ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Improving patient safety and quality

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the challenges and gaps in using an electronic adverse incident recording and reporting system from a commercial supplier to an acute health care setting.Design/methodology/approachThe paper used action diary, documentation and triangulation to obtain an understanding of the challenges and gaps.FindingsThe paper provides health care with further understanding of the complexity, challenges and gaps of using an electronic adverse incident recording system to improve patient safety.Originality/valueThis paper explains the important views of clinicians and managers in relation to improving patient safety by using an electronic adverse incident management system.
Disciplining the international criminal judge in accordance with the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court

When the Statute of the International Criminal Court deals with the articles of its jurisdiction by disciplining the international criminal judge, it shows the need for the Court to control its wrongful trial, which is contrary to the principle of justice, since whenever the judge comes out of his career conduct of neutrality was a confirmation of his exposure to corruption, which leads to the need to dispense with him And replace him with a judge with integrity to face the toughest Crimes against the crimes of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Is to highlight the disciplinary sanctions of the judges of the International Criminal Court and the justifications of their imposition, or in other words the conduct of the international criminal judge, which requires punishment of isolation, whether this is sufficient or whether there is a need to step the penalty according to the error of employment, and if the act constitutes a criminal offense, National justice What action should ICC officials take against the international criminal judge?
Evidence synthesis to inform model-based cost-effectiveness evaluations of diagnostic tests: a methodological review of health technology assessments

Evaluations of diagnostic tests are challenging because of the indirect nature of their impact on patient outcomes. Model-based health economic evaluations of tests allow different types of evidence from various sources to be incorporated and enable cost-effectiveness estimates to be made beyond the duration of available study data. To parameterize a health-economic model fully, all the ways a test impacts on patient health must be quantified, including but not limited to diagnostic test accuracy.We assessed all UK NIHR HTA reports published May 2009-July 2015. Reports were included if they evaluated a diagnostic test, included a model-based health economic evaluation and included a systematic review and meta-analysis of test accuracy. From each eligible report we extracted information on the following topics: 1) what evidence aside from test accuracy was searched for and synthesised, 2) which methods were used to synthesise test accuracy evidence and how did the results inform the economic model, 3) how/whether threshold effects were explored, 4) how the potential dependency between multiple tests in a pathway was accounted for, and 5) for evaluations of tests targeted at the primary care setting, how evidence from differing healthcare settings was incorporated.The bivariate or HSROC model was implemented in 20/22 reports that met all inclusion criteria. Test accuracy data for health economic modelling was obtained from meta-analyses completely in four reports, partially in fourteen reports and not at all in four reports. Only 2/7 reports that used a quantitative test gave clear threshold recommendations. All 22 reports explored the effect of uncertainty in accuracy parameters but most of those that used multiple tests did not allow for dependence between test results. 7/22 tests were potentially suitable for primary care but the majority found limited evidence on test accuracy in primary care settings.The uptake of appropriate meta-analysis methods for synthesising evidence on diagnostic test accuracy in UK NIHR HTAs has improved in recent years. Future research should focus on other evidence requirements for cost-effectiveness assessment, threshold effects for quantitative tests and the impact of multiple diagnostic tests.
ANALYSIS OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL COURT JUDGES IN SOME JUDICIAL REVIEW CASES

The independence of Constitutional Court Judges is part of the judge's professional code ofethics which must always be maintained and implemented as a form of effort to make theConstitutional Court an institution of judicial power, which is free from intervention andindependent in upholding law and justice. In the context of its formation, the ConstitutionalCourt also plays a role in maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution as regulated in Article24C paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which determines that"the Constitutional Court has the authority to adjudicate at the first and final level whosedecision is final to review the law. against the Constitution...”. In the implementation ofjudicial reviews carried out by the Constitutional Court in the recent period, there have beenseveral Judicial review decisions which have caused polemics and controversies regarding theindependence of Constitutional Court Judges. Among them are Constitutional Court DecisionNo.90/PUU-XXI/2023 and Constitutional Court Decision No.103/PUU-XX/2022. From theexplanation above, the author conducted this research with the aim of an analytical study ofthe independence of Constitutional Court judges in several Judicial Review cases. The researchmethod used in this research is research with a juridical-normative approach, which isresearch that focuses on normative legal knowledge, apart from that it also tries to examinethe rules that apply in society.
A Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Microwave Background with a Long Duration Balloon-borne Receiver

