ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Recklessness, Intent, and War Crimes: Refining the Legal Standard and Clarifying the Role of International Criminal Tribunals as a Source of Customary International Law

This Article explores the substantive and procedural aspects of the assertion that recklessness is included on the spectrum of mens rea for war crimes as a matter of customary international law. The substantive aspect of the inquiry, in Part I, engages in a critical assessment of the assertion that the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals indicates that recklessness is sufficient to support a war crimes prosecution in general. The procedural aspect, in Part II, contests the prevailing “principal-agent” construct of describing the relationship between states and international criminal tribunals and the resulting role of tribunals in establishing customary international law. After rejecting the prevailing construct, the Article introduces the “designate and extend” model to clarify the relationship between states and international criminal tribunals.     The substantive inquiry in Part I demonstrates that the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals does indicate that recklessness is included on the mens rea spectrum for war crimes, but only in specific, limited conditions. The procedural inquiry in Part II, while applying the new designate and extend model, confirms the role of decisions by international criminal tribunals as a subsidiary — rather than primary — source of customary international law. The substantive aspect of the inquiry addresses the specific issue of the spectrum of mens rea for war crimes in order to refine the existing legal standard, while the procedural aspect adopts a broader approach to clarify the general relationship between states and international criminal tribunals. Both inquires address unsettled issues that are central to the theory and practice of public international law.
Deep Grading Based on Collective Artificial Intelligence for AD Diagnosis and Prognosis

arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2206.03247
Epigenetics: Beyond Chromatin Modifications and Complex Genetic Regulation

Chromatin modifications and epigenetics may play important roles in many plant processes, including developmental regulation, responses to environmental stimuli, and local adaptation. Chromatin modifications describe biochemical changes to chromatin state, such as alterations in the specific type or placement of histones, modifications of DNA or histones, or changes in the specific proteins or RNAs that associate with a genomic region. The term epigenetic is often used to describe a variety of unexpected patterns of gene regulation or inheritance. Here, we specifically define epigenetics to include the key aspects of heritability (stable transmission of gene expression states through mitotic or meiotic cell divisions) and independence from DNA sequence changes. We argue against generically equating chromatin and epigenetics; although many examples of epigenetics involve chromatin changes, those chromatin changes are not always heritable or may be influenced by genetic changes. Careful use of the terms chromatin modifications and epigenetics can help separate the biochemical mechanisms of regulation from the inheritance patterns of altered chromatin states. Here, we also highlight examples in which chromatin modifications and epigenetics affect important plant processes.
Neutron-physical calculations and experiments on a reactor in the first nuclear power plant built in the world

Methods for performing neutron-physical calculations of a reactor and the experiments performed during physical startup and subsequent operation are described. Starting with the simplest one-dimensional calculations during the reactor design process, the operation of the reactor is completed with three-dimensional calculations taking account of the heterogeneous structure of the core. Among the experiments investigations of the effect of water entering the graphite masonry during an accident with the fuel assemblies on the reactivity should be singled out. The method of partial fuel reloading, making it possible to decrease fuel-assembly burnout, has been implemented for the first time for the AM reactor.
Severe Vesico-ureteral Reflux and Urine Sequestration: Mathematical Relations and Urodynamic Consequences

Some simple mathematical formulae to calculate the volumes of proximal pyeloureteral reflexive systems are presented, and the results are compared to bladder capacity values. Using the results of the calculi, the author discusses possible implications of severe urinary sequestration in the pyeloureteral systems. Using geometrical and topological approximations we calculate the volumes of ureters and renal pelvises, applying in vivo measurements obtained from conventional ultrasound, retrograde cystourethrograms and topographic anatomic references. Approximations use 2 decimals and assumed $π$ value was 3.14. Ureteral and pyelic volumes are calculated, respectively, from the mathematical formula for the cylinder and cone volumes. Dolicomegaureter are compensated using proportional calculi. Bladder volumes are estimated from conventional formulae. Proximal urinary sequestration is compared between infants and older children with VUR. Mechanisms of direct induction of bladder urodynamic failure from VUR are suggested. Sequestration of urine in the ureter and renal pelvis can be estimated from mathematical formulae in patients with VUR. The values used derive from ultrasound examinations, CUM and topographical anatomical references. Primary VUR can determine urodynamic problems. Urine sequestration in the proximal urinary system is worse in infants than in older children.
Epigenetic Regulation of Skin Development and Postnatal Homeostasis The role of chromatin architectural protein Ctcf in the control of Keratinocyte Differentiation and Epidermal Barrier Formation

