ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Illustrating the Concepts of Entropy, Free Energy, and Thermodynamic Equilibrium with a Lattice Model

In this article, we use a simple lattice model to illustrate the concepts of entropy, free energy, and thermodynamic equilibrium from a microscopic perspective. These physical concepts are based on elementary knowledge of discrete probability distribution and weighted average. Calculations about this model involve basic algebra and counting, which shall help students gain important insights from a concrete example. More advanced mathematics is needed to fully understand some detailed derivations that can serve as optional teaching materials for the topic.
Modeling Terrorism Risk to the Air Transportation System: An Independent Assessment of TSA’s Risk Management Analysis Tool and Associated Methods

RAND evaluated a terrorism risk modeling tool developed by the Transportation Security Administration and Boeing to help guide program planning for aviation security. This tool—the Risk Management Analysis Tool, or RMAT—is used by TSA to estimate the terrorism risk-reduction benefits attributable to new and existing security programs, technologies, and procedures.
On the impact of the choice of the evapotranspiration equation in a crop model : climate data error propagation and climate change impact projection

As it enables the understanding and the quantification of the transfer of water in ecosystems and from ecosystems to the atmosphere, evapotranspiration is a key component to assess climate impact on hydrology and agriculture. In crop models, the estimation of the evapotranspiration rate requires first calculating potential or reference evapotranspiration from climate data. To compute reference evapotranspiration different formulas requiring more or less climate data are used. The choice of the formulation of this key process is very likely to have an impact on calculated crop yield. The FAO recommends using the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation if all the climate data required for this equation are available and using Hargreaves (H) equation when climate data, especially net radiation, are missing. The Priestley-Taylor equation is also widely used in crop models. Which of these equations is the most accurate when all the climate data required are available but contain errors ? Does the choice of the evapotranspiration equation have an impact on crop yield projection in a context of climate change ? Does the use of some equations induce more pessimistic crop yield projection ? We studied the impact of the reference evapotranspiration equations on simulated crop yield using climate data with errors. 4 equations (PM, H and 2 versions of the Priestley-Taylor equation - PT) were tested simulating pearl millet over 12 stations in Senegal. In this case, we found that the use of a PT equation may introduce a percent mean bias error of more than -35% on simulated crop yield while it is limited to 2% when using the H equation. The influence of the evapotranspiration equation on the quantification of climate change impact on crop yield is examined applying the AgMIP C3MP protocol over the 12 stations in Senegal then analyzing ISI-AgMIP GGCM Intercomparison fast-track project outputs over the world. Our preliminary results show that crop yields computed using a PT equation are more sensitive (crop yield reduced by 31% on average) to temperature change than PM and H (-23%) equations and this for each of the 12 stations considered in Senegal.
Synthesis of the common-law accusatorial and the continental mixed criminal procedural justice system: The example of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Part 1.

In this paper, the author analyses criminal procedural rules created as an expression of the synthesis of the common-law accusatorial and the continental mixed criminal procedural justice system in International Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The field of analytical treatment in this paper is limited not only to textual material of criminal procedural rules, but the author also attempts to demonstrate the practical achievements and implications of criminal procedural institutes. In Part 1 (published in this issue) the author deals with the general concept of the ICTY procedural law. More specifically, the research will focus on sources of procedural law and it follows the different pre-trial procedural stages. Furthermore, the reasons of these synthesis are revealed and categorized into those caused by the practical need - to make the process faster and more efficient (justified by the right to an expeditious trial), and those originating from the flexible adaptation of procedural rules to the legal habits and type of education of lawyers who are referred to the application of the rules. The aim of the paper is to point out the practical consequences of the criminal procedure roles and to outline their practical achievements, depending on the underlying factors. This goal is of great practical importance, considering that legal theory in this area has no influence on establishing criminal procedural rules, but it is also out of step with the critical analysis of some criminal procedural law institutes that are gradually being transferred from the ICTY to other international or national criminal procedure rules. The selected issue has been fairly neglected in our literature, although actualized in recent amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure of Serbia. By these changes, the continental type of mixed system of criminal procedure has been replaced by the model inspired by Anglo-American criminal procedural law.
The Principle of Legality vs. Digital Sentencing Innovation: The Dialectics of Revocation of Internet Access Rights as a Criminal Penalty in Cybercrime Cases