This thesis describes BOOMERANG; a balloon-borne telescope and receiver designed to map the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at a resolution of 10' from the Long Duration Balloon (LDB) platform.   The millimeter-wave receiver employs new technology in bolometers, readout electronics, cold re-imaging optics, millimeter-wave filters, and cryogenics to obtain high sensitivity to CMB anisotropy.  Sixteen detectors observe in 4 spectral bands centered at 90, 150, 240 and 400 GHz. The wide frequency coverage, the long flight duration, the optical design and the observing strategy all provide strong rejection of systematic effects. We report the in-flight performance of  the instrument during a short test  flight from Palestine, Texas, that mapped 230 square degrees and during a 10.5 day stratospheric balloon  flight launched from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, that mapped ~ 2000 square degrees of the sky.  The Antarctic data yielded a measurement of the angular power spectrum of the CMB between 50 &lt; ℓ &lt; 600 which shows a peak at ℓpeak = 197 ± 6 (1σ error).  A maximum likelihood estimation of cosmological parameters within the cold dark matter (CDM) paradigm of structure formation indicates that the universe is flat with a precision of ~ 6% and that the density of baryons in the universe may be slightly higher than previously thought.  The combination of observations of large scale structure (LSS) and the BOOMERANG power spectrum implies the presence of both dark matter and dark energy, or the existence of Einstein's cosmological constant.
Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays and Air Shower Simulations: a top-bottom view

Stable Superstring Relics (SSR) provide some of the candidates for the possible origin of the Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR). After a brief overview of the motivations for introducing such relics, we address the question whether statistical fluctuations in the formation of the air showers generated by the primary spectrum of protons can be separated from a possible signal of new physics hidden in the first impact with the atmosphere. Our results are generated by using minimal modifications in the cross section of the primaries, and using available simulation codes used by the experimental collaborations. The results indicate that substantial increases in the cross section of the first impact, possibly due to new interactions, are unlikely to be detected in geometrical and/or variations of multiplicities in the cascade.
Momentum Gradient Descent Federated Learning with Local Differential Privacy

Nowadays, the development of information technology is growing rapidly. In the big data era, the privacy of personal information has been more pronounced. The major challenge is to find a way to guarantee that sensitive personal information is not disclosed while data is published and analyzed. Centralized differential privacy is established on the assumption of a trusted third-party data curator. However, this assumption is not always true in reality. As a new privacy preservation model, local differential privacy has relatively strong privacy guarantees. Although federated learning has relatively been a privacy-preserving approach for distributed learning, it still introduces various privacy concerns. To avoid privacy threats and reduce communication costs, in this article, we propose integrating federated learning and local differential privacy with momentum gradient descent to improve the performance of machine learning models.
Making systems with mutually exclusive events analysable by standard fault tree analysis tools

Abstract   Methods are developed for analysing systems that comprise mutually exclusive events by fault tree techniques that accept only statistically independent basic events. Techniques based on equivalent models and numerical transformations are presented for phased missions and for systems with component-caused system-level common cause failures. Numerical examples illustrate the methods.
Instrumentos de la responsabilidad social corporativa en las empresas de distribución comercial, análisis de la memoria de RSC de grupo DIA = Instruments of corporate social responsibility in the commercial distribution companies, analysis of group DIAS's CSR report

La Responsabilidad Social Corporativa está adquiriendo cada vez más presencia en las empresas de distribución comercial debido a los cambios en el comportamiento de los consumidores, quienes empiezan a sentir preocupación por los efectos de sus elecciones de consumo. En este trabajo se explica y analiza el marco teórico del uso de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa por las organizaciones y, particularmente, por empresas de distribución comercial, como los supermercados. A continuación se hace un análisis de las estrategias de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa del Grupo DIA, mediante el estudio de sus políticas de sostenibilidad, sus memorias, publicaciones y resultados. Esta información se ha obtenido a partir de las memorias de sostenibilidad publicadas por la empresa y diferentes comunicaciones en medios de prensa. Este análisis permitirá plantear una serie de propuestas o recomendaciones en su estrategia para demostrar que sus principios adoptados o su dimensión más elaborada, aún se puede expandir el término RSC más allá de lo establecido en la actualidad.
Reliability analysis techniques for engine-out failures in main propulsion systems

Reliability formulas are derived for a liquid main propulsion system consisting of n engines, which allows for mission success in the event a single-engine controlled shutdown occurs afer some given time. The formulas include terms to reflect different reliabilities at different engine power levels, startup and throttling reliabilities, benign and catastrophic failures, and failure-distribution scale and shape parameters. These formulas can be used for reliability analyses and sensitivity studies. A parametric launch-vehicle reliability-comparison technique for conceptual preliminary design studies is also described.
Multi-Frame, Lightweight & Efficient Vision-Language Models for Question Answering in Autonomous Driving

