ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
THE CONVERGENCE OF PARTICLE-IN-CELL SCHEMES FOR COSMOLOGICAL DARK MATTER SIMULATIONS

ABSTRACT                Particle methods are a ubiquitous tool for solving the Vlasov–Poisson equation in comoving coordinates, which is used to model the gravitational evolution of dark matter (DM) in an expanding universe. However, these methods are known to produce poor results on idealized test problems, particularly at late times, after the particle trajectories have crossed. To investigate this, we have performed a series of one- and two-dimensional “Zel’dovich pancake” calculations using the popular particle-in-cell (PIC) method. We find that PIC can indeed converge on these problems provided that the following modifications are made. The first modification is to regularize the singular initial distribution function by introducing a small but finite artificial velocity dispersion. This process is analogous to artificial viscosity in compressible gas dynamics, and, as with artificial viscosity, the amount of regularization can be tailored so that its effect outside of a well-defined region—in this case, the high-density caustics—is small. The second modification is the introduction of a particle remapping procedure that periodically reexpresses the DM distribution function using a new set of particles. We describe a remapping algorithm that is third-order accurate and adaptive in phase space. This procedure prevents the accumulation of numerical errors in integrating the particle trajectories from growing large enough to significantly degrade the solution. Once both of these changes are made, PIC converges at second order on the Zel’dovich pancake problem, even at late times, after many caustics have formed. Furthermore, the resulting scheme does not suffer from the unphysical, small-scale “clumping” phenomenon known to occur on the pancake problem when the perturbation wavevector is not aligned with one of the Cartesian coordinate axes.
The impact of different gridding methods on catchment geomorphology and soil erosion over long timescales using a landscape evolution model

AbstractMany digital elevation models are gridded from irregularly spaced data. This study examines differences in catchment geomorphology and hydrology as a result of kriging and Delaunay triangulation gridding methods. Both methods have been widely used as tools for placing irregularly spaced data onto a regular grid. In the past, numerical modelling has been performed with little assessment of model input variability and the variability produced by different gridding methods has not been fully assessed. Given the importance of the impact of digital elevation model error and potential impact on model output, little work has been done to understand the impact of this type of potential error. Examination of the different catchment realizations demonstrates that when using kriging (point or block) or Delaunay triangulation there are subtle differences in catchment area and elevation as well as networking properties. Subtle differences also exist in hillslope profile. Nevertheless, when comparing catchment descriptors such as the hypsometric curve, area–slope relationship and cumulative area distribution there is little hydrological and geomorphological difference between these catchments. Further, when these digital elevation models are used as landscape input in a long‐term landscape evolution model (i.e. SIBERIA) there is little geomorphological difference or hydrological difference between the two digital elevation models after a 50 000 year modelled period. Consequently either method is appropriate for the study catchment. These findings provide confidence in the conversion of irregularly spaced data onto a regular grid using kriging or Delaunay triangulation and that either method can be used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Communicative rationality and the evolution of business ethics: corporate social responsibility and stockowner–employee partnership–An empirical case study in Republic of Korea1

Communicative rationality and justice, the main objectives of Habermas’ reconstruction of critical social theory, can be defined as the fair distribution of opportunities to speak, the inclusive participation of social actors, the accessibility of topics without restriction, the willingness to not only speak but listen, two-way vibrant interaction, self-transformation via learning from others, and reaching voluntary agreements over common goals and values. The concept of communicative reciprocity is essential here. Those equipped with the norm of reciprocity can better comprehend diversities and complexities, as well as the conflict-ridden aspects of social life, and thus can develop a stronger capacity of nurturing sensitivity to live in harmony with other people. This paper attempts to apply the concept of communicative rationality and reciprocity to the areas of business ethics in order to explore the significance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Ecological and Social Governance (ESG) as innovations in corporate governance. In addition, this paper will draw special attention to Stockowner–Employee (SOE) partnership as a new experiment of business ethics in Republic of Korea. By doing so, this paper aims to grasp the attributes of those who are more capable than others of understanding the norms and practices of CSR within an economic enterprise, with the view that reciprocal sympathy can serve as a communicative basis for what we might call responsible capitalist culture. The main arguments this paper makes are: (1) the recent change in the value orientations of shareholders in support for CSR and ESG can be interpreted as an expression of communicative reciprocity and justice; and (2) the transformation of business ethics in the direction of CSR and ESG means that classical liberalism has begun to turn to a “responsible” liberalism. Survey data collected from a Korean company will be analyzed to show how the norm of reciprocity is reflected in the relationship between corporations and society on the one hand and between shareholders and employees on the other.
Sparse Recovery with Linear and Nonlinear Observations: Dependent and Noisy Data