The evolution of increasingly sophisticated cybercrimes, such as revenge porn, has triggered a paradigmatic tension within the Indonesian criminal justice system between the need for sentencing innovation and absolute adherence to the principle of legality. This research aims to analyze disparities in legal paradigms across court levels, examine the juridical qualification of the penalty for the digital restriction order, and examine the constitutional implications of the cyber norm vacuum. Through prescriptive doctrinal legal research, this study dissects Decision Number 6069 K/Pid.Sus/2023, which affirms Decision Number 96/Pid.Sus/2023/PT BTN regarding the annulment of the additional penalty of revocation of internet access rights in Decision Number 71/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Pdl. The research results indicate that such annulment constitutes an affirmation of legal positivism, rejecting judicial activism, even though, sociologically, this penalty is crucial for preventing recidivism. Juridically, this penalty lacks a basis of legitimacy in the EIT Law, the Old Penal Code, or the New Penal Code, thereby creating a legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) that harms victims. The research concludes that formal adherence to the principle of nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege without accompanying legal reform has injured substantive justice. Therefore, it is recommended that legislators immediately undertake legislative modernization by adopting digital rights restriction penalties as a constitutional sentencing instrument to ensure the justice system’s responsiveness in tackling crime in the era of technological disruption.
Integrated Database of Force-Field Parameters, Experimental Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

ABSTRACT                 Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation is a vital theoretical tool for exploring nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), proteins and other (bio)molecular systems, generating vast amounts of data daily. Efficient storage and possible reuse of this data is a persistent challenge. Here, we introduce IDA (Integrated DAtabase of force fields and datasets from experiments and MD simulations), an innovative database scheme for datasets from various types of MD simulations. IDA supports outputs from different MD approaches, i.e., standard MD simulations, importance sampling techniques, simulated annealing, and other enhanced sampling methods including replica-exchange simulations. IDA also houses a collection of molecule-specific force fields (FFs) and experimental datasets. Uploaded MD outputs, FFs, and experimental data are integrated in a standardized format, allowing efficient data mining and extraction of valuable insights from the extensive data generated by diverse MD simulations. With the data and metadata holdings of IDA, and the prospective assignment of persistent identifiers, our work aims to make key steps towards making MD data FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable).
Synthesis of an Equivalent π-model of Two-winding Transformer and Resonance Frequency Estimation Using Lumped Circuit Parameters

In literature, experiment based methods are met, which postulates circuit behavior of a two-winding transformer using empirical formulae based on impedance measurement and parameter extraction. Alternately in this paper, an equivalent π-model of a two-winding transformer is derived using circuit synthesis method. Individual branch impedances of π-model are expressed using the lumped circuit parameters, which conserve the intertwined effects among the transformer parasitics over a wide frequency range. Proposed π-model permits to find the open-circuit and short-circuit impedances of transformer and forecast its parallel and serial resonance frequencies. Any anomaly, e.g. close proximity of the resonance and switching frequencies, can be avoided prior to transformer prototyping, saving time, effort and cost. Accuracy of the proposed π-model is verified with the help of an exact circuit of a two-winding transformer, modeled in MATLAB. Performance of the equivalent π-model is further validated experimentally using frequency response analysis (FRA) of a 1.5 kW, 200/100 V, 15 kHz, EE8020×2 ferrite core transformer. Close agreement is noted among analytical, simulation and experimental results, which substantiates accuracy of the proposed π-model and its utility for transformer designs at medium/high frequency.
AI-enabled Application Performance Monitoring (APM)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) enhances Application Performance Monitoring (APM) by automating performance metric analysis, detecting abnormalities, and identifying root causes. This paper highlights key capabilities of AI-enabled APM tools, such as Dynatrace, New Relic, and Splunk APM, including predictive maintenance, anomaly detection, and user experience optimization, emphasizing their impact on modern application management. The integration of AI in APM systems has redefined application management processes by providing actionable insights, enhancing scalability, and ensuring uninterrupted service delivery. Additionally, this paper explores the emerging trends in AI-powered APM and how they can reshape future technologies.
The cosmic microwave background power spectrum out to  = 1400 measured by the Very Small Array

We have observed the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in three regions of sky using the Very Small Array (VSA) in an extended configuration with antennas of beamwidth 2° at 34 GHz. Combined with data from previous VSA observations using a more compact array with larger beamwidth, we measure the power spectrum of the primordial CMB anisotropies between angular multipoles ℓ = 160 and 1400. Such measurements at high ℓ are vital for breaking degeneracies in parameter estimation from the CMB power spectrum and other cosmological data. The power spectrum clearly resolves the first three acoustic peaks, shows the expected fall-off in power at high ℓ and starts to constrain the position and height of a fourth peak.
The role of biotechnology in ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture

Food security and sustainable agriculture have become a burning issues in the national discuss at all levels of government as plans are being made for a changing global climate and increasing global population. One of the most important environmental challenges facing the developing world is how to meet current food needs without undermining the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Agricultural production must be sufficient to feed us now and in the future. Evidently, the current state of agricultural technology will not suffice to meet the production challenges ahead. Innovative technologies have to be exploited in order to enable sufficient food availability in the future. In the current practice of modern agriculture which relies on high inputs such as fuel-powered tractors, chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides, deploying a smart mix of farming techniques using genetic engineering of biotechnology and integrating same into the traditional smallholders farming systemoffer a bright prospect of meeting the growing demand for food by improving both yield and nutritional quality of crops and reducing the impact on the environment.Keywords: Biotechnology, food security, sustainable agriculture, developing countries, technology integration, population growth
Fault tree analysis considering sequence dependence and repairable input events

PurposeThis paper aims to present two methods for calculating the steady state probability of a repairable fault tree with priority AND gates and repeated basic events when the minimal cut sets are given.Design/methodology/approachThe authors consider a situation that the occurrence of an operational demand and its disappearance occur alternately. We assume that both the occurrence and the restoration of the basic event are statistically independent and exponentially distributed. Here, restoration means the disappearance of the occurring event as a result of a restoration action. First, we obtain the steady state probability of an output event of a single‐priority AND gate by Markov analysis. Then, we propose two methods of obtaining the top event probability based on an Inclusion‐Exclusion method and by considering the sum of disjoint probabilities.FindingsThe closed form expression of steady state probability of a priority AND gate is derived. The proposed methods for obtaining the top event probability are compared numerically with conventional Markov analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to verify the effectiveness. The result shows the effectiveness of the authors’ methods.Originality/valueThe methodology presented shows a new solution for calculating the top event probability of repairable dynamic fault trees.
Indigenous Peoples Rights to Land in India and Europe

The evolution of human rights norms relating to indigenous peoples (IPs) land rights coincides with the ascendence of land-intensive development paradigms across the globe, throwing historical conflicts between States and IPs over land and resource sovereignty into sharp relief. As States assert their overall sovereignty over territorial resources to determine their allocation for developmental priorities, they do so through the nullification of indigenous governance and ownership of land, and the transformation of the underlying ethos of their use. As domestic constitutional arrangements have come under increasing strain, IPs have turned towards international human rights not only to regulate State conduct but also to challenge its monopoly over determination of developmental priorities, particularly through the right to self-determination. A comparative reading of different human rights systems enables progressive articulations of the form and content of IP land rights and the extent of State obligation in light of the adoption of the UNDRIP in 2007. This paper turns to a comparative analysis of rights recognition and State obligation in Europe and India, as two regional human rights systems that emerged contemporaneously, governing sovereign States with IPs within their territories, and based on liberal democratic constitutional frameworks with a commitment to human rights. The first section identifies a framework within which the European and Indian human rights systems may be compared. The second and third sections analyse the form and content of rights recognition and State obligation in Europe and India, through textual guarantees and case studies of the ECtHR decision in Handolsdalen Sami village and others v. Sweden, and the Supreme Court of India in the Niyamgiri decision. The concluding section serves to identify opportunities for normative borrowing for a fuller recognition of IP land rights in both Europe and India, and the manner in which State and IP relations on land and resource sovereignty may be reconfigured.
Risk, trust and place: a mixed methods investigation into\ud community perceptions of a nearby nuclear\ud power station

Recent UK government policy advocates the expansion of nuclear power, and indicated that any new nuclear power stations will be built mostly at existing 'nuclear' sites where it is apparently assumed that broad community acceptance will be encountered. This thesis investigated community perceptions of an existing nearby nuclear power station at three locations, through a mixed-methods design incorporating a Q-Method study (n=84) and a household study (n=1,327), and with additional reference to an existing qualitative dataset. The thesis aimed to provide a detailed description of how such communities live with nuclear power. Specifically, it investigated (a) the main community points of view on the nearby nuclear power station; (b) the dimensionality of trust between communities and the power station; (c) the associations between risk perceptions, trust, sense of place, and residential proximity to the power station, and (d) the factors associated with community support for new nuclear build in the nearby area.\ud Four points of view were identified. These were broadly consistent across study locations but also reflected some site-specific concerns. The dimensionality of trust between the nuclear power station and nearby communities was found to comprise separate Affective and Cognitive components. It was concluded, however, that the primary influences, both on public perceptions of the risks associated with the existing nuclear power station, and on community attitudes towards the building of a new one, were related to perceptions of place.\ud This thesis provides a contemporary insight into some of the ways that communities live in close proximity to a nuclear power station. Its theoretical and applied implications are discussed in the context of psychological theory and recent UK energy policy.
Industrial Preeminence of 3D Printing Process in the Expanseof Additive Manufacturing Process

