ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, structure, and electrochemistry of Ag-modified LiMn2O4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

The composite of silver-modified lithium manganese oxide were prepared using thermal decomposition method of different mole ratio. Structural characterization was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis revealed different patterns as the content of the dopant in the spinel increases. Phase analysis shows that Ag particles were dispersed on the LiMn2O4 surface instead of entering the spinel structure. On the other hand, the electrochemical behavior of cathode powder was examined by using two-electrode test cells consisting of a cathode, metallic lithium as anode, and a solid polymer electrolyte of 0.87PEO-0.13LiCF3SO3-0.10DBP. According to the electrochemical tests results, the influence of the Ag additive content on the electrochemical properties of Ag/LiMn2O4 composites is clearly shown.
The optical afterglows and host galaxies of three short/hard gamma-ray bursts

Short GRBs are commonly thought to originate from the merging of double compact object binaries but direct evidence for this scenario is still missing. Optical observations of short GRBs allow us to measure redshifts, firmly identify host galaxies, characterize their properties, and accurately localize GRBs within them. Multiwavelength observations of GRB afterglows provide useful information on the emission mechanisms at work. These are all key issues that allow one to discriminate among different models of these elusive events. We carried out photometric observations of the short/hard GRB 051227, GRB 061006, and GRB 071227 with the ESO-VLT starting from several hours after the explosion down to the host galaxy level several days later. For GRB 061006 and GRB 071227 we also obtained spectroscopic observations of the host galaxy. We compared the results obtained from our optical observations with the available X-ray data of these bursts. For all the three above bursts, we discovered optical afterglows and firmly identified their host galaxies. About half a day after the burst, the optical afterglows of GRB 051227 and GRB 061006 present a decay significatly steeper than in the X-rays. In the case of GRB 051227, the optical decay is so steep that it likely indicates different emission mechanisms in the two wavelengths ranges. The three hosts are blue, star forming galaxies at moderate redshifts and with metallicities comparable to the Solar one. The projected offsets of the optical afterglows from their host galaxies centers span a wide range, but all afterglows lie within the light of their hosts and present evidence for local absorption in their X-ray spectra. We discuss our findings in light of the current models of short GRB progenitors.
The Role of Women in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding : Examining how Women have actively contributed to Peace Building and Conflict Resolution in Liberia

Women’s roles in peacebuilding are often marginalized, necessitating a reevaluation of their contributions to peace initiatives. Research has shown that participation of women in peace processes and peacebuilding activities can increase the chances of democratization as they are less violent and more caring, i.e more suitable for these activities. To be able to analyze the long-term changes and consequences of female participation in peacebuilding this study focused  on the women's organization the Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET). Through this organization, this research sought to understand if Resolution 1325 made any long-term differences for women in peacebuilding in Liberia from 2003 until 2023.   Scholars underscores Liberian women’s pivotal role in shaping peacebuilding strategies, advocating for gender-inclusive measures. While post-conflict countries have increased women’s participation in governance, Resolution 1325’s impact needs scrutiny. Despite progress, substantial investment is needed to achieve gender parity, especially in local governance and public service. This study employs a qualitative research approach, focusing on the analysis of existing data with a specific emphasis on women’s rights organization in Liberia. The goal is to enrich understanding of women’s peacebuilding roles and the lasting effects of international resolutions from their engagement.  It was the advocacy efforts of women that led to a recognition of the interrelation between gender equality and sustainable peace. Women were included in various post-conflict mechanisms and transition processes as a result of this recognition. It is evident that the journey toward gender equality is both complex and intertwined between international resolutions, local advocacy, and the subsequent inclusion of women in leadership roles.
A genetic algorithm based neural-tuned neural network

This paper presents a neural-tuned neural network, which is trained by genetic algorithm (GA). The neural-tuned neural network consists of a neural network and a modified neural network. In the modified neural network, a neuron model with two activation functions is introduced. Some parameters of these activation functions is tuned by neural network. The proposed network structure can increase the search space of the network and gives better performance than traditional feedforward neural networks. Some application examples are given to illustrate the merits of the proposed network.
Describing and monitoring quality in value-based palliative and end-of-life care at a population level in Wales: achievements and future direction

Improving and monitoring quality of palliative and end-of-life care is well documented within current and historic literature. However, there is a paucity of evidence around national data-informed approaches to ensure healthcare services are delivering high-quality, equitable care that meets the needs of the population within the last year of life. Wales has a legal ‘Duty of Quality’ obligation and has taken on the challenge to measure and monitor quality within the healthcare system at a population level within the last year of life, creating a dashboard using nationally held routine data. This manuscript aims to document the progress made in Wales to describe and monitor quality in care for people within the last year of life at a population level against the six domains of quality and discusses requirements and challenges of the approach and its future direction.
Two-Scale Optimization of Graded Lattice Structures respecting Buckling on Micro- and Macroscale

