaviors and institution employees' organizational commitment levels. While there was a significant difference in demographic features such as gender, marital status, level of education, working duration of service in the profession and working duration with the last manager, there were no significant differences in terms of age.
Incorporating Electrochemistry and Battery Technology in an Undergraduate Materials Science Course

Electrochemical devices and systems are ubiquitous in many engineering disciplines, yet basic electrochemistry principles are rarely covered in the typical undergraduate engineering curriculum. This presents a barrier for young engineers aspiring to make contributions to this fast-growing field, as well as primary investigators in electrochemical engineering at undergraduate-only institutions. In the field of mechanical engineering, one of the oldest and arguably the broadest engineering disciplines, energy storage and conversion are covered in depth at the undergraduate level. However, electrochemical energy storage and conversion are only briefly glanced, if at all. As part of curriculum development in a new undergraduate mechanical engineering program, electrochemistry fundamentals, with a focus on applications to battery technology, were deliberately incorporated into a second-year materials science course.                Undergraduate materials science courses typically focus on general process-structure-property relationships of different engineering materials, and this course is no different. Instead of covering only traditional materials, significant time is also devoted to battery materials, which are very relevant and poised for exponential growth in this era of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. The course includes instruction on basic electrochemical principles, a survey of functional materials used in common electrochemical devices and their properties, as well as a short lab project where students are guided through the steps of constructing a simple coin-cell lithium-ion battery, arguably the most dominant of all battery chemistries. Classroom discussion also includes the environmental impacts of sourcing raw battery materials and end-of-life disposal practices, which, given current projections, will lead to a substantial sustainability problem as the battery market grows with electric vehicle uptake. Emerging battery technologies that seek to address the challenges of the current generation of batteries are also introduced. Students are also asked to give a short presentation after researching additional topics in the field that are of interest to them. Overall, the course aims to help modernize the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum by incorporating electrochemistry principles and battery technology into a core course.
Effects of Occupational Health and Safety Training Conducted in the Workplaces on Safety Behaviour in Turkey: An Evaluation in the Private Security Sector

C1 [Arpat, Bulent; Bertan, Beyza] Denizli Pamukkale Univ, Dept Occupat Hlth & Safety, Denizli, Turkey.
Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect

Abstract                Cross-border military intervention is a recurring feature throughout history. Often, geopolitical and commercial calculations were cloaked in the language of ‘humanitarian intervention.’ After decolonization, developing countries embedded non-intervention as a peremptory norm. Many tyrants then used sovereignty as a shield behind which to commit atrocities with impunity. When the North Atlantic Treaty Organization intervened to protect victims of Serbian atrocities in Kosovo, the Non-Aligned Movement denounced any right of humanitarian intervention. To reconcile the two competing imperatives, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty proposed the principle of the ‘responsibility to protect’ to permit UN-authorized protective interventions while consolidating a rules-based order. Although much improved, however, dilemmas remain about when and by whom force can be used inside borders to guarantee human protection.
2030 Agenda for Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Look from the Human Rights Perspective

This document was inspired by the need to promote comprehensive actions in the management of water and sanitation services with a human rights focus within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) related to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean; in addition, it ratifies the results reported in a PAHO study (2016) on the profound inequalities between urban and rural areas in access to water and sewage services, and the correlation with characteristics such as gender, age, income, education, among others. This report assumed this challenge using a methodology based on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation (HRWS) analytical framework. This report seeks to provide the most up-to-date overview of the SDG targets 6.1 and 6.2 situation in Latin America and the Caribbean. Besides outlining the general situation of countries, it presents some elements regarding human rights and the targets 6.1 and 6.2 that have been neglected in the initial monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, above all, the dimensions of inequality and affordability.   This report presents four case studies, one per sub-regional block, with a more detailed characterization of the national and subnational situations of Colombia, Brazil, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic. The results of this study show that a significant proportion of the Latin American and Caribbean population still lacks adequate access to water and sanitation services. Only 65% of the population has access to safely managed water services, a percentage lower than that reported worldwide, which is 71%. With regard to safely managed sanitation services, the situation is even more critical, with an access level of 39% worldwide being reported, compared to 22% in our Region.
Brazil and the Security Council of the Unite Nations under president Dilma

