ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Responsibility to Protect: Emerging Rules on Humanitarian Intervention?

This article discusses different forms of military force under or linked to the principle of the responsibility to protect (R2P) in relation to international law, with particular emphasis on humanitarian intervention. It contributes to the ongoing debate by analysing and separating the lawful forms of military force falling under Pillars II and III of the R2P from unlawful claims and extensive interpretations of R2P. Apart from the already existing legal right of the Security Council to authorise humanitarian interventions, it is argued that there are no ongoing legal customary developments of similar rights or obligations for other actors to intervene in another state (without consent) to protect populations by military force against grave crimes under the principle of R2P. The argumentation is based on a series of case studies of humanitarian interventions by the Security Council, regional organisations and “coalitions of willing states”. The article also includes legal analysis on the Uniting for Peace...
Spinning and Additive Manufacture for Multiscale Cellulose Structures on Textiles and 3D Printed Materials

We use dry-jet wet spinning in a coaxial configuration by extruding an aqueous colloidal suspension of oxidized nanocellulose (hydrogel shell) TOCNF combined with airflow in the core. The coagulation of the hydrogel in a water bath result in hollow filaments (HF) that are drawn continuously at relatively high rates. Additionally, Blueberries pruning waste or BPw was dissolved in an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]) and regenerated into ligno- cellulose filaments with highly aligned nanofibrils (wide-angle X-ray scattering) that simultaneously displayed extensibility (wet strain as high as 39 %). Finally in alkaline conditions we investigate the interplay between cellulose crystallization and aggregation with interfibrillar interactions, shear forces, and the local changes in the medium's acidity. The latter is affected by the CO2 chemisorbed from the surrounding atmosphere, which, combined with shear forces, explain cellulose gelation. Different instrumental techniques are combined to unveil the fundamental factors that limit cellulose gelation and maximize its dissolution in NaOH(aq). The obtained solutions are then proposed for developing green and environmentally friendly cellulose-based materials at different dimensions, such as filaments (1D), films(2D) and printed meshes (3D).
Integrating Mineral Development and Biodiversity Conservation into Regional Land-Use Planning

A major independent multi-stakeholder analysis of how the mining industry can maximize its role in the transition to sustainable patterns of development — the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) project — concluded in 2001. Prominent among the recommendations in the MMSD report were the need for the mining industry to improve its performance in biodiversity assessment and management, and the need for all parties to commit to better models for decision-making processes in land use and access.                Mining is a temporary use of land, but history teaches us that the net effect of mining in a landscape is usually negative for biodiversity. There are benefits to human society in health, wealth and education, but society increasingly demands that environmental values be protected without compromising economic and social foundations. These expectations are captured in the concept of sustainable development.                Often, the most prospective areas for future mines will also be those with the greatest biodiversity value and with the greatest need for poverty alleviation. Many governments lack the capacity, will or resources to reconcile these conflicting needs equitably. Corruption in government and oppression of local populations have accompanied some mine developments.                Leading companies in the mining industry believe that these negative experiences are not inevitable, that better decisions on land use and access can be achieved and that sustainable benefits can be delivered through mineral development. One key to achieving these outcomes is the regional landscape-scale analysis of projects and conservation priorities, supported by fair, transparent and consistent decisionmaking processes.                Rio Tinto is a large diversified mining company which played a leading role in the actions leading to the commissioning of the MMSD project and participated fully in it. Examples from recent projects in Rio Tinto, illustrating aspects of regional planning and conservation actions, are presented in support of the case outlined above.
Preferential Trade Agreements and the World Trade Organization: Developments to the Dispute Settlement Understanding

On 21 March 2016, at the 9th Annual Update on World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement, former Chairman of the Special Session of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), Ambassador Ronald Saborío Soto, spoke on the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) negotiations in light of recent dispute settlement experience. He expressed that changes to the DSU ought to promote the future efficiency and effectiveness of the WTO as a dispute settlement system. The proliferation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) has been a recurrent curiosity for the WTO, with provisions often competing and overlapping. Earlier work studying these interactions emphasizes uncertainty in the application of non-WTO law, including PTAs, to WTO disputes and highlights the WTO’s implicit claim to supremacy. The purpose of this article is to critically analyse the state-of-play of negotiations on improvements and clarifications of the DSU in addressing PTAs. It examines whether current DSU proposals meet the DSB’s intended objectives and suggests solutions where problematic uncertainties remain. The article concludes that PTAs have not been sufficiently regarded by negotiators and that more express measures are required in the DSU to clarify such uncertainties and harmonize with PTAs in order to preserve the WTO’s future legitimacy.
Generative Variational-Contrastive Learning for Self-Supervised Point Cloud Representation

