ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Plasma physics and fusion energy

A review on the equilibrium problem in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas is presented here. We first introduce the motivations to keep researching in fusion plasma physics, and the current state of actual fusion experiments. Afterwards, we briefly discuss the magnetohydrodinamics (MHD) equilibrium model and the resulting Grad-Shafranov equation. The equilibrium problem is solved by means of a MATLAB code that constructs approximated analytical solutions for a variety of geometries and conditions consistent with actual fusion experiments. The solution provides some physical quantities of interest that we analyze. Then, the equilibrium is also found for Taylor states with another MATLAB code, and a not so deep analysis is done.
Design and Application of a Smart Nanoparticle System for Cellular Health Monitoring and Targeted Stem Cell Delivery  Abstract: This study proposes a novel system using bio-compatible smart nanoparticles designed for: 1. Real-time monitoring of cellular health, including aging and damage identification. 2. Targeted delivery of stem cells to specific areas for cellular repair and regeneration. 3. Data transmission from within the body to external devices for continuous health monitoring. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Stem cell therapy, Cellular health monitoring, Targeted drug delivery, Aging, CRISPR, Bio-digital interface Author: Name: Melika Karimi Email: meliiikakariiimiii254@gmail.com Introduction: The introduction will explain the fundamental concepts of nanoparticle systems and their applications in biomedical fields. It will provide a brief review of recent advancements in using nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, cellular health monitoring, and stem cell therapy. Additionally, the introduction will outline the aims and objectives of the current study. Materials and Methods: In this section, the design and methodology of the proposed smart nanoparticles will be explained in detail. It will include the synthesis of the nanoparticles, selection of ligands for targeting specific cells, and integration of sensors for real-time monitoring of cellular health. Expected Results: This section will describe the expected outcomes, including the ability of the nanoparticles to monitor cellular health, deliver stem cells to damaged areas, and transmit data to external devices. Challenges and Considerations: Potential challenges related to nanoparticle targeting efficiency, long-term safety, and the ethical considerations regarding gene editing will be discussed in this section. Methods to overcome these challenges will also be proposed. Conclusion and Future Directions: This section will summarize the key points of the study and provide insights into the future potential of the nanoparticle system in advancing personalized medicine, regenerative therapies, and real-time health monitoring. References: The references section will include all relevant literature, such as scientific articles, books, and previous research studies related to nanoparticles, stem cells, and biomedical applications.

This study proposes a novel system using bio-compatible smart nanoparticles
CONFLICTS AND CRISES IN NIGERIA: MANAGEMENT AND RESOLUTION FOR PEACE BUILDING

Conflicts and crises do not imply peace rather they are anti-peace. They stand for or symbolize problems in human society. Historically, Nigeria profiles the highest statistics of violent conflicts in Africa. These conflicts range from land disputes, resource control, and ethnic cleavages to wars of liberation. Unfortunately, the dilemma confronting Nigeria today is not really the occurrence of conflicts and crises in the real sense, but how to resolve them in such a manner as to prevent the past ones from reoccurring and contain the present ones from escalating or degenerating into full-scale war. Therefore, it is against this backdrop that this paper examines the nitty-gritty of conflicts and crises, their antecedents, and their management and resolution in Nigeria. The paper also presents methods for better management and resolution of conflicts and crises in Nigeria. Finally, the paper concludes that the traditional conflict resolution techniques such as mediation, reconciliation, adjudication, and negotiation as well as cross-examination which were employed by Africans in the past, offer great prospects for peaceful co-existence and harmonious relationships in post-conflict periods than the modern method of litigation settlements in law courts. Thus, the paper recommends among others that the Nigeria government, especially the National Assembly should make and implement policies aimed at addressing the root and trigger causes of conflicts and crises in the country.
Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and a fluctuation theorem for individual reaction steps in a chemical reaction network

We have introduced an approach to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of an open chemical reaction network in terms of the propensities of the individual elementary reactions and the corresponding reverse reactions. The method is a microscopic formulation of the dissipation function in terms of the relative entropy or Kullback-Leibler distance which is based on the analogy of phase space trajectory with the path of elementary reactions in a network of chemical process. We have introduced here a fluctuation theorem valid for each opposite pair of elementary reactions which is useful in determining the contribution of each sub-reaction on the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of overall reaction. The methodology is applied to an oligomeric enzyme kinetics at a chemiostatic condition that leads the reaction to a nonequilibrium steady state for which we have estimated how each step of the reaction is energy driven or entropy driven to contribute to the overall reaction.
The Role of Organizational Culture, Leadership Behavior, and Job Satisfaction in Enhancing Teacher Productivity in Early Childhood Education Management

