ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Sparse Signal Recovery by Stepwise Subspace Pursuit in Compressed Sensing

In this paper, an algorithm named stepwise subspace pursuit (SSP) is proposed for sparse signal recovery. Unlike existing algorithms that select support set from candidate sets directly, our approach eliminates useless information from the candidate through threshold processing at first and then recovers the signal through the largest correlation coefficients. We demonstrate that SSP significantly outperforms conventional techniques in recovering sparse signals whose nonzero values have exponentially decaying magnitudes or distribution of [Formula: see text]. Experimental results of Lena show that SSP is better than CoSaMP, OMP, and SP in terms of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) by 5.5 db, 4.1 db, and 4.2 db, respectively.
From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect

Thirteen years ago the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty published its voluminous report on the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). As international law knows no central legislator and state practice is often contradictory and inconsequential, doctrine may fill an important lacuna by devising overarching structures in an otherwise largely disordered legal reality. This may at least partly explain why in this field the conceiving of new concepts and approaches is so popular. R2P is presented as a wholly new instrument that is equivalent to an epochal step of development in international law. R2P applies to grave human rights breaches with "large scale loss of life or large scale ethnic cleansing". R2P is now a firmly established concept, and therefore it should be fairly unproblematic to look back, even if a strong relationship with humanitarian intervention thereby becomes evident.  Keywords: ethnic cleansing; human rights; humanitarian intervention; international law; Responsibility to Protect (R2P)
Corporate Social Responsibility and Commercial Law: Balancing Profitability with Ethical and Legal Obligations in Modern Business Practice

The research is based on "Corporate Social Responsibility and Commercial Law: Balancing Profitability with Ethical and Legal Obligations in Modern Business Practices."  The research mentions the importance of implementing effective CSR policies and the ways in which they are linked to the elements of commercial law. Maintaining a balance between ethical and legal obligations is required because it helps manage profitability levels. There are three case studies for Tesla, Unilever and Ikea, which conclude that for businesses, if they follow CSR strategies, then it would become convenient for them to fulfil their ethical and legal obligations without making any impact on the profitability levels. Primary data is also collected from 100 participants in the form of surveys and the level of significance is also high for businesses when they implement effective CSR strategies and modern practices. For future research, it is recommended to focus on specific business niches to cover high subjectivity.
Assessing Health Insurance Coverage Characteristics and Impact on Health Care Cost, Worry, and Access

This study assessed a randomly selected, age-stratified sample of 698 childhood cancer survivors and 210 siblings and insurance coverage characteristics to determine the impact of underinsurance.
Disaster Risk Reduction, Early Warning Systems, and Global Health: Critiquing the Current System-Based Approach

A primary, overarching, goal of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–20301 (Sendai Framework) is for increased multi-sectoral, multi-hazard engagement, and integration, including between law, science, and technology which is the focus here. This goal is illustrated by paragraph 27(a), namely to ‘[m]ainstream and integrate disaster risk reduction within and across all sectors and review and promote the coherence and further development, as appropriate, of national and local frameworks of laws, regulations and public policies which, by defining roles and responsibilities, guide the public and private sectors’.  In practice, however, as this chapter will demonstrate, much progress remains to be made in this regard.4 Indeed, even in the context of ‘strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk’ (Sendai Framework Priority 2, within which paragraph 27 is located), the concept of ‘governance’ is commonly approached by the scientific and technological communities with little or no reference to available legal tools which could complement and further strengthen existing policies, practices, mechanisms, and so forth. Such practices, indicating generally poor levels of legal integration, are unsurprising when, even at the global level, the potential enab- ling role of law is not generally well understood and/or reflected within non-legal circles. This is illustrated by major studies, such as the recently published European Union publication Science for Disaster Risk Management 2017: Knowing Better and Losing Less (EU DRM report) which, issued since 2015, should fully reflect key Sendai Framework priorities, including the progression of multi-sectoral engagement; and the 2011 Global Framework for Climate Services Implementation Plan, which was developed during the period of the less expansive Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 (Hyogo Framework). Both studies make only brief and general references to law through a more traditional and narrow, non-multi-sectoral, policy lens (for example, general references to environmental policy).
Romance of the three kingdoms in hypoxia: HIFs, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin reprogramming

Hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer. To cope with hypoxic conditions, tumor cells alter their transcriptional profiles mainly through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and epigenetic reprogramming. Hypoxia, in part through HIF-dependent mechanisms, influences the expression or activity of epigenetic regulators to control epigenetic reprogramming, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, which regulate hypoxia-responsive gene expression in cells. Conversely, epigenetic regulators and chromatin architecture can modulate the expression, stability, or transcriptional activity of HIF. Understanding the complex networks between HIFs, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin reprogramming in response to hypoxia will provide insight into the fundamental mechanism of transcriptional adaptation to hypoxia, and may help identify novel targets for future therapies. In this review, we will discuss the comprehensive relationship between HIFs, epigenetic regulators, and chromatin reprogramming under hypoxic conditions.
Thermonuclear Explosions for Large-Scale Carbon Sequestration: A Call for Exploration

Climate change is a rapidly accelerating problem that requires fast and large-scale carbon sequestration to prevent catastrophe. This paper proposes a novel approach to use explosives for large-scale carbon sequestration. Combining the long-practiced method of explosive mining with newer enhanced rock weathering techniques, we propose a faster, greener, and profitable method of large-scale carbon sequestration. This method is applicable for all explosives, including thermonuclear, and can be done safely with minimal anthropological and ecological impact. We estimate a cost of $0.68/ton of CO2 sequestered.
Multi-Modal Adapter for Vision-Language Models

Large pre-trained vision-language models, such as CLIP, have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of image classification tasks, without requiring retraining. Few-shot CLIP is competitive with existing specialized architectures that were trained on the downstream tasks. Recent research demonstrates that the performance of CLIP can be further improved using lightweight adaptation approaches. However, previous methods adapt different modalities of the CLIP model individually, ignoring the interactions and relationships between visual and textual representations. In this work, we propose Multi-Modal Adapter, an approach for Multi-Modal adaptation of CLIP. Specifically, we add a trainable Multi-Head Attention layer that combines text and image features to produce an additive adaptation of both. Multi-Modal Adapter demonstrates improved generalizability, based on its performance on unseen classes compared to existing adaptation methods. We perform additional ablations and investigations to validate and interpret the proposed approach.
VAFL: a Method of Vertical Asynchronous Federated Learning

Horizontal Federated learning (FL) handles multi-client data that share the same set of features, and vertical FL trains a better predictor that combine all the features from different clients. This paper targets solving vertical FL in an asynchronous fashion, and develops a simple FL method. The new method allows each client to run stochastic gradient algorithms without coordination with other clients, so it is suitable for intermittent connectivity of clients. This method further uses a new technique of perturbed local embedding to ensure data privacy and improve communication efficiency. Theoretically, we present the convergence rate and privacy level of our method for strongly convex, nonconvex and even nonsmooth objectives separately. Empirically, we apply our method to FL on various image and healthcare datasets. The results compare favorably to centralized and synchronous FL methods.
The land rights of indigenous peoples under international law

Land rights of indigenous peoples are today recognized by international law and jurisprudence as a sui generis form of property right. However, the relationship of indigenous peoples with their ancestral lands is especially of cultural and spiritual nature, and must be protected accordingly.
The Ethics of Intergenerational Justice: From the Gortyn Code to Climate Courts

Intergenerational equity has become central to contemporary sustainability discourse and climate litigation, as courts increasingly confront whether present generations may legitimately deplete ecological resources in ways that impose irreversible burdens on those yet to come. This article argues that the normative structure underlying contemporary intergenerational climate claims reflects a recurring institutional logic identifiable much earlier in legal history. Focusing on the Gortyn Code (5th century BCE), one of the earliest and most extensive surviving Greek law codes, the analysis reveals how rules governing property, inheritance, guardianship, and family relations constructed an architecture of intergenerational continuity through enforceable constraints on present authority over inherited assets. The Code restricted alienation of inherited assets, structured succession through fixed distributive formulas, and imposed mechanisms designed to preserve the material foundations of future social existence. These provisions are then interpreted in relation to contemporary sustainability frameworks, emphasizing trusteeship, burden inheritance, and ecological thresholds. The article considers recent climate litigation to illustrate how modern courts increasingly translate intergenerational commitments into enforceable duties through functionally equivalent reasoning. The findings suggest that climate adjudication represents a modern manifestation of a deeper logic already visible in the Gortyn Code, one that emerges regardless of whether the resource at stake is owned or unowned, and that this parallel carries implications for the design and institutional anchoring of intergenerational obligations in contemporary climate governance.
Error mitigation for quantum kernel based machine learning methods on IonQ and IBM quantum computers