Epigenetic regulatory mechanisms play important roles in the control of lineage-specific differentiation during development. However, mechanisms that regulate higher-order chromatin remodelling and transcription of keratinocyte-specific genes that are clustered in the genome into three distinct loci (Keratin type I/II loci and Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC) during differentiation of the epidermis are poorly understood. By using 3D-Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), we determined that in the epidermal keratinocytes, the KtyII and EDC loci are located closely to each other in the nuclear compartment enriched by the nuclear speckles. However, in KtyII locus knockout mice, EDC locus moved away from the KtyII locus flanking regions and nuclear speckles towards the nuclear periphery, which is associated with marked changes in gene expression described previously. Chromatin architectural protein Ctcf has previously been implicated in the control of long-range enhancer-promoter contacts and inter-chromosomal interactions. Ctcf is broadly expressed in the skin including epidermal keratinocytes and hair follicles. Conditional Keratin 14-driven Ctcf ablation in mice results in the increase of the epidermal thickness, proliferation, alterations of the epidermal barrier and the development of epidermal pro-inflammatory response. Epidermal barrier defects in Krt14CreER/Ctcf fl/fl mice are associated with marked changes in gene expression in the EDC and KtyII loci, which become topologically segregated in the nucleus upon Ctcf ablation. Therefore, these data suggest that Ctcf serves as critical determinant regulating higher-order chromatin organization in lineage-specific gene loci in epidermal keratinocytes, which is required for the proper control of gene expression, maintenance of the epidermal barrier and its function.
Application of integer programming on logistics solution for load transportation: the solver tool and its limitations in the search for the optimal solution

This work tries to solve a typical logistics problem of Navy of Brazil regards the allocation, transportation and distribution of genera refrigerated for Military Organizations within Grande Rio (RJ). After a brief review of literature on Linear/Integer Programming and some of their applications, we proposed the use of Integer Programming, using the Excel’s Solver as a tool for obtaining the optimal load configuration for the fleet, obtaining the lower distribution costs in order to meet the demand schedule. The assumptions were met in a first attempt with a single spreadsheet, but it could not find a convergent solution, without degeneration problems and with a reasonable solution time. A second solution was proposed separating the problem into three phases, which allowed us to highlight the potential and limitations of the Solver tool. This study showed the importance of formulating a realistic model and of a detailed critical analysis, which could be seen through the lack of convergence of the first solution and the success achieved by the second one.
Ensuring Transport Security; Features of Legal Regulation

The article analyzes the legal framework regulating the legal provision of transport security in Russia. Special attention is paid to the role of prosecutor's supervision in the field of prevention of crimes in transport.
Investigating the process of ethical approval in citizen science research: the case of Public Health

Undertaking citizen science research in Public Health involving human subjects poses significant challenges concerning the traditional process of ethical approval. It requires an extension of the ethics of protection of research subjects in order to include the empowerment of citizens as citizen scientists. This paper investigates these challenges and illustrates the ethical framework and the strategies developed within the CitieS-Health project. It also proposes first recommendations generated from the experiences of five citizen science pilot studies in environmental epidemiology within this project.
Geochemistry and Ore Genesis of the Huoyanshan Cu-Zn Polymetallic Deposit, North Qilian Orogenic Belt, China: Constraints from Trace Element Compositions and Sulfur Isotopes

The Huoyanshan Cu-Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, located in the North Qilian Orogenic Belt, China, is of significant economic importance. This study provides new constraints on the ore-forming processes through high-resolution in situ trace element and sulfur isotope analyses of pyrite and sphalerite using LA-(MC)-ICP-MS. Petrographic and geochemical investigations identified three distinct generations of pyrite (Py l to Py III). Early-stage Py I and Py II are characterized by high trace element contents (Au, As, Bi, Cu, Pb), elevated Co/Ni ratios (&gt;1–10), and enriched δ34S values (+4.98‰ to +7.47‰). These signatures indicate precipitation from high-temperature, reduced magmatic–hydrothermal fluids influenced by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). Late-stage Py IIl exhibits markedly lower Co/Ni ratios (&lt;0.1) and lighter δ34S values (+3.72‰ to 3.89‰). This geochemical shift reflects a transition toward a cooler, more oxidized environment driven by the incursion and mixing of ambient seawater as the hydrothermal system waned. Trace element geochemistry of sphalerite reveals an average crystallization temperature of 265.8 °C (derived from the “GGIMFis” geothermometer), consistent with fluid inclusion data and representing a thermal “snapshot” of the waning hydrothermal stage. Systematic discriminant analysis using Ga/In, Ge/In, and Co-Ni-As systematics further confirms a strong magmatic–hydrothermal affiliation.
The Legality and Legitimacy of Using Armed Force for the Protection of Strangers: From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect

The ceaseless State-made humanitarian atrocities in the past decades toll the bell for the whole international community to take a responsibility. The traditional doctrine of humanitarian intervention encourages States or States groups to use armed force in a foreign territory for the protection of civilians of the targeted State. This doctrine has lived through a long history of international relations, from an age when States-resorting-to-war was legal to the time when the use of force is generally prohibited by international law. The legality of humanitarian intervention is quite controversial under the modern international law since 1945. On the one hand, the UN Charter lays down strict rules of lawful use of force; on the other hand, State practice of humanitarian intervention in the new era always lead to intense debate about whether humanitarian considerations can serve as a justification for military intervention in a sovereign State. However, hardly there is a universal consensus among States and scholars on this question. After the Cold War, a new form of humanitarian intervention, authorized by the UN Security Council, comes into the cause of international society, which is generally recognized as a lawful use of force. In the beginning of the new millennium, the emerging concept of Responsibility to Protect, which inherits the core spirit of humanitarian intervention—using armed force for the protection of strangers, has been quickly recognized by most States. This paper is going to assess the legality of humanitarian intervention by examine both the treaty laws and customary international law. Also, it attempts to address the legitimacy issue of using armed force for the protection of strangers without the Security Council authorization, by going through the changing position of the major States in this regard, especially those which always against.
Molecular dynamics simulations of a DMSO/water mixture using the AMBER force field

Due to its protective properties of biological samples at low temperatures and under desiccation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in aqueous solutions has been studied widely by many experimental approaches and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the case of the latter, AMBER is among the most commonly used force fields for simulations of biomolecular systems; however, the parameters for DMSO published by Fox and Kollman in 1998 have only been tested for pure liquid DMSO. We have conducted an MD simulation study of DMSO in a water mixture and computed several structural and dynamical properties such as of the mean density, self-diffusion coefficient, hydrogen bonding and DMSO and water ordering. The AMBER force field of DMSO is seen to reproduce well most of the experimental properties of DMSO in water, with the mixture displaying strong and specific water ordering, as observed in experiments and multiple other MD simulations with other non-polarizable force fields. Graphical abstract Hydration structure within hydrogen-bonding distance around a DMSOmolecule.
Projection of Climate Changes in Yazd Province in both the Near and Distant Future using SDSM Linear Multiple Model

In recent decades, the increase in temperature has caused widespread climate change all over the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and Yazd province. The purpose of this study is to project climate change in Yazd province using the CanESM2 model and new emission scenarios (RCP) during 2021-2050 (near future) and 2051-2080 (distant future) and to study the trend of changes in the baseline period using the Mann-Kendall test. The statistical indices of R2, RMSE, and NSE were used to evaluate the performance of the CanESM2 model. According to the results, the model had an appropriate performance for projecting precipitation and temperature in the future period and was classified into good and very good classes in terms of capability. Investigating the trend of the annual change of temperature and precipitation in the baseline period showed that the temperature had an increasing trend under most scenarios and stations, while the trend of the change of precipitation was no significant. The results of temperature changes in Yazd province indicated an increase of 2.2, 1.2, and 2.5 °C during 2021-2050 and 2.28, 3.19, and 4.77°C during 2051-2080 under RCP2, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Changes in precipitation in Yazad province during the winter season showed a decrease in precipitation by 32, 26, and 34% during 2021-2050 and by 32, 32, and 5% during 2051-2080 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively.
The Effect of Hole Ice on the Propagation and Detection of Light in IceCube

IceCube is a neutrino observatory at Earth's South Pole that uses glacial ice as detector medium. Secondary particles from neutrino interactions produce Cherenkov light, which is detected by an array of photo detectors deployed within the ice. In distinction from the glacial bulk ice, hole ice is the refrozen water in the drill holes around the detector modules, and is expected to have different optical properties than the bulk ice. Aiming to improve detector precision, this study presents a new method to simulate the propagation of light through the hole ice, introducing several new calibration parameters. The validity of the method is supported by a series of statistical cross checks, and by comparison to measurement and simulation results from other calibration studies. Evaluating calibration data indicates a strongly asymmetric shielding of the detector modules. A preliminary analysis suggests that this cannot be accounted for by the shadow of cables, but can be explained by hole ice with a suitable scattering length, size, and position relative to the detector modules. The hole-ice approximation, which is used in the standard simulation chain is found to disagree with all existing direct-propagation methods and should be recalculated with a new direct-simulation run.
The Integration of Protection, Restoration, and Adaptive Flow Redistribution in Building Resilient Networked Critical Infrastructures Against Intentional Attacks