A política externa de Dilma Rousseff enfatiza a necessidade de reforma do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas visando melhor representar o Sistema Internacional, conferindo maior democracia e legitimidade ao funcionamento deste organismo. Este artigo questiona esse procedimento, avaliando que tal reforma dificilmente trará os resultados mencionados.
Comparative analysis of the functionality of simulators of the da Vinci surgical robot

The implementation of robotic technology in minimally invasive surgery has led to the need to develop more efficient and effective training methods, as well as assessment and skill maintenance tools for surgical education. Multiple simulators and procedures are available for educational and training purposes. A need for comparative evaluations of these simulators exists to aid users in selecting an appropriate device for their purposes.We conducted an objective review and comparison of the design and capabilities of all dedicated simulators of the da Vinci robot, the da Vinci Skill Simulator (DVSS) (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA), dV-Trainer (dVT) (Mimic Technologies Inc., Seattle, WA, USA), and Robotic Surgery Simulator (RoSS) (Simulated Surgical Skills, LLC, Williamsville, NY, USA). This provides base specifications of the hardware and software, with an emphasis on the training capabilities of each system.Each simulator contains a large number of training exercises, DVSS = 40, dVT = 65, and RoSS = 52 for skills development. All three offer 3D visual images but use different display technologies. The DVSS leverages the real robotic surgeon's console to provide visualization, hand controls, and foot pedals. The dVT and RoSS created simulated versions of all of these control systems. They include systems management services which allow instructors to collect, export, and analyze the scores of students using the simulators.This study is the first to provide comparative information of the three simulators functional capabilities with an emphasis on their educational skills. They offer unique advantages and capabilities in training robotic surgeons. Each device has been the subject of multiple validation experiments which have been published in the literature. But those do not provide specific details on the capabilities of the simulators which are necessary for an understanding sufficient to select the one best suited for an organization's needs.
AGROECOLOGY AND SOLIDARITY ECONOMY: A NECESSARY DIALOGUE FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND SECURITY HUMAIN’S RIGHT

This article aims to analyze the practices of agroecology and solidarity economy movements in the conquest of the right to food and nutritional sovereignty and security. These movements not always have the same strategy, complement each other by acting in different territories to strengthen each other and fight for the achievement of objectives that favor the peasant struggle for human rights. Territoriality brings together objectives and proposals, entangling the different initiatives in the construction of solidarity economic markets. The marketing practices through the organization of the so-called short circuits of trade that are manifested in fairs, organization of consumption groups and solidarity marketing networks. This strategy is capable to contribute to enhance food quality and health, both for producers and for the society as a whole
Virtual element methods for the spatial discretisation of the multigroup neutron diffusion equation on polygonal meshes with applications to nuclear reactor physics

The Continuous Galerkin Virtual Element Method (CG-VEM) is a recent innovation in spatial discretisation methods that can solve partial differential equations (PDEs) using polygonal (2D)and polyhedral (3D) meshes. This paper presents the first application of VEM to the field of nuclear reactor physics, specifically to the steady-state, multigroup, neutron diffusion equation(NDE). In this paper the theoretical convergence rates of the CG-VEM are verified using the Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) for a reaction-diffusion problem in the presence of both highly distorted and non-convex elements and also in the presence of discontinuous material data. Finally, numerical results for the 2D IAEA and the 2D C5G7 industrial nuclear reactor physics benchmarks are presented using both block-Cartesian and general polygonal meshes.
An Analysis of the Merits and Demerits of the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism System and the Disadvantageous Position of Developing Countries in it