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) and Multi-Modal Language models (MMLMs) have become prominent in autonomous driving research, as these models can provide interpretable textual reasoning and responses for end-to-end autonomous driving safety tasks using traffic scene images and other data modalities. However, current approaches to these systems use expensive large language model (LLM) backbones and image encoders, making such systems unsuitable for real-time autonomous driving systems where tight memory constraints exist and fast inference time is necessary. To address these previous issues, we develop EM-VLM4AD, an efficient, lightweight, multi-frame vision language model which performs Visual Question Answering for autonomous driving. In comparison to previous approaches, EM-VLM4AD requires at least 10 times less memory and floating point operations, while also achieving higher CIDEr and ROUGE-L scores than the existing baseline on the DriveLM dataset. EM-VLM4AD also exhibits the ability to extract relevant information from traffic views related to prompts and can answer questions for various autonomous driving subtasks. We release our code to train and evaluate our model at https://github.com/akshaygopalkr/EM-VLM4AD.
Detection of phylogenetically informative polymorphisms in the entire euchromatic portion of human Y chromosome from a Sardinian sample Evolutionary Biology

Background: Next-Generation Sequencing methods have led to a great increase in phylogenetically useful markers within the male specific portion of the Y chromosome, but previous studies have limited themselves to the study of the X-degenerate regions. Methods: DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of adult males whose paternal grandfathers were born in Sardinia. The DNA samples were sequenced, genotyped and subsequently analysed for variant calling for approximately 23.1 Mbp of the Y chromosome. A phylogenetic tree was built using Network 4.6 software. Results: From low coverage whole genome sequencing of 1,194 Sardinian males, we extracted 20,155 phylogenetically informative single nucleotide polymorphisms from the whole euchromatic region, including the X-degenerate, X-transposed, and Ampliconic regions, along with variants in other unclassified chromosome intervals and in the readable sequences of the heterochromatic region. Conclusions: The non X-degenerate classes contain a significant portion of the phylogenetic variation of the whole chromosome and their inclusion in the analysis, almost doubling the number of informative polymorphisms, refining the known molecular phylogeny of the human Y chromosome.
Optimizing Arsenic Removal from Groundwater Using Continuous Flow Electrocoagulation with Iron and Aluminum Electrodes: An Experimental and Modeling Approach

Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a global issue. This study examines arsenic removal using continuous flow electrocoagulation with iron and aluminum electrodes. Various parameters, such as electrode material, number, and applied voltage, were tested. Arsenic removal efficiencies ranged from 52 % to 89 % with aluminum electrodes and 46 % to 96 % with iron electrodes, depending on conditions. Surface pretreatment of electrodes significantly enhanced performance. Iron electrodes provided a faster and more cost-effective solution compared to aluminum. Statistical methods, including Pearson's correlation and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) modeling, were used to optimize operational parameters like current density, coagulant dose, pH, and conductivity. The GBM model achieved high predictive accuracy (R2 > 0.97), capturing complex relationships. Experiment duration was the most critical factor, contributing 70.2 % to arsenic removal efficiency, with a strong correlation (r = 0.75). Coagulant dose was also crucial, followed by current density and voltage. Cost analysis combined with GBM modeling optimized cost-efficiency for achieving arsenic levels below 10 μg/L. This research offers valuable insights for optimizing electrocoagulation processes, demonstrating the potential of machine learning in enhancing water treatment technologies. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd
Land Rights of the Indigenous People of the Chittagong  Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

The land rights of the indigenous people of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in Bangladesh have deep historical roots dating back centuries. This article series examines the impact of various policies and programs, from the colonial era to the present, on the indigenous communities' land rights and traditional way of life. It discusses challenges faced by the indigenous people, loss of ancestral lands due to government interventions, and the significance of the Peace Accord of 1997 in addressing these issues. The evolution of land rights issues, loss of traditional privileges, displacement due to development projects, and the struggle for recognition and autonomy are analyzed, emphasizing the need for effective resolution of indigenous land and resource rights.
The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey: Public release of 1599 redshifts to IAB<=24 across the Chandra Deep Field South