This study aims to analyze the influence of organizational culture, leadership behavior, and job satisfaction on the work productivity of kindergarten teachers in Binjai City. Using a quantitative research approach, data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 120 teachers across several early childhood education institutions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability tests, and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that all three independent variables significantly affect teacher productivity, both partially and simultaneously. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.726 indicates that 72.6% of productivity variation is explained by these factors, while job satisfaction emerged as the most dominant variable. The findings suggest that a strong organizational culture promotes discipline and cooperation, effective leadership encourages motivation and commitment, and job satisfaction enhances enthusiasm and performance. Overall, the synergy among these three aspects creates a conducive and productive educational environment for early childhood teachers. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening organizational culture, applying transformational leadership, and improving job satisfaction to optimize teacher productivity in early education institutions.
Function delivery network: Extending serverless computing for heterogeneous platforms

SummaryServerless computing has rapidly grown following the launch of Amazon's Lambda platform. Function‐as‐a‐Service (FaaS) a key enabler of serverless computing allows an application to be decomposed into simple, standalone functions that are executed on a FaaS platform. The FaaS platform is responsible for deploying and facilitating resources to the functions. Several of today's cloud applications spread over heterogeneous connected computing resources and are highly dynamic in their structure and resource requirements. However, FaaS platforms are limited to homogeneous clusters and homogeneous functions and do not account for the data access behavior of functions before scheduling. We introduce an extension of FaaS to heterogeneous clusters and to support heterogeneous functions through a network of distributed heterogeneous target platforms called Function Delivery Network (FDN). A target platform is a combination of a cluster of homogeneous nodes and a FaaS platform on top of it. FDN provides Function‐Delivery‐as‐a‐Service (FDaaS), delivering the function to the right target platform. We showcase the opportunities such as varied target platform's characteristics, possibility of collaborative execution between multiple target platforms, and localization of data that the FDN offers in fulfilling two objectives: Service Level Objective (SLO) requirements and energy efficiency when scheduling functions by evaluating over five distributed target platforms using the FDNInspector, a tool developed by us for benchmarking distributed target platforms. Scheduling functions on an edge target platform in our evaluation reduced the overall energy consumption by 17× without violating the SLO requirements in comparison to scheduling on a high‐end target platform.
Statistical mechanical approach to phase transitions in colloids

The Monte Carlo method and a number of approximate theories, based on classical statistical mechanics and using DLVO pair potentials, are used to calculate the structure and the osmotic pressure of electrostatically stabilized dispersions of spherical particles. Reasonable agreement is found between the exact Monte Carlo radial distribution functions and the corresponding quantity determined from the hard sphere model. This hard sphere model provides a simple unifying theory for the structure of these colloidal solutions provided that the equivalent hard sphere diameter is chosen correctly. From the good agreement between experiment and these and previous calculations, we conclude that the DLVO pair potentials are adequate to calculate at least the structure of colloidal solutions.
First order endotactic reaction networks

Reaction networks are a general framework widely used in modeling diverse phenomena in different science disciplines. The dynamical process of a reaction network endowed with mass-action kinetics is a mass-action system as an ODE defined by a directed graph, the so-called ``reaction graph''. Endotacticity is a graph property used to study persistence and permanence of mass-action systems. In this paper, we provide a detailed characterization of first order endotactic reaction graphs. Besides, we provide a sufficient condition for endotacticity of reaction networks which are not necessarily of first order.   Such a characterization of a first order endotactic reaction graph yields the spectral property of the adjacency matrix of the reaction graph. As a consequence, we prove that every first order endotactic mass-action system as a linear ODE has a weakly reversible deficiency zero realization, and has a unique equilibrium which is exponentially globally asymptotically stable (and is positive) in each (positive) stoichiometric compatibility class. Using a stability result for asymptotically autonomous differential equations, examples are constructed to illustrate that the global stability results can be extended to mass-action systems of higher order reaction networks modeled by nonlinear ODEs, which are not necessarily endotactic. Different from the classical approaches for proving global asymptotic stability, the proof does not rely on the construction of a Lyapunov function. This paper may serve as a starting point of characterizing endotactic reaction graphs of higher orders and studying global stability of mass-action systems in general.
The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: forging a jurisdictional frontier in post-colonial human rights