Kernel methods are the basis of most classical machine learning algorithms such as Gaussian Process (GP) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Computing kernels using noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices has attracted considerable attention due to recent progress in the design of NISQ devices. However noise and errors on current NISQ devices can negatively affect the predicted kernels. In this paper we utilize two quantum kernel machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the labels of a Breast Cancer dataset on two different NISQ devices: quantum kernel Gaussian Process (qkGP) and quantum kernel Support Vector Machine (qkSVM). We estimate the quantum kernels on the 11 qubit IonQ and the 5 qubit IBMQ Belem quantum devices. Our results demonstrate that the predictive performances of the error mitigated quantum kernel machine learning algorithms improve significantly compared to their non-error mitigated counterparts. On both NISQ devices the predictive performances became comparable to those of noiseless quantum simulators and their classical counterparts
Cosmic ray modulation in the 3-D heliosphere

The basic physical processes that lead to the long-term modulation of cosmic rays by the solar wind have been known for many years. However our knowledge of the structure of the heliosphere, which determines which processes are most important for the modulation, and of the variation of this structure with time and solar activity level is still incomplete. Study of the modulation provides a tool for probing the scale and structure of the heliosphere. While the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft are surveying the radial structure and extent of the heliosphere at modest heliographic latitudes, the Ulysses mission is the first to undertake a nearly complete scan of the latitudinal structure of the modulated cosmic ray intensity in the inner heliosphere (R<5.4 AU). Ulysses will reach latitudes of ~80°S in September 1994 and ~80°N in July 1995 during the approach to minimum activity in the 11 year solar cycle. We present a first report of measurements extending to latitudes of ~52°S, which show surprisingly little latitudinal effect in the modulated intensities and suggest that at this time modulation in the inner heliosphere may be much more spherically symmetric than had generally been believed based upon models and previous observations.
Understanding the Dehydrogenation Pathways of Ammonium Octahydrotriborate (NH<sub>4</sub>B<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) by Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the Reactive Force Field (ReaxFF)

AbstractAmmonium octahydrotriborate (NH4B3H8) is a potential candidate for hydrogen storage, due to its chemical stability and high hydrogen content. To systematically investigate its initial decomposition and dehydrogenation pathways, molecular dynamics simulations with a reactive force field are conducted. Both temperature ramping and the canonical ensemble simulations are carried out. A compositional analysis for the simulated systems is also applied to monitor the possible intermediate products during its decomposition and dehydrogenation processes. At around 1000 K, the molecular hydrogen is released via inter‐molecular interaction between B‐H and N‐H. It is also noticed that the formed NH3 and BH3 can react to generate BN bonds; as the temperature further increases, the isomers with a skeleton of BNB are observed, and the corresponding dehydrogenation is also increased. The present work provides detailed pictures of the decomposition and dehydrogenation pathways for NH4B3H8.
Perancangan dan Implementasi Human Resource Information System (HRIS)

The Human Resource Department (HRD) plays a very important role in supporting the growth and sustainability of an organization or company. Employees represent the most valuable asset owned by the company, which means that HRD can be considered the most critical component that must be managed properly. The primary function of HRD encompasses the management of all aspects related to the workforce, including ensuring that every employee fully receives their rights. To enhance work effectiveness and efficiency, HRD requires support in the form of a computer-based technology system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an application capable of accelerating and simplifying employee data management. This study aims to improve HRD performance through the creation of a Human Resource Information System (HRIS). The application development process adopts the Waterfall method. The final outcome of this research is an application that successfully facilitates the HRD department in carrying out its various tasks more effectively.
Will Central Bank Digital Currency Disintermediate Banks?

We estimate a dynamic banking model to quantify the impact of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) on the banking system. Our counterfactuals show that a one-dollar introduction of CBDC replaces bank deposits by around 80 cents on the margin. Bank lending falls by one-fourth of the drop in deposits because banks partially replace lost deposits with wholesale funding. This substitution raises banks’ interest-rate risk exposure and lowers their resilience to negative equity shocks. If CBDC bears interest or is intermediated through banks, it captures a greater deposit market share, amplifying the impact on lending. The effect on lending is ampliﬁed for small banks, for which wholesale funding is more expensive.
Impact of the Affordable Care Act on health insurance access, coverage, and cost for refugees resettled in the USA