&lt;p&gt;On January 1, 1995, world trade ushered in a new era. An organization used to establish, modify, and enforce rules governing international trade - the World Trade Organization (WTO) - was born.&lt;sup&gt;[1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; The WTO is the world's largest international economic organization and so far, as many as 164 members have joined.&lt;sup&gt;[&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; The WTO covers a wide range of areas, mainly including trade in goods, services, intellectual property, and other fields.&lt;sup&gt;[3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Various trade disputes would arise in the complicated trade process and naturally, resolving disputes has become one of the core activities of the WTO. The WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism (DSM) is regarded as the central pillar of the WTO and a unique contribution of the WTO to global economic stability.&lt;sup&gt;[4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Generally speaking, DSM is excellent and successful. It provides a reliable trading platform for all members of the world and a guarantee for the free, fair, and predictable flow of trade.&lt;sup&gt;[5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; But on the other hand, nothing is perfect, DSM also has some criticisms, and there is also a certain degree of inequality in the treatment of members with different development levels. This article aims to analyse the merits and demerits of the WTO's DSM and to explain that, although the DSM was originally set up to benefit the weaker countries, in practice developing countries remain at a disadvantage.&lt;/p&gt;
Hydrothermal Mn-deposits of the Franciscan Assemblage, II. Isotope and trace element geochemistry, and implications for hydrothermal convection at spreading centers

Abstract   Major element, trace element and Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotopic data for a Franciscan Mn-deposit suggest an origin by seafloor hydrothermal circulation. Based on Q-mode  factor analysis the cherts and Mn-lenses of the Blue Jay mine formed from a combination of 4 components representing 1 biogenic, 1 hydrothermal, and 2 detrital sources. Rb Sr, U Th Pb and O isotopic systematics in the Mn-lenses were affected by input from the hydrothermal circulation of material leached from the underlying basalts. Nd isotopic compositions in both cherts and Mn-lenses are identical and within the range measured for Pacific Ocean water suggesting the REE were not mobilized by hydrothermal activity. Correlation of δ 18 O with SiO 2  and MnO 2  in the Mn-lenses implies the lenses formed by simple mixing of hydrothermally derived Mn-oxides with seawater and biogenic silica. δ 18 O of the cherts is both uniform and depleted relative to DSDP Jurassic cherts but similar to microquartz-bearing cherts of the Monterey Formation: this suggests that diagenetic activity exerted more control on oxygen isotope compositions then hydrothermal alteration or metamorphism. Finally, a well defined Rb Sr isochron of 158 ± 5Myr  was obtained for these cherts and opens the possibility of determining absolute radiometric ages for similar cherts throughout the geologic record.
Developmental Benefits of Corruptible Governance where Transparency and Accountability are Held in Dissimulation: The Case of Nigeria

This study examined the developmental implications of corruptible governance, where transparency and accountability are exercised through dissimulation, using Nigeria as a case study. It explored why communities celebrate and welcome public officials involved in corruption upon their return from office or prison. The analysis was framed using neopatrimonialism theory. A mixed-method approach was employed, including questionnaires, interviews, document analysis, and newspaper reviews, to ensure a comprehensive investigation. Data were analyzed using weighted means to aid interpretation. The findings revealed that communities often rejoice due to tangible benefits received from perceived corrupt individuals, such as the construction of universities, the recruitment of local youth into security forces, improved infrastructure, world-class hospitals, and uninterrupted electricity supply. The study recommended revitalizing Nigerian welfare systems based on Ubuntu values, emphasizing honesty, integrity, and fairness as a means to counteract corruption.
Unpacking the Rule of Law: A Review of Judicial Independence Measures

The rule of law has become a favored solution to crucial substantive problems in the social sciences. Measures of the concept have proliferated over the past decade, yet scholars commonly question their validity. We argue that measurement validity concerns are largely a result of disagreement over the concept being targeted. We suggest that the broad, multidimensional concept of the rule of law should not guide empirical research, even if the individual concepts from which it is constituted should. Focusing on judicial independence, a central component of the rule of law, we evaluate the validity of thirteen measures. We find support for the validity of a number of de facto measures of judicial independence, and less support for de jure judicial independence measures. Critically, we highlight a significant missing data problem in these data and suggest how this problem is compounded by common practices used to demonstrate robustness.
Trends in Coverage, Medical Debt, and Access to Care — Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014

Trends in Coverage, Medical Debt, and Access to Care — Findings from the Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, 2014