{This paper presents the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey around the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS). We have measured 1599 new redshifts with VIMOS on the European Observatory Very Large Telescope - UT3, in an area 21x21.6 arcmin^2, including 784 redshifts in the Hubble Space Telescope - Advanced Camera for Surveys GOODS area. 30% of all objects with I_AB=24 have been observed independently of magnitude, indicating that the sample is purely magnitude limited. We have reached an unprecedented completeness level of 88% in terms of the ratio of secure measurements vs. observed objects, while 95% of all objects have a redshift measurement. A total of 1452 galaxies, 139 stars, 8 QSOs have a redshift identification, 141 of these being unsecure measurements. The redshift distribution down to I_AB=24 is peaked at a median redshift z=0.73, with a significant high redshift tail extending up to ~4. Several high density peaks in the distribution of galaxies are identified. In particular, the strong peak at z=0.735 contains more than 130 galaxies in a velocity range +/-2000 km/s distributed all across the transverse ~20 h^-1 Mpc of the survey. We are releasing all redshifts to the community, along with the cross identification with HST-ACS GOODS sources on the CENCOS database environment http://cencosw.oamp.fr.
Trace element and isotopic geochemistry of Cenozoic alkali basaltic lavas from Atakor (Central Sahara).

The Late Miocene to Recent Atakor volcanic complex of the Hoggar (southern Algeria, central Sahara) is composed of alkali basalts and related rocks (mainly phonolites and trachytes). Most lavas have a restricted spread of their Sr and Nd isotopic ratios. 87Sr/86Sr ratios range from 0.70318 to 0.70422 and 143Nd/144Nd ratios range from 0.512776 to 0.512937. An exception is peralkaline trachyte which has the highest Sr (0.71271) and the lowest Nd (0.512593) isotope values and was formed by an assimilation-fractional crystallization process from basaltic magma. The basaltic rocks have trace element and isotopic compositions similar to ocean island basalts. It is suggested that the parent basaltic magmas were derived from a mantle plume which was modified during its ascent by interaction involving infiltration of a subcontinental lithospheric peridotite by plume-derived melts.
PePR: Performance Per Resource Unit as a Metric to Promote Small-Scale Deep Learning in Medical Image Analysis

The recent advances in deep learning (DL) have been accelerated by access to large-scale data and compute. These large-scale resources have been used to train progressively larger models which are resource intensive in terms of compute, data, energy, and carbon emissions. These costs are becoming a new type of entry barrier to researchers and practitioners with limited access to resources at such scale, particularly in the Global South. In this work, we take a comprehensive look at the landscape of existing DL models for medical image analysis tasks and demonstrate their usefulness in settings where resources are limited. To account for the resource consumption of DL models, we introduce a novel measure to estimate the performance per resource unit, which we call the PePR score. Using a diverse family of 131 unique DL architectures (spanning 1M to 130M trainable parameters) and three medical image datasets, we capture trends about the performance-resource trade-offs. In applications like medical image analysis, we argue that small-scale, specialized models are better than striving for large-scale models. Furthermore, we show that using existing pretrained models that are fine-tuned on new data can significantly reduce the computational resources and data required compared to training models from scratch. We hope this work will encourage the community to focus on improving AI equity by developing methods and models with smaller resource footprints.
Use of surrogate outcomes in cost-effectiveness models: A review of United Kingdom health technology assessment reports

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the use of surrogate outcomes—a substitute outcome that predicts final patient-related outcomes—in cost-effectiveness models (CEM) within health technology assessment (HTA) reports and provide guidance for their future use.    Methods: Our sampling frame was all UK HTA Program monograph series reports published in 2005 and 2006. Reports were included if they addressed a treatment effectiveness/efficacy question and included a CEM based on a surrogate outcome. The two authors independently applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the following data was extracted from included reports: source of surrogate outcome, level of evidence for validation of the surrogate outcomes, methods used in report to quantify link between surrogate outcome and final outcome, and consideration of the uncertainty associated with using surrogate outcomes in the results or conclusions of report.    Results: Of 100 HTA reports, 35 complied with the inclusion criteria. Of these, four (11 percent) reports included a CEM based on a surrogate outcome. All four reports sourced treatment-related changes in surrogate outcome through a systematic review of the literature. One provided Level 1 surrogate evidence (randomized controlled trial data showing a strong association between the change in surrogate outcome and change final outcome); two reported Level 2 evidence (observational study data); and one provided Level 3 evidence (disease natural/ history data). The transparency of quantification and exploration of uncertainty of the surrogate and final outcome relationship varied considerably across all four reports.    Conclusions: Recommendations are made for the use of surrogate outcomes in future HTA reports.
Reconstruction of longitudinal profiles of ultra-high energy cosmic ray showers from fluorescence and Cherenkov light measurements

accepted by NIM A