It is paramount to ensure the resilience of networked critical infrastructures, which are vital for the economic development and our daily requirements but threatened by intentional attacks. For this purpose, their protection before and restoration after intentional attacks are of great significance. Moreover, in order to keep the prescribed demand continuously satisfied, postdisruption flow redistribution is also necessary. However, due to the severity of intentional attacks, certain components may need to be overloaded as a result of the redistribution and, thus, the network reliability is influenced. To minimize such influence, we first present a new metric of resilience to reflect the incurred reliability changes. Then, a trilevel optimization model integrating protection, restoration, and adaptive flow redistribution to maximize the network resilience is proposed. To deal with the complexity of the proposed problem, an evolutionary algorithm is employed with necessary adaption.
Corporate social responsibility reporting in accordance with the new EU legislation - Are Croatian hotel companies ready for it?

The purpose of this research is to point out the ability and willingness of Croatian hotel companies to accept the provisions of the new EU Directive 2014/95, focused on disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups in accordance with the corporate social responsibility principles. Member States shall be obliged to comply with the regulation from January 2017 and listed companies are required to publish such reports no later than December 2018. In this paper the research results on the possibilities of application of the new provisions on EU requirements of Croatian hotel companies are presented. The research results indicate the possibility of Croatian hotel companies to implement the sustainability reporting system in accordance with EU Directive, as well as the framework of Global Reporting Initiative, UN Global Compact, Eco Management and Audit Scheme, as well as with ISO and accounting standards. The research results show that hotel companies in Croatia have developed a satisfactory level of internal accounting and reporting, focused on management information needs for short- and long-term decision making. However, sustainability reporting system in accordance with EU Directive should be significantly improved.
Comments on “Quaternary landscape evolution and erosion rates for an intramontane Neogene basin (Guadix–Baza basin, SE Spain)” by J.V. Pérez-Peña, J.M. Azañón, A. Azor, P. Tuccimei, M. Della Seta, M. Soligo, (2009) Geomorphology 106, 206–218

Abstract   Perez-Pena et al. (2009) recently estimated erosion rates for an intramontane basin based on the age of the petrocalcic horizon developed in the uppermost basin fill surface. This new interpretation contradicts well-established and reliable evidence for the origin of the travertines deposited after this surface was cut by a new exorheic drainage system. We argue that their interpretations are incorrect and that they have ignored much of the previous dating and field geomorphological evidence. Morphological, sedimentary and chronological evidence indicate that the reported incision rates are incorrect.
RETRACTED: Data Quality Management and Risk Assessment of Dairy Farming with Feed Behaviour Analysis Using Big Data Analytics with YOLOv51 Algorithm

Abstract         The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Paired Image Generation with Diffusion-Guided Diffusion Models

The segmentation of mass lesions in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) images is very significant for the early screening of breast cancer. However, the high-density breast tissue often leads to high concealment of the mass lesions, which makes manual annotation difficult and time-consuming. As a result, there is a lack of annotated data for model training. Diffusion models are commonly used for data augmentation, but the existing methods face two challenges. First, due to the high concealment of lesions, it is difficult for the model to learn the features of the lesion area. This leads to the low generation quality of the lesion areas, thus limiting the quality of the generated images. Second, existing methods can only generate images and cannot generate corresponding annotations, which restricts the usability of the generated images in supervised training. In this work, we propose a paired image generation method. The method does not require external conditions and can achieve the generation of paired images by training an extra diffusion guider for the conditional diffusion model. During the experimental phase, we generated paired DBT slices and mass lesion masks. Then, we incorporated them into the supervised training process of the mass lesion segmentation task. The experimental results show that our method can improve the generation quality without external conditions. Moreover, it contributes to alleviating the shortage of annotated data, thus enhancing the performance of downstream tasks. The source code is available at https://github.com/zhanghx1320/PIG.
A Review of Multi-Modal Large Language and Vision Models

33 pages, 1 figure