AbstractThe African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACtHPR) was finally established in 2004 after decades of negotiations. Despite forty years of resistance from governments who were reluctant to sacrifice sovereignty to a supranational body, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and its Protocol grant the ACtHPR far-reaching authority relative to other regional human rights courts. How did the ACtHPR end up with an expansive jurisdiction that is unprecedented among regional courts? This analysis proposes that legal experts’ ability to capture control over vital stages in the drafting of the African Charter and Protocol, thus limiting the influence of political advisors, yielded an institutional design that facilitated the ACtHPR's unique mandate. Furthermore, colonial legacies in newly-independent states pushed the founders of the African human rights system to envision an innovative, post-colonial human rights framework that integrated a wide-reaching spectrum of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.
Solving Inefficiency of Self-supervised Representation Learning

ICCV 2021 paper, oral presentation
Motional Narrowing Rescues Entanglement in Biological Radical-Pair Systems: Quantum Error Correction and Reservoir Computing Beyond the Breaking Threshold

Abstract                 Biological radical-pair systems operate at decoherence rates γeff = 3.25–4.55, far exceeding the entanglement-breaking threshold γc ≈ 0.3 (channel-model-dependent). Standard quantum error correction provably fails (Q1 = 0). We identify three escape routes: (i) motional narrowing from protein tumbling reduces γeff to 0.19–0.27 &lt; γc; (ii) decoherence-free subspace encoding achieves F = 0.99 with 27 enzyme copies (assuming collective noise fraction fcoll ≥ 0.94); (iii) the Petz recovery map with a noisy nuclear-spin reference preserves concurrence C = 0.46 as an information-theoretic bound. Radical-pair quantum reservoir computing (QRC) performance degrades monotonically with noise and correlates with quantum resources (rQFI = −0.52); motional narrowing rescues QRC by 6×, though a classical echo-state network retains an advantage at current simulation scales. These results reframe the quantum brain hypothesis: not quantum computation, but quantum reservoir dynamics enhanced by biologically natural motional narrowing.
Efficient reachability graph development for qualitive analysis of state/event fault trees

In the modern environment, people are more and more dependent from software-controlled systems. If it comes, however, to the certification of those systems, frequently used methods like fault tree analysis or Markov models have some crucial disadvantages, especially in modeling the hierarchical decomposition as well as the temporal behavior of the underlying system. To deal with these weak points, state/event fault trees (SEFTs) [9] were developed. All analysis methods of SEFTs — qualitative and quantitative — based on their reachability graphs which are traditionally developed by translation into equivalent Petri-nets. However, this Petri-net translation and its subsequent reachability graph development is a computationally expensive procedure that comes mostly with a state-space explosion. In this paper, we propose an approach that is able to develop an SEFT's reachability graph directly without an intermediate Petri-net model. In the evaluation we have carrie out some case studies in order to show that the direct approach increases the efficiency w. r. t. memory and time consumption while maintaining the same results as the traditional approach.
Diplomacy for science: strategies to promote international collaboration

Technology innovation is an increasingly globalized exercise with dramatic consequences for scientific and diplomatic goals alike, and requires enhanced participation and integration of scientists and science-minded diplomats within diplomatic missions to advance shared policy goals. This more general problem is addressed in the present article by focusing on recent collaborations between U.S. and German scientists, including several of the coauthors.
Targeted Antimicrobial Stewardship in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Using the Methicillin‐Resistant                     <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>                     (                     <scp>MRSA</scp>                     ) Nasal Polymerase Chain Reaction (                     <scp>PCR</scp>                     ) to Reduce Vancomycin Days of Therapy

ABSTRACT                                        Background                                            Vancomycin is commonly used in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) to treat methicillin‐resistant                                                Staphylococcus aureus                                              (MRSA) infections. While previous interventions in children's hospitals have successfully targeted vancomycin use, few have incorporated MRSA nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. The MRSA PCR has been shown to reliably rule out MRSA infection and reduce vancomycin therapy duration in adults, but data in children are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on vancomycin use.                                                                                Methods                     This retrospective study included patients less than 18 years old who received vancomycin in the PICU between January 1, 2019 and June 30, 2024. The primary outcome was vancomycin days of therapy (DOT) before and after the antimicrobial stewardship intervention. Secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury (AKI), hospital length of stay, and MRSA PCR sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV).                                                           Results                                            A total of 251 patients were included, with 126 in the pre‐group and 125 in the post‐group. The median age was 2 years, and 60% were mechanically ventilated. The most common indication for vancomycin was sepsis of unknown origin (47%). The median vancomycin DOT was 4 days in both groups (                       p                        = 0.033). In patients without confirmed MRSA infection, the median duration was shorter in the post‐group (4 vs. 3 days,                       p                        = 0.009). More patients in the post‐group had vancomycin discontinued at 72 h (38.9% vs. 61.6%,                       p                        &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were observed in secondary outcomes. The MRSA PCR sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 66.7%, 92.7%, 34.5%, and 98.3%, respectively.                                                                                Conclusions                     This intervention in PICU patients at an academic medical center led to more rapid vancomycin discontinuation and shorter DOT. The MRSA PCR demonstrated a high NPV, supporting its use as an antimicrobial stewardship tool.
Epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases in public health

