ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights in Agrarian Reform Policy: A Normative and Implementational Legal Study

This study examines the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ land rights within the framework of agrarian reform policy through a normative and implementational legal analysis. The research aims to analyze the extent to which existing legal frameworks recognize and protect Indigenous land rights, identify inconsistencies within regulatory structures, and evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation in practice. Employing a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, and relevant legal doctrines, complemented by a qualitative assessment of implementation challenges. The findings reveal that although Indigenous land rights are formally recognized in the legal system, such recognition remains conditional and fragmented across sectoral regulations. Overlapping authorities between land, forestry, and other resource-related laws create legal uncertainty and hinder the effective protection of customary land. Furthermore, the implementation of agrarian reform policies often fails to accommodate the collective nature of Indigenous land tenure, resulting in the marginalization of Indigenous communities. Bureaucratic complexities, limited institutional coordination, and weak enforcement mechanisms further exacerbate these challenges, leading to persistent land conflicts and dispossession. This study highlights a significant gap between normative legal guarantees and practical realities. It emphasizes the need for a more integrative and responsive legal framework that harmonizes regulations, strengthens the recognition of customary land rights, and ensures meaningful participation of Indigenous Peoples in agrarian reform processes. By bridging normative analysis with implementation perspectives, this research contributes to the development of more equitable and inclusive land governance systems that uphold Indigenous rights and promote social justice.
How AlphaFold and related models predict protein-peptide complex structures

Protein-peptide interactions mediate many biological processes, and access to accurate structural models, through experimental determination or reliable computational prediction, is essential for understanding protein function and designing novel protein-protein interactions. AlphaFold2-Multimer (AF2-Multimer), AlphaFold3 (AF3), and related models such as Boltz-1 and Chai-1 are state-of-the-art protein structure predictors that successfully predict protein-peptide complex structures. Using a dataset of experimentally resolved protein-peptide structures, we analyzed the performance of these four structure prediction models to understand how they work. We found evidence of bias for previously seen structures, suggesting that models may struggle to generalize to novel target proteins or binding sites. We probed how models use the protein and peptide multiple sequence alignments (MSAs), which are often shallow or of poor quality for peptide sequences. We found weak evidence that models use coevolutionary information from paired MSAs and found that both the target and peptide unpaired MSAs contribute to performance. Our work highlights the promise of deep learning for peptide docking and the importance of diverse representation of interface geometries in the training data for optimal prediction performance.
The effect of servant leadership on strategic change management with mediation organizational citizenship behavior and perceived organizational support

The role of a leader is very necessary with the hope that employees can also be involved in dealing with company problems that have decreased performance. This study aims to determine the effect of Servant Leadership (SL) on Strategic Change Management (SCM), either directly or indirectly through the mediation of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Perceived Organizational Support (POS) variables. This research is a development of research conducted previously on human resource management. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 140 employees. The data analysis technique used is the LISREL Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis technique. The results showed that Servant Leadership has a direct positive effect on OCB with a T-Value of 5.907, Servant Leadership has a direct positive effect on POS with a T-Value of 6.201, then Servant Leadership has a direct positive effect on SCM with a T-Value of 4.336. Servant Leadership has a positive effect on SCM mediated by OCB with a T-Value of 4.007. Servant Leadership has a positive effect on SCM mediated by POS with a T-Value of 4.898. Research contributions are expected to provide insight into science and can serve as a new reference in human resource management, leadership science, organizations, and companies.
Stem Cell Therapies and Ageing: Unlocking the Potential of Regenerative Medicine

A multifaceted biological process of ageing culminates in the gradual decline of tissue and organ functions, escalating vulnerability to age-related diseases. Stem cell therapies, standing at the frontier of regenerative medicine, hold the potential to mitigate the challenges induced by ageing. By harnessing the unique regenerative capabilities of stem cells, these therapies aim to renew and heal ageing or damaged cells and tissues, thereby bolstering their function. In this chapter, we explore the potential of stem cell-based interventions against age-related degeneration, emphasising their underlying mechanisms, challenges, and future possibilities. As elucidated by the Buck Institute for Research on Aging, ageing is characterised by an accrual of macromolecular damage, genomic instability, and loss of heterochromatin (Campisi et al. Nature 571:183-192, 2019). These aspects culminate in stem cell fatigue and a dwindling tissue regenerative capacity. However, with the advent of stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine, we now hold the tools to reverse these age-induced changes by rejuvenating stem cells, the keystones of tissue regeneration, and fostering their proliferation and differentiation.
Advancements in AI-Driven Music: Intelligent Composition, Lyric Generation, and MIDI Integration

