ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Seeking Domestic Help: The Role of Domestic Criminal Law in Legitimizing the Work of International Criminal Tribunals

The article discusses the application of one particular tool international criminal tribunals may use in order to bolster their perceived legitimacy: consistent resort to domestic criminal law (DCL). Arguably, legitimacy concerns affect decisions by tribunals to invoke DCL, as well as the manner in which DCL is applied. After presenting a general analysis of the pros and cons of the utilization of DCL from a legitimacy perspective (a discussion informed by some of the literature on comparative law), and after introducing a typology of possible uses of DCL by international criminal tribunals, the article explores three case studies involving reliance on DCL or lack thereof: (1) The invocation of a common plan or conspiracy by the Nuremberg Tribunal and the subsequent treatment of the Joint Criminal Enterprise doctrine by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the International Criminal Court; (2) the incorporation of domestic sentencing standards in the case law of ICTY and ICTR; and (3) the decision by the Special Court for Sierra Leone not to utilize in its work domestic Sierra Leone criminal law (notwithstanding the authorization found in its Statute). Through a discussion of these cases, I try to speculate upon the tribunals’ motivations in employing DCL in the first place, and in selecting between different sources of DCL (particularly, in choosing the countries whose laws are to be consulted). On the basis of this discussion, I will attempt to map the different functions which the invocation of DCL may fulfil in the work of international criminal tribunals.
Untouchability, A Unique Form of Violation of Human Rights : A Study of Practice of Untouchability in the form of Manual Scavenging and Caste-based Discrimination in Higher Educational Institutions in India

““Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden in India. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law”1 declares the Constitution of India. The principles of equality and nondiscrimination are woven to the fabric of progressive domestic legislation in India and international human rights conventions. Several of those conventions prohibit discrimination based on birth, descent, and social origin. Despite India having ratified those conventions, and even after over 70 years of the adoption of the Constitution, which propounds the doctrine of equality, a significant section of the Indian populace are still subjected to discrimination arising by virtue of their birth in the lowered castes of the Hindu Social Order. They are subjugated, humiliated, marginalised, and segregated. Their lives are cut short. The types and forms of untouchability have changed over time. Yet, it remains one of the most heinous forms of caste discrimination, prevalent in both urban and rural milieus, practised by both literate and illiterate privileged castes and suffered by both literate and illiterate Dalits. To understand this unique violation of human rights, two practices are taken into consideration in this thesis from seemingly opposite ends of the spectrum; manual scavenging, experienced mostly by illiterate Dalits, and caste-based discrimination in higher educational institutions, experienced by the literate Dalits. With a help of an in-depth qualitative analysis, it is found that even in the 21st century, untouchability stands on a distinctly different footing and walks in parallel to the modern industrialised India.
Simulation-Based Testing of Autonomous Robotic Systems for Surgical Applications

Autonomous surgery involves surgical tasks performed by a robot with minimal or no human involvement. Thanks to its precise automation, surgical robotics offers significant benefits in enhancing the consistency, safety, and quality of procedures, driving its growing popularity. However, ensuring the safety of autonomous surgical robotic systems remains a significant challenge. To address this, we propose a simulation-based validation method to detect potential safety issues in the software of surgical robotic systems, complemented by a digital twin to estimate the gap between simulation and reality. The validation framework consists of a test case generator and a monitor for validating properties and evaluating the performance of the robotic system during test execution. Using a robotic arm for needle insertion as a case study, we present a systematic test case generation method that ensures effective coverage measurement for a three-dimensional, irregular model. Since no simulation can perfectly replicate reality due to differences in sensing and actuation, the digital twin bridges the gap between simulation and the physical robotic arm. This integration enables us to assess the discrepancy between virtual simulations and real-world operations by verifying whether the data from the simulation accurately predicts real-world outcomes. Through extensive experimentation, we identified several flaws in the robotic software. Co-simulation within the digital twin framework has highlighted these discrepancies that should be considered.
A study of the time-dependent modulation of galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere

Time-dependent cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere is studied by using a two-dimensional time dependent modulation model. To compute realistic cosmic ray modulation a compound approach is used, which combines the effect of the global changes in the heliospheric magnetic field magnitude and the current sheet tilt angle to establish realistic time dependent diffusion and drift coefficients. This approach is refined by scaling down drifts additionally (compared to diffusion) towards solar maximum. The amount of drifts needed in the model to realistically compute 2.5 GV proton and electron and 1.2GV electron and helium intensities, as measured by Ulysses from 1990 to 2004, is established. It is shown that the model produces the correct latitudinal gradients evident from the observations during both the Ulysses fast latitude scan periods. Also, much can be learned on the magnitude of perpendicular diffusion in the polar direction, K┴θ, especially for solar minimum conditions and for polarity cycles when particles drift in from the poles. For these periods K┴θ = 0.12K║ in the polar regions (with K║ the parallel diffusion coefficient)and K┴θ /K║ can vary between 0.01 to even 0.04 in the equatorial regions depending on the enhancement factor toward the poles. The model is also applied to compute radial gradients for 2.5 GV cosmic ray electrons and protons in the inner heliosphere. It is shown that, for solar minimum, and in the equatorial regions, the protons (electrons) have a radial gradient of 1.9 %/AU (2.9 %/AU), increasing for both species to a very fluctuating gradient varying between 3 to 4 %/AU at solar maximum. Furthermore, the model also computes realistic electron to proton and electron to helium ratios when compared to Ulysses observations, and charge-sign dependent modulation is predicted up to the next solar minimum expected in 2007. Lastly the model is also applied to model simultaneously galactic cosmic ray modulation at Earth and along the Voyager 1 trajectory, and results are compared with> 70 MeV count rates from Voyager 1 and IMP8. To produce realistic modulation, this model gives the magnitude of perpendicular diffusion in the radial direction as K┴r/K║= 0.035 and that the modulation boundary seemed to be situated between at 120 AU and 140 AU.
Evaluating the Impact of Anti-Corruption Policies on Revenue Transparency and Accountability in Nigeria’s Oil Sector

The oil sector is critical to Nigeria’s economy, accounting for the majority of its government revenue and foreign exchange earnings. However, it has long been plagued by systemic corruption, undermining its potential to drive equitable development. This study evaluates the impact of anti-corruption policies on revenue transparency and accountability in Nigeria’s oil sector. It explores key frameworks such as the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) and the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), along with international contributions like the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). By analyzing transparency tools, institutional roles, and the socio-economic effects of these measures, the research highlights both progress and persistent challenges. Findings indicate improvements in transparency mechanisms and stakeholder confidence, particularly in oil-producing regions, but emphasize the need for stronger enforcement and independence of oversight institutions. The study concludes with recommendations for closing policy gaps and aligning governance practices with international standards.
Precipitation extremes under climate change

The response of precipitation extremes to climate change is considered using results from theory, modeling, and observations, with a focus on the physical factors that control the response. Observations and simulations with climate models show that precipitation extremes intensify in response to a warming climate. However, the sensitivity of precipitation extremes to warming remains uncertain when convection is important, and it may be higher in the tropics than the extratropics. Several physical contributions govern the response of precipitation extremes. The thermodynamic contribution is robust and well understood, but theoretical understanding of the microphysical and dynamical contributions is still being developed. Orographic precipitation extremes and snowfall extremes respond differently from other precipitation extremes and require particular attention. Outstanding research challenges include the influence of mesoscale convective organization, the dependence on the duration considered, and the need to better constrain the sensitivity of tropical precipitation extremes to warming.
Qubit Error Correction in Quantum Computing Simulations: Do Larger Repetition Codes Reduce Logical Errors?

Abstract                 Quantum computers are powerful tools for certain computational problems, but their fragile quantum states are easily disrupted by environmental noise, causing errors that degrade computational accuracy. Quantum error correction (QEC) addresses this challenge by encoding one logical qubit across multiple physical qubits, so that individual errors can be identified and reversed through redundancy. We used Qiskit Aer, a free open-source quantum circuit simulator, to test the repetition code, one of the simplest QEC methods, under three types of noise: bit-flip, phase-flip, and depolarizing. We compared an unprotected single-qubit baseline (n = 1) to 3-qubit (n = 3) and 5-qubit (n = 5) repetition codes, sweeping the physical error rate p from 0 to 0.15 with 4,000 simulation shots per data point. We hypothesized that larger codes would achieve higher logical success probabilities at all tested noise levels, with n = 5 outperforming n = 3, which would outperform the unprotected baseline. Our results confirmed this scaling trend across all three noise types. At p = 0.10 under bit-flip noise, the baseline achieved 0.713 logical success, while n = 3 reached 0.791 and n = 5 reached 0.843. At low noise (p = 0.02), the n = 5 code approached 0.994 logical success. Simulation results closely matched exact theoretical predictions derived from the binomial failure probability formula, validating our experimental implementation. These findings confirm that even the simplest QEC methods provide meaningful error reduction and that larger codes offer greater protection, demonstrating a foundational principle of quantum error correction using only free simulation tools.
Eyes in the Sky, Rights on the Ground: Administrative Surveillance and Privacy