Digital fabrication technology, additionally referred to as 3D printing or additive manufacturing, creates bodily objects from a geometrical illustration with the aid of successive addition of materials. 3D printing technological know-how is a fast-emerging technology. Nowadays, 3D Printing is broadly used in the world. 3D printing science is increasingly more used for the mass customization, manufacturing of any types of open supply designs in the area of agriculture, in healthcare, car industry, locomotive enterprise and aviation industries. 3D printing science can print an object layer by means of layer deposition of cloth at once from a laptop aided graph (CAD) model. This paper gives the overview of the sorts of 3D printing technologies, the utility of 3D printing technological know-how and lastly,technology can print an object layer by using layer deposition of fabric directly.
Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy: A Promising Future for Sustainable Power Generation

The increasing global demand for electrical energy has led to a renewed interest in fusion research over the past couple of decades. As the world seeks environment-friendly and sustainable energy sources, fusion energy stands out as a potential solution to meet the ever-growing energy needs. Plasma physics and fusion energy research have gained significant momentum as potential solutions to address the ever-increasing global energy demand while mitigating environmental concerns. Fusion energy, mimicking the energy production mechanism of stars, holds immense promise as a safe, clean, and virtually limitless source of power. This research article provides an overview of plasma physics, explores the principles of fusion energy, and highlights the current advancements and challenges in this field. This research utilized a qualitative approach, incorporating a comprehensive literature review and data collection from scientific publications and databases. The findings were analyzed, synthesized, and interpreted, providing insights into the current state of plasma physics and fusion energy, including technological advancements, challenges, and future directions. It emphasizes the importance of continued research and development to unlock the full potential of fusion energy and pave the way toward a sustainable future.
Young People's (16 – 26-year-old) Awareness and Perspectives towards sexual and reproductive health and rights: A cross-sectional study

Background: As of 2020, 28 percent of Jordan's population was between the ages of 16 and 30, with Jordanians and Syrians accounting for the majority of the youth population. Nevertheless, the transition to adulthood is getting more complex, especially in meeting their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) needs. Unfortunately, there is still limited data on how youth perceive these challenges and needs. Objective: This study aimed to address SRHR needs and related topics such as gender-based violence among the Jordanian youth. Method: This is a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of Jordanian adolescents (16 to 26- yearold). Data were collected via a google form filled out physically by the participants. Results: 209 people completed the survey, with 107 (51.2) female respondents. The age ranged from 18 – 26 with a median of 22. The majority were Jordanians 178 (85.2), others were Syrians 28 (13.2), Palestinians 2 (1), and Iraqi 1 (0.5). Most of the respondents are currently studying in college 138 (66). Moreover, 60 out of 209 do not know what we mean by reproductive and sexual health, while 48 (23) think it is sexual satisfaction and safety. Regarding the item that asks about the importance of spreading awareness regarding reproductive and sexual health, 58 (27.8) participants answered that it raises awareness about family  planning and reduces the risks of unintended pregnancies. At the same time, 44 (21.1) respondents think it is vital to break the barrier of shame and harmful traditions about these topics (to fight the culture of shame). The most common three family planning methods were condoms, Intrauterine devices (IUDs), contraceptive pills, hormonal patches, or contraceptive injections 117 (56). The most common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) prevention methods were using condoms 62 (29.7) and staying away from illegal, random relationships, multiple partners, and homosexuality 19 (9.1). 197 (94.3) think society needs to raise awareness of this issue. Conclusion: We found that the majority of abducents in Jordan do not have enough knowledge regarding sexual and reproductive health issues. Therefore, we recommend the government and the NGOs initiate awareness campaigns to raise awareness and help fight the culture of shame. Keywords: sexual reproductive health, Jordan, gender, Sexual and reproductive health and rights, Young people