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in music production has transformed the creative process, providing musicians and producers with advanced tools to compose, mix, and master. In this paper, computational realization of AI-created music using deep learning models is discussed with an emphasis on the capabilities of MusicGen. The study explains the utilization of neural networks in the generation of personalized compositions, dynamic AI-created lyrics, and user-uploaded MIDI compositions to generate full music tracks. From a literature review and utilization of AI models in music synthesis, the research presents the advancement, challenges, and potential of AI-created music.
Effectiveness of Occupational Health and Safety Practices for Employees in Workplaces: A Meta-Analysis Study

The use of new machines in production lines due to technological developments makes business ecosystems more complex every day. In parallel with the changes experienced, the diversity and impact level of risks pose serious threats to employees, businesses, and the environment. Ensuring the sustainability of production can be achieved through effective and comprehensive occupational health and safety practices. Risk assessments, checklists and emergency plans are some of these practices.  This study is a study conducted to reveal the impact levels of practices aimed at improving occupational health and safety. Meta-analysis method was used in the study. The data used in the analysis were obtained by searching Web of Science, Google Scholar, YÖK (The Council of Higher Education), PubMed, EBSCOhost databases without any time limitation until 31.01.2024.  As a result of the comprehensive search, it was determined that 20 studies were suitable for the analysis. These studies were then included in the analysis and synthesized by meta-analysis. As a result of this meta-analysis, it was determined that occupational health and safety practices for employees were effective (SMD: 0.924, 95% CI:-0.494-1.354, Z=4.214, p=0.000, I2= 98.670%, Q=1428.054). The analysis results revealed that the variance between the studies was statistically significant (p&amp;lt;0.05). Additionally, occupational health and safety practices were found to enhance employees' sense of security and productivity, reduce workplace accidents and occupational diseases, and make a significant contribution to the development of a safety culture.
Heliospheric Modulation of Cosmic Rays in the Era of Neutron Monitoring

The heliospheric modulation potential of galactic cosmic rays (CRs) is reconstructed for the era of neutron monitoring. It is based on using a modern model of the interstellar spectrum of galactic CRs and the spectrum of CR density variations. The spectrum of CR variations is obtained via global spectrographic processing of continuous monitoring data from the world network of detectors and is calibrated using data from direct measurements of the particle spectrum on the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer in base year 2009.
Impact of the National Health Insurance Coverage Policy on the Utilisation and Accessibility of Innovative Anti-cancer Medicines in China: An Interrupted Time-Series Study

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the National Health Insurance Coverage (NHIC) policy on the utilisation and accessibility of innovative anti-cancer medicines in Nanjing, China.Methods: We used the adjusted World Health Organisation and Health Action International methodology to calculate the price and availability of 15 innovative anti-cancer medicines included in the National Health Insurance drug list in 20 tertiary hospitals and six secondary hospitals in Nanjing before and after NHIC policy implementation. Interrupted time-series regression was used to analyse the changes in the utilisation of the study medicines.Results: The price reduction rates of innovative anti-cancer medicines ranged between 34 and 65%. The mean availability rate was 27.44% before policy implementation and increased to 47.33% after policy implementation. The utilisation of anti-cancer medicines suddenly increased with a slope of 33.19–2,628.39 when the policy was implemented. Moreover, the usage rate of bevacizumab, bortezomib, and apatinib significantly increased (p &amp;lt; 0.001, p = 0.009, and p &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) after policy implementation. With regard to price reduction and medical insurance reimbursement, the medicines became more affordable after policy implementation (0.06–1.90 times the per capita annual disposable income for urban patients and 0.13–4.46 times the per capita annual disposable income for rural patients).Conclusion: The NHIC policy, which was released by the central government, effectively improved the utilisation and affordability of innovative anti-cancer medicines. However, the availability of innovative anti-cancer medicines in hospitals remained low and the utilisation of innovative anti-cancer medicines was affected by some factors, including the incidence of cancer, limitation of indications within the insurance program, and the rational use of innovative anti-cancer medicines. It is necessary to improve relevant supporting policies to promote the affordability of patients. The government should speed up the process of price negotiation to include more innovative anti-cancer medicines in the medical insurance coverage, consider including both medical examinations and adjuvant chemotherapy in the medical insurance, and increase investment in health care.
Structures and Representations of Generalized Path Algebras