Abstract Administrative agencies' ability to keep an eye on ecological conditions and enforce compliance has changed as a result of the incorporation of satellite and aerial technologies into environmental regulation.  These "eyes in the sky"—drones, high-resolution satellite imagery, and sophisticated remote sensing—provide previously unheard-of accuracy in identifying environmental infractions, charting changes in land use, and evaluating the exploitation of natural resources.  Although these tools improve ecological governance, they also bring up moral and legal issues with regard to property rights, privacy, and administrative overreach. The relationship between environmental monitoring and individual rights protection is examined in this doctrine analysis.  It looks at statutory frameworks, pertinent administrative law principles, and constitutional restrictions, especially those related to search and seizure jurisprudence that control the gathering and application of aerial data.  It illustrates how courts have struggled to define reasonable expectations of privacy in the context of technologically enhanced observation by referencing comparative case law from several jurisdictions.  The study also discusses proportionality as a guiding principle, balancing possible infringements on individual autonomy against the interests of the environment as a whole.  In order to guarantee that surveillance serves justifiable environmental goals without undermining fundamental liberties, it highlights the necessity of procedural safeguards like transparency in data collection, restrictions on data retention, and independent oversight mechanisms. In the end, the analysis makes the case for a balanced legal strategy that takes into account both democratic principles and the advancement of technology.  Administrative environmental surveillance can be used as a tool for sustainable governance that upholds rights on the ground while keeping watchful eyes in the sky by balancing ecological stewardship with privacy protections.
The contribute in the public accounting and auditing governmental to a best transparency in the state administration to the fight against corruption in Brazil

Este trabalho tem como foco o papel da transparência e do controle social para o combate da corrupção no Brasil e como a contabilidade e auditoria governamental auxiliam para esse processo evolutivo. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como tema o papel da contabilidade e auditoria nas organizações públicas e foi realizado no campo da Ciência Contábil, tratando das áreas de contabilidade pública e auditoria governamental, bem como da transparência na gestão pública. Seu objetivo geral é demonstrar como a contabilidade e auditoria governamental influenciam a transparência pública e, por conseqüência, contribuem no combate à corrupção no Brasil. O presente estudo, quanto aos objetivos, é definida como exploratória. A pesquisa é considerada bibliográfica e sua abordagem do problema é qualitativa. Conforme aparato teórico sustentado nesse estudo, percebe-se que importantes programas de prevenção e combate à corrupção têm sido implantados ao longo dos últimos dez anos. Destaca-se que mecanismos têm sido criados com o intuito de fortalecer o controle social e alertar a sociedade para que essa atue concomitantemente com os órgãos de controle. É importante ressaltar que, para o combate à corrupção num país com dimensões continentais como o Brasil, torna-se imprescindível a atuação conjunta dos serviços de contabilidade, dos órgãos de controle interno e externo. Embora o Brasil ainda tenha um longo caminho a percorrer, constata-se que as iniciativas de adequar as práticas de controle interno e externo às reais necessidades da sociedade encontram-se em constante aperfeiçoamento.
The Inner Heliosphere — Outer Heliosphere Comparison for Cosmic Ray Modulation

This paper summarizes cosmic ray data on both galactic and anomalous particles in the inner and outer heliosphere near the sunspot minimum in 1995 and 1996 at the end of solar cycle 22. These data come from the IMP spacecraft in the inner heliosphere and the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft in the outer heliosphere. In the inner heliosphere, the cosmic ray intensities at all energies in 1996 have recovered to almost the same maximum values they had at the last sunspot minimum in 1987 and the intensities are an even closer match to those observed two 11-year cycles earlier in 1976. In the outer heliosphere beyond 40 AU the intensity recovery is very slow and the intensities at all energies and for all species are almost constant in 1995–96 indicating that little further recovery can be expected in this cycle. The intensity of galactic cosmic rays in 1996 is only ~.0.3–0.5 of that observed at the same radius of 42 AU in 1987 and for anomalous cosmic rays this ratio is only 0.1–0.2. This suggests a dramatically different entry of particles into the heliosphere in the two cycles for both types of particles as well as significantly different particle flow characteristics in the outer heliosphere. The net result of these different characteristics is that near the Earth only a relatively small intensity difference is observed between successive II-year solar cycles whereas in the outer heliosphere the differences between cycles become very large and may even dominate the overall modulation.
Marking 50 years of the                     <i>Racial Discrimination Act</i>                     : The fight to embed equality in Australian law