Self-supervised representation learning for 3D point clouds has attracted increasing attention. However, existing methods in the field of 3D computer vision generally use fixed embeddings to represent the latent features, and impose hard constraints on the embeddings to make the latent feature values of the positive samples converge to consistency, which limits the ability of feature extractors to generalize over different data domains. To address this issue, we propose a Generative Variational-Contrastive Learning (GVC) model, where Gaussian distribution is used to construct a continuous, smoothed representation of the latent features. A distribution constraint and cross-supervision are constructed to improve the transfer ability of the feature extractor over synthetic and real-world data. Specifically, we design a variational contrastive module to constrain the feature distribution instead of feature values corresponding to each sample in the latent space. Moreover, a generative cross-supervision module is introduced to preserve the invariance features and promote the consistency of feature distribution among positive samples. Experimental results demonstrate that GVC achieves SOTA on different downstream tasks. In particular, with only pre-training on the synthetic dataset, GVC achieves a lead of 8.4% and 14.2% when transferring to the real-world dataset in the linear classification and few-shot classification.
Youth researching youth: methodological reflections from a multi-country study of youth claiming rights to education and sexual reproductive health

This volume comes at a critical juncture, as global commitments transition from the Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals and the wider post-2015 development agenda is being discussed and debated. In these discussions, children and youth have been recognized as one of the nine major groups of civil society whose participation in decision making is essential for achieving sustainable development. There is also a concomitant need for action – innovative, evidence-based approaches to addressing entrenched global challenges or ‘wicked problems’ and engaging youth in those efforts.\ud \ud Within academic discourse, the perspectives and active participation of youth in research has long been debated. It is widely believed that their participation can result in better policy responses and contribute to the development of more relevant and effective interventions and programs to address their needs. However, the engagement of youth in research processes is not without critique; issues such as how to move from tokenism towards authentic participation and empowerment have been critically discussed, and many question if youth can or should even be expected to make change happen.\ud \ud Youth ‘At the Margins’: Critical Perspectives and Experiences of Engaging Youth in Research Worldwide brings together a range of critical and empirical contributions from emerging scholars and seasoned academics alike. Each contribution provides a unique perspective on the potentialities and challenges associated with youth engaged research. The chapters presented in this volume strive to critically interrogate and debate important foundational issues to consider when engaging youth in the research process, such as epistemological and methodological considerations. Important insights into the ethical, pedagogical and practical aspects one must contend with can be gleaned from the selection of chapters here; some of which are primarily theoretical and descriptive, whilst others present empirical data with case examples from around the world.\ud \ud This volume is devoted to showcasing high quality contributions to the scholarly literature on youth engaged research in order to spur further critical debate on the various epistemological, methodological and ethical issues associated with engaging youth in research processes and in addressing intractable global issues.\ud \ud The audience for this volume includes students, researchers and academics within a broad range of fields who are interested in understanding the range of approaches being used worldwide to include youth in research endeavors on issues of global importance including poverty, social exclusion, structural violence, un- and under-employment, education and health.\ud \ud Hide
Aid Replenishment Strategy During Demand Increment on Humanitarian Logistics Relief

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SIMULATION: Systems, Science & Technology; Vol.19 No.1, February 2018
Molecular dynamics simulations of AP/HMX composite with a modified force field

An all-atom force field for ammonium perchlorate (AP) is developed with the framework of pcff force field. The structural parameters of AP obtained with the modified force field are in good agreement with experimental values. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to investigate AP/HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) composite at different temperatures. The binding energies, thermal expansion coefficient, and the trigger bond lengths of HMX in the AP/HMX composite have been obtained. The binding energies of the system increase slightly with temperature increasing, peak at 245K, and then gradually decrease. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of the AP/HMX composite has been derived from the volume variation with temperature. As the temperature rises, the maximal lengths of the trigger bond N-NO(2) of HMX increase gradually. The simulated results indicate that the maximal length of trigger bond can be used as a criterion for judging the sensitivity of energetic composite.
Are electronic health record big data ready for secondary use in research? Exploring potential limitations with opioids as a case study