AbstractBackgroundRefugees arriving in the USA are a vulnerable population with limited access to health insurance. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been heralded as an opportunity to reduce health-care disparities by improving access to health insurance. However there is substantial between-state variation with respect to enactment of Medicaid expansion and implementation of health-care insurance exchanges. We sought to describe the relation between 2012 refugee resettlement patterns and health-care insurance improvements created by the ACA.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2012 refugee resettlement data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia. We obtained data from the Office of Refugee Resettlement, the Kaiser Family Foundation, and the US Government health insurance website healthcare.gov. We compared resettlement data for states that have expanded Medicaid and implemented Health Insurance Exchange schemes and those that have not. We used the Wilcoxon rank sum test to investigate whether there was a relation between the price of insurance policies in each state and refugee resettlement rates there.FindingsIn 2012, 58 238 refugees from 85 countries were resettled in the USA. 32 389 refugees were resettled to 27 states that expanded Medicaid coverage under the ACA (median 555, range 0–5173 refugees per state). This rate did not differ from that for the 25 849 refugees who were resettled to 24 states not expanding Medicaid coverage (median 775 [0–5293]; p=0·7341). The median number of refugees resettled to the 17 states creating health insurance exchanges was 817 (1–5173), which was no higher than the median number of refugees resettled to the 34 states using the federal insurance exchange (601 [0–5923]; p=0·4906). The median monthly premium for a bronze health insurance plan did not differ between states with insurance exchanges ($232) and states with only the federal exchange ($264; p=0·1365).InterpretationIn 2012, more refugees were resettled to states that have not expanded Medicaid or created state health insurance exchanges. Because many states have small or no refugee resettlement programmes, the difference in distribution of resettlement based on state insurance policies does not reach statistical significance. Future research should explore the effect of these differences in state policies on refugee health outcomes. Policymakers should consider between-state variation in access to insurance when devising refugee resettlement strategies.FundingNone.
Relationships Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and psychological resilience and Cognitive Emotional Behavioral Regulation in College Students

This study aimed to determine the effects of adverse childhood experiences and childhood experiences on adolescents’ psychological resilience and Cognitive Emotional Behavioral regulation. Four hundred thirty-three(n:433) students (18-21 years old) attending a Vocational School of a University in Turkey completed online questionnaires using the Childhood Experiences Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Scale, the Adult Resilience Scale, and the Negative Childhood Experiences Scale-Turkish version. In the study, it is seen that the psychological resilience of adolescents differs according to age. No significant difference was found between men and women in the study. When cognitive-emotional regulation strategies are examined, it is seen that 18-year-old adolescents are more likely to blame- others than 19- and 20-year-old adolescents. Although there were no differences in psychological resilience in the study, differences were obtained between women and adolescents regarding cognitive and emotional regulation. It was found that female adolescents used the strategies of “self-blame, blame-others, rumination, catastrophizing, and positive refocusing,” which are among the Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategies more than male adolescents. It has been determined that male adolescents use ” Putting into perspective ” more. As a result of regression analysis, differences in childhood experiences and psychological resistance were obtained according to age. The psychological resistance of 20 -year -old adolescents with a high score of submissiveness, threat, and unvalued was found to be high. In our study, a positive relationship was observed between rumination and adolescents who had an experience of being unvalued and submissive from their childhood experiences. In contrast, those who had less adverse childhood experiences used rumination more.
Children's Health in Washington, D.C.: Access and Health Challenges Despite High Insurance Coverage Rates

Assesses children's health issues in Washington, D.C., including the health care delivery system and neighborhood health environments.
Addressing optical modulator non-linearities for photonic neural networks

Within the context of neuromorphic computing, analog photonics, especially after the advent of photonic integrated technologies, offers unparalleled computing speeds per core, and the reduction of size and power consumption compared to digital electronics. However, the functionality of analog systems is limited by noise and non-linear distortions, which degrade signal resolution. Here, a method is presented for analyzing and minimizing the effect of non-linearities associated with the optical power transfer function of a generic modulator, to inform choices of design and operation conditions. The Mach-Zehnder interferometer, micro-ring modulator, and ring-assisted Mach-Zehnder interferometer are compared using this method. The analysis is applied to compare three analog photonic processor architectures for machine learning applications, based on wavelength, space, and time division multiplexing. Our results indicate that despite the lower maximum resolution exhibited by Mach-Zehnder interferometers, they are the most balanced choice for space and time division multiplexing architectures due to stability and power consumption.
HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITY OF THE COMMISSION ON MINORS’ AFFAIRS AND PROTECTION OF THEIR RIGHTS (THE ACTIVITY OF THE COMMISSION ON MINORS’ AFFAIRS AND PROTECTION OF THEIR RIGHTS IN KIROVSKIY DISTRICT OF KEMEROVO CITYOVER 2007 – 2012)

Thepaper analyzes one of the subjects of juvenile law enforcement – Commissions on Minors’ Affairs and Protection of Their Rights, and the problems arising in legal regulation. Using their own experience as Deputy Chairperson of the Commission in Kirovsky district of Kemerovo City over 2007 – 2012, and the need to improve the Commission’scoordinatingrole in the activity of all the structures of the system of preventing of child neglect and delinquency, the authors attempted to unify the pedagogical and legal aspects in the work of the Commissions on Minors’ Affairs and Protection of Their Rights.