The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of the                     Racial Discrimination Act                     1975                     (Cth) (RDA), Australia’s first federal anti-discrimination law. While now regarded as a foundational part of Australia’s human rights framework, the RDA was the product of a protracted and contested legislative process. Its passage required confronting legal uncertainty, and ideological division over race, rights, and the role of international law. This article revisits that journey, focusing on the Whitlam government’s efforts to implement the                     International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination                     , and the broader vision of democratic reform it pursued. It examines how the RDA was shaped through compromise and perseverance, by reflecting on the debates that surrounded its passage. The history of the RDA shows principled legal reform is both possible and essential for a more just and inclusive society.
Modern view of the warm ionized medium

We review the observational evidence that the warm ionized medium (WIM) is a major and physically distinct component of the Galactic interstellar medium. Although up to ~20% of the faint, high-latitude H-alpha emission in the Milky Way may be scattered light emitted in midplane H II regions, recent scattered light models do not effectively challenge the well-established properties of the WIM.
Insights into the Links between MYC and 3D Chromatin Structure and Epigenetics Regulation: Implications for Cancer Therapy

Abstract                   MYC is embedded in the transcriptional oasis of the 8q24 gene desert. A plethora of genomic elements has roles in MYC aberrant expression in cancer development by interacting with transcription factors and epigenetics regulators as well as altering the structure of chromatin at the MYC locus and tissue-specific long-range enhancer–promoter contacts. Furthermore, MYC is a master regulator of several human cancers by modulating the transcription of numerous cancer-related genes through epigenetic mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the three-dimensional genomic organization around MYC and the role of epigenetic machinery in transcription and function of MYC as well as discusses various epigenetic-targeted therapeutic strategies in MYC-driven cancers.
Topological color code and symmetry-protected topological phases

We study $(d-1)$-dimensional excitations in the $d$-dimensional color code that are created by transversal application of the $R_{d}$ phase operators on connected subregions of qubits. We find that such excitations are superpositions of electric charges and can be characterized by fixed-point wavefunctions of $(d-1)$-dimensional bosonic SPT phases with $(\mathbb{Z}_{2})^{\otimes d}$ symmetry. While these SPT excitations are localized on $(d-1)$-dimensional boundaries, their creation requires operations acting on all qubits inside the boundaries, reflecting the non-triviality of emerging SPT wavefunctions. Moreover, these SPT-excitations can be physically realized as transparent gapped domain walls which exchange excitations in the color code. Namely, in the three-dimensional color code, the domain wall, associated with the transversal $R_{3}$ operator, exchanges a magnetic flux and a composite of a magnetic flux and loop-like SPT excitation, revealing rich possibilities of boundaries in higher-dimensional TQFTs. We also find that magnetic fluxes and loop-like SPT excitations exhibit non-trivial three-loop braiding statistics in three dimensions as a result of the fact that the $R_{3}$ phase operator belongs to the third-level of the Clifford hierarchy. We believe that the connection between SPT excitations, fault-tolerant logical gates and gapped domain walls, established in this paper, can be generalized to a large class of topological quantum codes and TQFTs.
Artificial Intelligence in Educational Data Mining and Human-in-the-Loop Machine Learning and Machine Teaching: Analysis of Scientific Knowledge

This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into educational data mining (EDM), human-assisted machine learning (HITL-ML), and machine-assisted teaching, with the aim of improving adaptive and personalized learning environments. A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted, analyzing 370 articles published between 2006 and 2024. The research examines how AI can support the identification of learning patterns and individual student needs. Through EDM, student data are analyzed to predict student performance and enable timely interventions. HITL-ML ensures that educators remain in control, allowing them to adjust the system according to their pedagogical goals and minimizing potential biases. Machine-assisted teaching allows AI processes to be structured around specific learning criteria, ensuring relevance to educational outcomes. The findings suggest that these AI applications can significantly improve personalized learning, student tracking, and resource optimization in educational institutions. The study highlights ethical considerations, such as the need to protect privacy, ensure the transparency of algorithms, and promote equity, to ensure inclusive and fair learning environments. Responsible implementation of these methods could significantly improve educational quality.
The Appointment and Removal Process for Judges in Argentina: The Role of Judicial Councils and Impeachment Juries in Promoting Judicial Independence

AbstractThis article explores the conditions that allow judicial councils and impeachment juries to promote judicial autonomy. In theory, these bodies intervene in the appointment and removal of judges in order to reduce executive control over court composition, thereby promoting judicial independence. Using the case of Argentina at the federal and the subnational levels, this study demonstrates that competitive politics enhances the capacity of judicial councils and impeachment juries to bolster judicial autonomy. Interparty competition provides incentives for the executive to develop a meaningful system of checks and balances, which includes an independent judiciary that can check executive power. In contrast, monolithic party control—defined as a prolonged period of unified government under a highly disciplined party—permits the executive to maintain a monopoly on power and thereby control judicial appointments and removals.