At the stage of development of the public health system, there was a need to optimize the system of epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases. The introduction of social and economic analysis will allow the identification of priority infectious diseases. Establishing the relationship between social and hygienic monitoring and the epidemiological surveillance system will increase the possibility of predicting the risk of aggravation of an epidemiological situation in terms of specific nosological form in a certain territory. Upgrading on a competent basis of training of doctors of various profiles on epidemiology will contribute to the improvement of epidemiological surveillance of infectious diseases.
How Does Supernet Help in Neural Architecture Search?

Weight sharing, as an approach to speed up architecture performance estimation has received wide attention. Instead of training each architecture separately, weight sharing builds a supernet that assembles all the architectures as its submodels. However, there has been debate over whether the NAS process actually benefits from weight sharing, due to the gap between supernet optimization and the objective of NAS. To further understand the effect of weight sharing on NAS, we conduct a comprehensive analysis on five search spaces, including NAS-Bench-101, NAS-Bench-201, DARTS-CIFAR10, DARTS-PTB, and ProxylessNAS. We find that weight sharing works well on some search spaces but fails on others. Taking a step forward, we further identified biases accounting for such phenomenon and the capacity of weight sharing. Our work is expected to inspire future NAS researchers to better leverage the power of weight sharing.
Foreword: Selected papers from the 16th International Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Analysis (PSA 2019)

Probabilistic risk methods to assess, analyze, gain insights, and guide regulation for nuclear safety in facilities have been instrumental and critical tools in the United States and throughout the...
Rotating magnetic field driven antiferromagnetic domain wall motion: Role of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction

In this work, we study the rotating magnetic field driven domain wall (DW) motion in antiferromagnetic nanowires, using the micromagnetic simulations of the classical Heisenberg spin model. We show that in low frequency region, the rotating field alone could efficiently drive the DW motion even in the absence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). In this case, the DW rotates synchronously with the magnetic field, and a stable precession torque is available and drives the DW motion with a steady velocity. In large frequency region, the DW only oscillates around its equilibrium position and cannot propagate. The dependences of the velocity and critical frequency differentiating the two motion modes on several parameters are investigated in details, and the direction of the DW motion can be controlled by modulating the initial phase of the field. Interestingly, a unidirectional DW motion is predicted attributing to the bulk DMI, and the nonzero velocity for high frequency is well explained. Thus, this work does provide useful information for further antiferromagnetic spintronics applications.
Inclusive Dialog With Local Communities: Practices Among Professionals and the Battle for Equity and Public Engagement in Science Museums and Science Centers

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to understand the actions carried out for dialog between science centers and science museums with the public of local communities living in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability. The study adopted a quantitative and qualitative approach and the theoretical framework of science communication, of the exercise of citizenship and of engagement with science, using concepts such as Technoscientific Citizenship, Social Appropriation of Science and Technology, and Science Capital. Also, a few previous visitor studies on the same purpose of inclusion and social equity were considered. The methodology involved the participation of professionals who work in Brazilian institutions, in two stages of data collection, both carried out online. Initially, a questionnaire was answered by 69 professionals, of whom nine took part in in‐depth interviews. The qualitative data was analyzed using the Discourse of the Collective Subject (DCS) method, from which the results have been presented in three Categories and twelve Synthesis‐Speeches. The establishment of a dialog with a broader public involves taking on a long‐term institutional commitment, developing broad access mechanisms with respect to cultural differences. It is fundamental to make constant and careful efforts to welcome a diverse public and meet the challenge of breaking down prejudices. The implementation of the social role of science centers and science museums not only democratize knowledge but promotes a freedom feeling and the raise of self‐esteem of those who engage in its activities. The results corroborated previous studies, stating that to build a legacy and to foster significant changes in the profile of the audience, the social exclusion needs to be treated as a structural, complex, and multifaceted issue.