We formulate sparse support recovery as a salient set identification problem and use information-theoretic analyses to characterize the recovery performance and sample complexity. We consider a very general model where we are not restricted to linear models or specific distributions. We state non-asymptotic bounds on recovery probability and a tight mutual information formula for sample complexity. We evaluate our bounds for applications such as sparse linear regression and explicitly characterize effects of correlation or noisy features on recovery performance. We show improvements upon previous work and identify gaps between the performance of recovery algorithms and fundamental information.
A Study on the Factors Affecting the Occupational Safety and Health Level of Subcontractor Workplaces in the Electronics Industry

Objective:                     This study explores factors influencing the occupational safety and health (OSH) level of subcontractor workplaces in the electronics industry, where small-scale operations and chemical use are common.                                                           Methods:                     A survey was conducted with 852 OSH managers from subcontractor firms. Three key domains were analyzed: OSH management framework, chemical risk management, and principal contractor support. Binomial logistic regression identified significant variables.                                                           Results:                     Factors such as appointing OSH managers, establishing procedures, providing worker information, and operating safety committees improved OSH levels. Chemical-related training, risk assessment, and control also contributed. Support from principal contractors through communication and consulting was effective.                                                           Conclusions:                     Strengthening internal OSH systems, improving chemical management, and enhancing collaboration with principal contractors are essential for advancing OSH in subcontractor workplaces in the electronics industry.
Stochastic integration in Riemannian manifolds from a functional-analytic point of view

This article presents a construction of the concept of stochastic integration in Riemannian manifolds from a purely functional-analytic point of view. We show that there are infinitely many such integrals, and that any two of them are related by a simple formula. We also find that the Stratonovich and Itô integrals known to probability theorists are two instances of the general concept constructed herein.
Development and Validation of a GPS Error-Mitigation Algorithm for Mental Health Digital Phenotyping

Mobile Global Positioning System (GPS) data offer a promising approach to inferring mental health status through behavioural analysis. Whilst previous research has explored location-based behavioural indicators including location clusters, entropy, and variance, persistent GPS measurement errors have compromised data reliability, limiting the practical deployment of smartphone-based digital phenotyping systems. This study develops and validates an algorithmic preprocessing method designed to mitigate inherent GPS measurement limitations in mobile health applications. We conducted comprehensive evaluation through controlled experimental protocols and naturalistic field assessments involving 38 participants over a seven-day period, capturing GPS data across diverse environmental contexts on both Android and iOS platforms. The proposed preprocessing algorithm demonstrated exceptional precision, consistently detecting major activity centres within an average 50-metre margin of error across both platforms. In naturalistic settings, the algorithm yielded robust location detection capabilities, producing spatial patterns that reflected plausible and behaviourally meaningful traits at the individual level. Cross-platform analysis revealed consistent performance regardless of operating system, with no significant differences in accuracy metrics between Android and iOS devices. These findings substantiate the potential of mobile GPS data as a reliable, objective source of behavioural information for mental health monitoring systems, contingent upon implementing sophisticated error-mitigation techniques. The validated algorithm addresses a critical technical barrier to the practical implementation of GPS-based digital phenotyping, enabling the more accurate assessment of mobility-related behavioural markers across diverse mental health conditions. This research contributes to the growing field of mobile health technology by providing a robust algorithmic framework for leveraging smartphone sensing capabilities in healthcare applications.
Preventing Catastrophic Forgetting in Continuous Online Learning for Autonomous Driving