Healthcare big data has raised expectations for secondary use in research and information-based management. This case study explores limitations of using electronic health record (EHR) data from a hospital data lake by deriving indicators on opioid prescribing. A multi-staged method to calculate indicators of rational opioid use was developed covering both inpatient orders and outpatient prescriptions. The process included data selection, editing, organization, and validation. Visual Basic was employed to calculate indicators and to semi-quantify data limitations. Data (2015–2019) covered 3.3 million patients with 179,853 opioid and 22,415 benzodiazepine orders. Data quality issues, including unstructured, irregular, and invalid entries, limited analysis to indicators on opioid use and contraindications. In conclusion, secondary use should be considered in EHR system development. Data should be recorded in structured and unambiguous format, and methods for data quality measurement should be developed to ensure high-quality data is readily available in data lakes.
Relation between Leadership Styles and Behaviors of Nurse Managers' and Organizational Commitment of Staff Nurses

Background: the quality of relationship between supervisors and subordinates and leadership of head nurses played an important role in their subordinates such as organizational commitment, job performance and promotions. Aim: the aim of this study was to determine relation between leadership styles and behaviors of nurse managers' and organizational commitment of staff nurses. Design: Descriptive correlational research design was used to achieve the aim of the current study. Setting: the study was conducted in Health Insurance Hospital, Minia governorate at Minia city. Subjects: the subject of study was included all nurse managers (head nurses) and staff nurses in Health Insurance Hospital (n=255), divided as (17 nurse managers + 238 staff nurses). Tools: three tools were used to collect data pertinent to the study as: Leadership Styles Questionnaire (Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire 5X), Leadership Behavior, and the Organizational Commitment of the Staff Nurses Questionnaire. Results: The study revealed that highest percentage of head nurses had high level for transformational (63%) and transactional style (59.7%); also, more than half (58.8%) of head nurses had high level of leadership behaviors and more than one third (39.9%) had moderate level. Moreover, it was noted that more than half (57.1%) had high level commitment, and more than one third (41.2%) had moderate level. Conclusion: there were positive correlations between leadership style as well as leadership behaviors with the organizational commitment. Recommendations: Periodic training courses should be provided in order to keep head nurses updating knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding to leadership skill, behaviors and styles.
Nurse Practitioner Management of a Blinatumomab Infusion Program

The prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia can be improved with the use of monoclonal antibodies such as blinatumomab. Many studies discuss the management and treatment of symptoms; however, none of them describe practical complications related to the continuous infusion of blinatumomab, especially during home-based therapy. The purpose of this study is to describe the experience gained over 4 years in the management of pediatric patients undergoing therapy with blinatumomab in an Italian tertiary hospital. The establishment of a nursing program dedicated to improving infusion pump management, patient support, quality of care, and patient safety will be discussed.
Energy-Proportional Data Center Network Architecture Through OS, Switch and Laser Co-design

Optical interconnects are already the dominant technology in large-scale data center networks. However, the high optical loss of many optical components coupled with the low efficiency of laser sources result in high aggregate power requirements for the thousands of optical transceivers used by these networks. As optical interconnects stay always on even as traffic demands ebb and flow, most of this power is wasted. We present LC/DC, a data center network system architecture in which the operating system, the switch, and the optical components are co-designed to achieve energy proportionality.   LC/DC capitalizes on the path divergence of data center networks to turn on and off redundant paths according to traffic demand, while maintaining full connectivity. Turning off redundant paths allows the optical transceivers and their electronic drivers to power down and save energy. Maintaining full connectivity hides the laser turn-on delay. At the node layer, intercepting send requests within the OS allows for the NIC's laser turn-on delay to be fully overlapped with TCP/IP packet processing, and thus egress links can remain powered off until needed with zero performance penalty.   We demonstrate the feasibility of LC/DC by i) implementing the necessary modifications in the Linux kernel and device drivers, ii) implementing a 10Gbit/s FPGA switch, and iii) performing physical experiments with optical devices and circuit simulations. Our results on university data center traces and models of Facebook and Microsoft data center traffic show that LC/DC saves on average 60% of the optical transceivers power (68% max) at the cost of 6% higher packet delay.
ILC sensitivity for leptophilic scalar dark matter

We explore the viability of detecting a leptophilic scalar dark matter at the ILC in a simplified model approach. We present the constraints on the couplings of scalar dark matter with the standard model fermions ensuing from the relic density bounds deduced from the 2018 Planck data. We, then, present the reach of the ILC in terms of $Λ$, the scale of the effective theory, by performing a detailed analysis for the $Z$ associated DM pair production (i.e., $ e^+ e^- \rightarrow 2 $ jets + $\not \!\! E_T$, $ e^+ e^- \rightarrow μ^+ μ^-$ + $\not \!\! E_T$ and $ e^+ e^- \rightarrow e^+ e^-$ + $\not \!\! E_T$). We present the results for various run scenarios as 3-$σ$ contours in the $m_φ-Λ$ plane. We also analyze the effect of beam polarization on the sensitivity of this search. We find that for the process with two hadronic jets in the final state, ILC can probe $Λ$ up to 1.76 TeV for $\sqrt{s}= 1$ TeV that can further enhance to 1.99 TeV, after the inclusion of polarization effects.
Explainable Deep Kernel Learning for Interpretable Automatic Modulation Classification