Interest in components with detailed structures increased with the progress in advanced manufacturing techniques in recent years. Parts with graded lattice elements can provide interesting mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties compared to parts where only coarse features are included. One of these improvements is better global buckling resistance of the component. However, thin features are prone to local buckling. Normally, analyses with high computational effort are conducted on high-resolution finite element meshes to optimize parts with good global and local stability. Until recently, works focused only on either global or local buckling behavior. We use two-scale optimization based on asymptotic homogenization of elastic properties and local buckling behavior to reduce the effort of full-scale analyses. For this, we present an approach for concurrent local and global buckling optimization of parameterized graded lattice structures. It is based on a worst-case model for the homogenized buckling load factor, which acts as a safeguard against pure local buckling. Cross-modes residing on both scales are not detected. We support our theory with numerical examples and validations on dehomogenized designs, which show the capabilities of our method, and discuss the advantages and limitations of the worst-case model.
Neutron-Physical Calculations of a Nuclear Reactor: Computing Time Reduction by Digital Filtration

An algorithm is proposed for performing neutron-physical calculations of a reactor using digital signal processing methods. It is shown that the algorithm’s combined use of the classical methods of numerical analysis and high-frequency digital filters makes it possible to calculate accurately and rapidly the neutron macrofield on a coarse grid and to organize the neutron-physical calculations in a new way, greatly reducing the number of iterations on a fine grid. Computer modeling shows that even for a one-dimensional reactor the proposed rational combination of the computational results on coarse and fine grids gives a several-fold reduction of the computing time.
Stakeholders Engagement and Readability of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting : A Study of Most Sustainable Firms

Godkänd; 2015; 20160330 (arakor)
An index developed for the assessment of occupational health and safety at workplace: A field study in a heavy automotive industry in the northwest of Iran

Background: Most workers are exposed to a variety of hazards in their workplace. Devising a comprehensive checklist and developing an index for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) assessment could be useful. This study was conducted in a heavy automotive company with the aim of developing and validating an OSH assessment index.Methods and Materials: We used the experiences and comments of OSH experts to devise a checklist for OSH assessment. Weighting various harmful factors was done using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was applied to measure the reliability of the checklist (SPSS version 20). In the studied industry, 150 workstations were assessed using the developed comprehensive checklist. In order to validate the total index, we assessed its correlation with 4 groups of occupational statistics (i.e. accident frequency, severity rates, lost working time rate, and occupational disease incidence rate). A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Among 7 sub-indices, sub-indexes of occupational health and the workplace order (w=0.21) and housekeeping (w=0.04) had the highest and the lowest AHP weights, respectively. The mean of ICC was found to be 0.978. The total index (OSHITotal) and the Accident Severity Rate (ASR) had a strong inverse significant correlation (r = -0.774, P=0.002).Conclusion: The developed index covered important occupational hazards. The inter-evaluator reliability for this index was high.
The 21cm Absorption Line and Axion Quark Nugget Dark Matter Model

We argue that dark matter in the form of macroscopically large nuggets of standard model quarks and antiquarks can help to alleviate the tension between standard model cosmology and the recent EDGES observation of a stronger than anticipated 21 cm absorption feature. The effect occurs as a result of the thermal emission from quark nugget dark matter at early times and at energies well below the peak of the CMB. Similar radiation at early times may also contribute a fraction of the GHz range excess observed by ARCADE2.
HARNESSING A PLATFORM HYDROGEL TECHNOLOGY AND STEM CELL THERAPIES FOR CANCER TREATMENT AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and fatal glioma that constitutes for roughly 46% of all primary brain malignancies. Conventional chemotherapeutics lack the ability to target the diffuse tumor lesions and are often toxic to healthy cells, which ultimately lead to discontinuation of therapy or reduce anticancer effectiveness. Like the difficulty in managing GBM, complex bone defects are fundamentally challenging to treat and bone grafting can often lead to incomplete restoration or reinjury. Stem cells are an emerging therapeutic approach for specifically targeting cancerous lesions and restoring the form and function of fractured bone tissue through bone healing. However, there are several regulatory and efficacy concerns that impedes the clinical utility of stem cells for cancer treatment and regenerative medicine. In this dissertation, I present the development of an injectable, in-situ forming, chitosan-based (CS) hydrogel technology to 1) “house” and prolong the delivery of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) for post-resection treatment of GBM and 2) promote osteogenic differentiation of cells for bone healing and regeneration. Motivated to overcome the limitations of stem cells-based therapies, we developed an injectable hydrogel technology that was biodegradable, cytocompatible, removable, and well tolerated when administered intracranially or intraosseously. The iNSC-laden CS hydrogel demonstrated prolonged persistence in vivo, extending the overall persistence for over 6 months. Additionally, efficacy studies showed increase in median overall survival by 2-fold in GBM bearing mice. The incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) significantly increased the mechanical properties of CS hydrogels and ultimately led to enhanced osteogenesis activity and bone extracellular matrix (ECM) formation over 21 days in vitro. Collectively, this work provides a framework for further development of cost-effective, translational injectable hydrogel technologies for cancer treatment and regenerative medicine that can provide a global impact and improve patient outcomes.
Determination of the Kerma in Biological Tissue with Gadolinium Irradiated by the Epithermal Neutron Beam in VVR–SM Reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan

The kerma in biological tissue with gadolinium under irradiation by epithermal neutrons in a special channel of the VVR-SM reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan is determined. The neutron kerma rate is found to be                                                                           $$ K_n^{\mathrm{b}.\mathrm{t}} $$                  = 1.35 · 10–4 Gy/sec for biological tissue and                                                                           $$ K_n^{\mathrm{Gd}} $$                  = 3.1 · 10–7 Gy/sec for 1 μg of natural gadolinium in 1 g of biological tissue.
One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022-2026) - Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment

Following the 27th Tripartite Annual Executive Meeting, the FAO Programme Committee in its 130th session, March 2021, requested the joint development, by the Tripartite (FAO/WHO/WOAH) and others, of a strategy and action plan to prevent future zoonotic pandemics through the One Health approach. The One Health Joint Plan of Action (OH JPA) is intended to guide the four organizations of the Quadripartite to work together on One Health with the aim of supporting their Members to build One Health capacities. It provides a framework for action and proposes a set of activities that the four organizations can offer together to enable countries to advance and scale up One Health in managing human, animal, plant and environment health threats. The framework uses a One Health approach to strengthen collaboration, communication, advocacy, and coordination equally across all sectors responsible for addressing health concerns at the human-animal-plant-environment interface.
Solar cycle dependence of the heliospheric shape deduced from a global MHD simulation of the interaction process between a nonuniform time‐dependent solar wind and the local interstellar medium

The global structure of the solar wind/very local interstellar medium interaction is studied from a fully three‐dimensional time‐dependent magnetohydrodynamic model, in which the solar wind speed increases from 400 to 800 km/s in going from the ecliptic to pole and the heliolatitude of the low‐high‐speed boundary changes from 30° to 80° in going from the solar minimum to solar maximum. In addition, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) changes its polarity at the solar maximum. As a whole, the shapes of the terminal shock (TS) and heliopause (HP) are elongated along the solar polar axis owing to a high solar wind ram pressure over the poles. In the ecliptic plane, the heliospheric structure changes little throughout a solar cycle. The TS in this plane shows a characteristic bullet‐shaped structure. In the polar plane, on the other hand, the shape of the TS exhibits many specific structures according to the stage of the solar cycle. These structures include the polygonal configuration of the polar TS seen around the solar minimum, the mesa‐ and terrace‐shaped TSs in the high‐ and low‐speed solar wind regions seen around the ascending phase, and the chimney‐shaped TS in the high‐speed solar wind region seen around the solar maximum. These structures are formed from different combinations of right‐angle shock, oblique shock, and steep oblique shock so as to transport the heliosheath plasma most efficiently toward the heliotail (HT). In the HT, the hot and weakly‐magnetized plasma from the high‐heliolatitude TS invades as far as the ecliptic plane. A weakly time‐dependent recirculation flow in the HT is a manifestation of invading flow. Distributions of magnetic field in the HT, which are a pile‐up of the compressed IMF over several solar cycles, are modified by the flow from high‐heliolatitude.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Multimodal Ultrasound in Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: Current Status and Prospects

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies, it has a poor prognosis due to its early asymptomatic stage. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical for improving survival rates. While ultrasound is essential in ovarian cancer detection, its effectiveness is limited by operator subjectivity. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), offer promising solutions for automated ultrasound image analysis, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and consistency. Multi-modal ultrasound provides comprehensive tumor insights. Combining AI with multi-modal ultrasound enables improved risk assessment, precise tumor classification, and individualized treatment planning. This review explores the applications, challenges, and prospects of integrating AI with multi-modal ultrasound, highlighting its potential to transform ovarian cancer diagnosis and advance precision medicine.
Integration of Text and Audio Features for Genre Classification in Music Information Retrieval