Autonomous vehicles require online learning capabilities to enable long-term, unattended operation. However, long-term online learning is accompanied by the problem of forgetting previously learned knowledge. This paper introduces an online learning framework that includes a catastrophic forgetting prevention mechanism, named Long-Short-Term Online Learning (LSTOL). The framework consists of a set of shortterm learners and a long-term controller, where the former is based on the concept of ensemble learning and aims to achieve rapid learning iterations, while the latter contains a simple yet efficient probabilistic decision-making mechanism combined with four control primitives to achieve effective knowledge maintenance. A novel feature of the proposed LSTOL is that it avoids forgetting while learning autonomously. In addition, LSTOL makes no assumptions about the model type of short-term learners and the continuity of the data. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through experiments across well-known datasets in autonomous driving, including KITTI and Waymo. The source code for the method implementation is publicly available at https://github.com/epan-utbm/lstol.
Realising the right to sexual and reproductive health: access to essential medicines for medical abortion as a core obligation

WHO has a pivotal role to play as the leading international agency promoting good practices in health and human rights. In 2005, mifepristone and misoprostol were added to WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines for combined use to terminate unwanted pregnancies. However, these drugs were considered 'complementary' and qualified for use when in line with national legislation and where 'culturally acceptable'.This article argues that these qualifications, while perhaps appropriate at the time, must now be removed. First, compelling medical evidence justifies their reclassification as a 'core' essential medicine. Second, continuing to subjugate essential medicines for medical abortion to domestic law and cultural practices is incoherent with today's human rights standards in which universal access to these medicines is an inextricable part of the right to sexual and reproductive health, which should be supported and realised through domestic legislation.This article shows that removing such limitations will align WHO's Model List of Essential Medicines with the mounting scientific evidence, human rights standards, and its own more recently developed policy guidance. This measure will send a strong normative message to governments that these medicines should be readily available in a functioning and human-rights-abiding health system.
The Regulatory Dilemma on Mass Communications Surveillance and the Digital Right to Privacy in Africa: The Case of South Africa

Behind the cloak of maintaining national security and public order, African governments and the private sector constantly encroach upon the data privacy rights of individuals. The right to privacy is not only protected by various international human rights instruments that African states have voluntarily ratified but has been enshrined in several constitutions. Yet, without proper safeguards, the same states continue to stifle the right through intrusive surveillance methods. They indiscriminately acquire, intercept, transmit, analyse and retain an individual’s data, able to be amassed to generate intimate and detailed profiles of individuals.  While the right to privacy is not absolute, international human rights law requires that its limitations be legal, justifiable and reasonable 129 . Hence the purpose of this article is to determine the extent to which the South African communications surveillance law conformed to the foregoing. The article finds that the silence of the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act 130 (RICA) on mass surveillance, its weak and ineffective data privacy safeguards, insufficient oversight provisions and law enforcement officials’ impunity render the law invalid for a democratic society. Further, the new personal data law 131 has exempted national security operations from its regulation. As a result, RICA needs to be reformed, as affirmed by the recent verdict of AmaBhunghane Centre for Investigative Journalism NPC v. Minister of Justice and Correctional Services &amp; Others 132 .
Clarity, Surprises, and Further Questions in the Article 29 Working Party Draft Guidance on Automated Decision-Making and Profiling Associate Professor

Cite as: Michael Veale and Lilian Edwards, 'Clarity, Surprises, and Further Questions in the Article 29 Working Party Draft Guidance on Automated Decision-Making and Profiling' (forthcoming) Computer Law and Security Review  The new Article 29 Data Protection Working Party’s draft guidance on automated decision-making and profiling seeks to clarify the European data protection (DP) law’s little-used right to prevent automated decision-making, as well as the provisions around profiling more broadly, in the run-up to the General Data Protection Regulation. In this paper, we analyse these new guidelines in the context of recent scholarly debates and technological concerns. They foray into the less-trodden areas of bias and non-discrimination, the significance of advertising, the nature of “solely” automated decisions, impacts upon groups and the inference of special categories of data — at times, appearing more to be making or extending rules than to be interpreting them. At the same time, they provide only partial clarity — and perhaps even some extra confusion — around both the much discussed “right to an explanation” and the apparent prohibition on significant automated decisions concerning children. The Working Party appear to feel less mandated to adjudicate in these conflicts between the recitals and the enacting articles than to explore altogether new avenues. Nevertheless, the directions they choose to explore are particularly important ones for the future governance of machine learning and artificial intelligence in Europe and beyond.
Enhancing Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) Observability: A Comprehensive Approach