Modern wireless communication systems increasingly rely on Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) to enhance reliability and adaptability, especially in the presence of severe signal degradation. However, despite significant progress driven by deep learning, many AMC models still struggle with high computational overhead, suboptimal performance under low-signal-to-noise conditions, and limited interpretability, factors that hinder their deployment in real-time, resource-constrained environments. To address these challenges, we propose the Convolutional Random Fourier Features with Denoising Thresholding Network (CRFFDT-Net), a compact and interpretable deep kernel architecture that integrates Convolutional Random Fourier Features (CRFFSinCos), an automatic threshold-based denoising module, and a hybrid time-domain feature extractor composed of CNN and GRU layers. Our approach is validated on the RadioML 2016.10A benchmark dataset, encompassing eleven modulation types across a wide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) spectrum. Experimental results demonstrate that CRFFDT-Net achieves an average classification accuracy that is statistically comparable to state-of-the-art models, while requiring significantly fewer parameters and offering lower inference latency. This highlights an exceptional accuracy–complexity trade-off. Moreover, interpretability analysis using GradCAM++ highlights the pivotal role of the Convolutional Random Fourier Features in the representation learning process, providing valuable insight into the model’s decision-making. These results underscore the promise of CRFFDT-Net as a lightweight and explainable solution for AMC in real-world, low-power communication systems.
Chief Justice of India - Appointments and Disappointments that Have Weakened Judicial Independence

Judicial independence is constitutionally protected but the precept has been vitiated by instances of political overreach including attempts to have CJIs who are amenable if not pliable. Though all appointees have been eminent jurists, as administrative head of the judiciary they have disappointingly failed to keep the political executive at bay. Twin issues, judges not sitting en banc and their early retirement, provide motive and opportunity for political interference. On both counts, CJIs have done precious little, some even engaging in quid pro quo. CJIs must press for a Constitution Division to sit en banc, ensure appellate jurisdiction is not abused, retirement age of judges is raised and post-retirement engagements by the government is prohibited. Since in a populous democracy political interference is not surprising, it is for CJIs to thwart those machinations by institutionally progressing judicial reforms and individually proclaiming: I am not available.
Subgroup analyses in cost‐effectiveness analyses to support health technology assessments

‘Success’ in drug development is bringing to patients a new medicine that has an acceptable benefit–risk profile and that is also cost‐effective. Cost‐effectiveness means that the incremental clinical benefit is deemed worth paying for by a healthcare system, and it has an important role in enabling manufacturers to obtain new medicines to patients as soon as possible following regulatory approval. Subgroup analyses are increasingly being utilised by decision‐makers in the determination of the cost‐effectiveness of new medicines when making recommendations. This paper highlights the statistical considerations when using subgroup analyses to support cost‐effectiveness for a health technology assessment. The key principles recommended for subgroup analyses supporting clinical effectiveness published by Pagetet al. are evaluated with respect to subgroup analyses supporting cost‐effectiveness. A health technology assessment case study is included to highlight the importance of subgroup analyses when incorporated into cost‐effectiveness analyses. In summary, we recommend planning subgroup analyses for cost‐effectiveness analyses early in the drug development process and adhering to good statistical principles when using subgroup analyses in this context. In particular, we consider it important to provide transparency in how subgroups are defined, be able to demonstrate the robustness of the subgroup results and be able to quantify the uncertainty in the subgroup analyses of cost‐effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
An Anesthesiology Department Leads Culture Change at a Hospital System Level to Improve Quality and Patient Safety

At New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, an innovative approach to involving housestaff in quality and patient safety, policy and procedure creation, and culture change was led by the Department of Anesthesiology of the Weill Medical College of Cornell University. A Housestaff Quality Council was started in 2008 that has partnered with hospital leadership and clinical departments to engage the housestaff in quality and patient safety initiatives, resulting in measurable improvements in several patient care projects and enhanced working relationships among various clinical constituencies. Ultimately this attempt to change culture has found great success in fostering a relationship between the housestaff and the hospital in ways that have and will continue to improve patient care.