Multimedia content can be described in versatile ways as its essence is not limited to one view. For music data these multiple views could be a song's audio features as well as its lyrics. Both of these modalities have their advantages as text may be easier to search in and could cover more of the 'content semantics' of a song, while omitting other types of semantic categorisation. (Psycho) acoustic feature sets, on the other hand, provide the means to identify tracks that 'sound similar' while less supporting other kinds of semantic categorisation. Those discerning characteristics of different feature sets meet users' differing information needs. We will explain the nature of text and audio feature sets which describe the same audio tracks. Moreover, we will propose the use of textual data on top of low level audio features for music genre classification. Further, we will show the impact of different combinations of audio features and textual features based on content words.
Development and Evaluation of a Natural Language Processing Annotation Tool (NAT) to Facilitate Phenotyping of Cognitive Status in Electronic Health Records

AbstractBackgroundElectronic Health Records (EHR) with large sample sizes and rich information offer great potential for dementia research, but current methods of phenotyping cognitive status are either not scalable or suffer from inaccuracies. Our objective is to evaluate whether deep learning Natural Language Processing (NLP)‐powered semi‐automated annotation can improve the speed and reliability of chart reviews for phenotyping cognitive status.MethodIn this study we developed and evaluated a semi‐automated NLP‐powered annotation tool (NAT) to facilitate phenotyping of cognitive status. Clinical experts adjudicated the cognitive status of 627 patients at Mass General Brigham (MGB) Healthcare using NAT or traditional chart reviews. Patient charts contained EHR data from two datasets: (1) Records from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018 for 100 Medicare beneficiaries from the MGB Accountable Care Organization (ACO), and (2) Records from 2‐years pre‐COVID diagnosis to the date of COVID diagnosis for 527 MGB patients. All EHR data from the relevant period were extracted; diagnosis codes, medications, and laboratory test values were processed and summarized. Clinical notes were processed through a deep learning NLP algorithm and a web tool was developed to present an integrated view of all data. Cognitive status was rated as cognitively normal, cognitively impaired, or undetermined. Assessment time and interrater agreement of NAT compared to manual chart reviews for cognitive status phenotyping was evaluated.ResultNAT adjudication provided higher interrater agreement (Cohen k = 0.89 vs. k = 0.80) and significant speed up (time difference mean [SD]: 1.4 [1.3] minutes, P &lt; 0.001; ratio median [min, max]: 2.2 [0.4, 20]) over manual chart reviews. There was moderate agreement with manual chart reviews (Cohen k = 0.67). In the cases that exhibited disagreement with manual chart review, NAT adjudication was able to produce assessments that had broader clinical consensus due to its integrated view of highlighted relevant information and semi‐automated NLP features.ConclusionNAT adjudication improves the speed and reliability for phenotyping cognitive status compared to manual chart reviews. This study underscores the potential of an NLP‐based clinically adjudicated method to build large‐scale dementia research cohorts from EHR.
Sampling implicit surfaces based on stochastic differential equations with converging constraint

Abstract   We propose a new stochastic sampling method for implicit surfaces based on an Ito-type stochastic differential equation with the converging constraint. The equation can realize a stationary state in which the probability distribution becomes uniform over the whole area of a constraint surface. A hypothetical stochastic particle described by the equation performs Brownian motion, i.e. random walk, being confined on a constraint surface, i.e. an implicit surface. Therefore its trajectory gives us sample points on it. The stochastic sampling method is fast and widely applicable to implicit surfaces defined with twice differentiable constraint functions. It is applicable to non-polynomial surfaces and surfaces with branches, too. It does not require an initial sample point on a sampled surface to start sampling. It works well with a single-particle system without necessity of introducing interaction between particles. It also has advantageous features at the rendering stage.
Diffusion, Drifts, and Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Heliosphere

Abstract   The role of particle drifts in the heliospheric transport of cosmic rays is reviewed. The basic transport-theory is outlined, the most profound effects of drifts are interpreted. Experimental material seems to be in favour of the drift concept. A new, more advanced 3-D model incorporating a non-uniform solar wind speed, rising away from the wavy neutral sheet is introduced and some preliminary results are presented. Among others, the model correctly predicts the negative latitudinal gradient of cosmic ray intensity that appeared during the last solar minimum, and disappeared as the tilt angle of the sheet increased. Also, radial gradients predicted for the two polarity cycles become closer to each other. Possible modulation effects beyond the solar wind termination shock are discussed. Preliminary results suggest that, at lower energies, a substantial part of modulation may occur beyond the shock.