The subject of applying software engineering techniques to IT operations to create scalable and highly reliable software systems is known as site reliability engineering, or SRE for short. To preserve system’s health, it heavily emphasizes automation, ongoing improvement, and efficient incident response. Observability, is the tracking and examination of system outputs in the form of metrics, logs, and traces with the goal of providing insight into the system's internal state, is one of the fundamental principles of SRE. This keeps systems reliable and effective by enabling the early detection and resolution of problems. SRE and observability work together to help businesses achieve high IT operations performance and reliability. The contemporary IT environment is becoming more and more complex as industries growing infrastructure use on-premises and cloud hosting, adding microservice design along with traditional monolithic application architectures. In the pursuit of observability, this diversity presents unique difficulties for SRE. This article sheds light on the significance of SRE observability, tools and tactics used by enterprises, and how site reliability engineering could be improved across numerous industries with the use of an open-source framework like Open Telemetry to strengthen observability.
Mirrors used in the LIGO interferometers for first detection of gravitational waves

For the first time, direct detection of gravitational waves occurred in the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) interferometers. These advanced detectors require large fused silica mirrors with optical and mechanical properties and have never been reached until now. This paper details the main achievements of these ion beam sputtering coatings.
A cross-sectional descriptive study of pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial stewardship conducted post-COVID-19 pandemic at a UK NHS Foundation Trust

Abstract                                   Objectives                   Addressing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become increasingly vital due to the concerning rise in inappropriate antibiotic use exacerbated by the challenges faced during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of pharmacists regarding antibiotic prescribing, AMR, and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices, highlighting the role of the workforce in addressing these challenges, based on their experiences during the pandemic within a UK acute care setting at an National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust.                                                   Methods                   In 2023, an online survey conducted via Qualtrics facilitated a prospective cross-sectional study. Pharmacists working within an NHS Foundation Trust during the pandemic participated. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics with IBM SPSS Statistics.                                                   Key Findings                   The majority of respondents were aged 25–31 years, representing 44.0% (55/125), and 70.4% (88/125) held postgraduate degrees. Regarding knowledge, 85.2% (107/125) recognized AMR as a public health concern, 91.2% (114/125) believed actions against AMR would benefit society, and 85.6% (107/125) supported AMS for prudent antibiotic use. For attitudes, 80% (100/125) reported that COVID-19 patient conditions influenced antibiotic prescribing, and 79.2% (99/125) valued communication between microbiologists and AMS teams during the pandemic.                                                   Conclusion                   This descriptive study, conducted at a single NHS Foundation Trust, highlights pharmacists’ exemplary knowledge, showcasing their capability to deliver effective and impactful AMS practices during the pandemic. As vital members of the healthcare workforce, they revealed the potential to co-lead AMS initiatives. Enhanced training is crucial for sustainable AMS practices, confronting AMR, and safeguarding patient lives.
Ion cyclotron emission from fusion-born ions in large tokamak plasmas: a brief review from JET and TFTR to ITER

Ion cyclotron emission (ICE) was the first collective radiative instability, driven by confined fusion-born ions, observed from deuterium-tritium plasmas in JET and TFTR. ICE comprises strongly suprathermal emission, which has spectral peaks at multiple ion cyclotron harmonic frequencies as evaluated at the outer mid-plane edge of tokamak plasmas. The measured intensity of ICE spectral peaks scaled linearly with measured fusion reactivity in JET. In other large tokamak plasmas, ICE is currently used as an indicator of fast ions physics. The excitation mechanism for ICE is the magnetoacoustic cyclotron instability (MCI); in the case of JET and TFTR, the MCI is driven by a set of centrally born fusion products, lying just inside the trapped-passing boundary in velocity space, whose drift orbits make large radial excursions to the outer mid-plane edge. Diagnostic exploitation of ICE in future experiments therefore rests in part on deep understanding of the MCI, and recent advances in computational plasma physics have led to substantial recent progress, reviewed here.