It is shown that an algebra $Λ$ can be lifted with nilpotent Jacobson radical $r = r(Λ)$ and has a generalized matrix unit $\{e_{ii}\}_I$ with each $\bar e_{ii} $ in the center of $\bar Λ= Λ/r$ iff $Λ$ is isomorphic to a generalized path algebra with weak relations. Representations of the generalized path algebras are given. As a corollary, $Λ$ is a finite algebra with non-zero unity element over perfect field $k$ (e.g. a field with characteristic zero or a finite field) iff $Λ$ is isomorphic to a generalized path algebra $k (D, Ω, ρ)$ of finite directed graph with weak relations and $dim {\} Ω< \infty $; $Λ$ is a generalized elementary algebra which can be lifted with nilpotent Jacobson radical and has a complete set of pairwise orthogonal idempotents iff $Λ$ is isomorphic to a path algebra with relations.
Digital Infrastructure: Public Good or Private Commodity?—Rethinking the Right to Internet Access in the Context of Urban Digitisation

The Indian state has been steadily increasing its focus on and use of digital technologies. This article argues that if digitisation is to continue and accelerate, certain other aspects of digitisation require greater scrutiny. To begin with, for digitisation to be meaningful to citizens, it is necessary to consider them not only as data points but as participants. This requires improved access to the internet. In order to do so, it is incumbent upon the Indian state to enhance digital infrastructure. However, this infrastructure cannot be narrowly conceived. There are material, educational, and legislative interventions that make digital infrastructure meaningful, accessible and non-extractive. This article raises two questions: should access to the internet be considered a basic right? And, if feasible, what would such a policy entail? This article attempts to shed light on India’s digital divide, look at the direction in which public–private relations are headed in an increasingly digital India and discuss the benefits of considering digital infrastructure—rather than the internet itself—as a public good rather than a private commodity. Such infrastructure includes laws and policies that protect and empower citizens.
Punishment in the Doctrine of International Criminal Law and the Practice of International Tribunals Ad Hoc

The article provides an analysis of the doctrinal understanding of the purposes of punishment in international criminal law. The author notes that there is a certain unity in this issue in the Russian and foreign doctrine of international criminal law. The practice of international criminal tribunals ad hoc, recognized by Russia, is also analyzed in terms of understanding the purposes of punishment. General issues of such types of punishment as life imprisonment and imprisonment for a certain period are studied.
The eviction of indigenous peoples in Tanzania: do the justice system and legal framework protect the land rights of pastoralists?

Máster Universitario en Protección Internacional de los Derechos Humanos (M081)
The Impact of International Accounting and Auditing Standards on the Quality of Financial Reporting

Objective: This study aims to measure the impact of applying international standards for financial reporting and auditing on the quality of financial reports for a sample of Iraqi joint-stock companies.     Methodology: The study goal is achieved by developing a special form to examine financial reports in addition to a special form to examine the reports of auditors and the extent of compliance with the adopted international standards. To achieve the research objectives, a content analysis method was used for the financial reports of a sample consisting of 18 companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange distributed across 8 different sectors of activity.     Results: Our findings reveal that most of these companies do not adopt international accounting standards and financial reporting, except for the banking sector. Additionally, statutory auditors do not follow international auditing standards, except for those auditing companies that apply international financial reporting standards.     Conclusion: The non-compliance to International Accounting and Auditing Standardsfor the most of listed companies could affect negatively the quality and reliability of financial information provided by them.
Celeritas: GPU-accelerated particle transport for detector simulation in High Energy Physics experiments

Contribution to Snowmass 2021
Hemp Seed Production: Environmental Impacts of Cannabis sativa L. Agronomic Practices by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Carbon Footprint Methodologies

This paper evaluated the environmental impacts of different agronomic practices for a hemp seed crop grown in Mediterranean environment. The following agricultural variables have been considered: seven monoecious hemp varieties(Epsilon68 (E68), Fedora17 (F17), Felina32 (F32), Ferimon (Fe), Futura75 (F75), Santhica27 (S27), Uso31 (U31)), three plant densities (40, 80, and 120 plants m−2), and two levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization (50 and 100 kg ha−1 of N). Life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint (CF) methodologies have been applied to evaluate impacts. In all hemp genotypes, the impacts grew by decreasing both N fertilizer and plants densities. The scenario most impacting was E68/F75/S27 genotypes cultivated with 50 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer and 40 plants m−2, while the lowest one was Fe with 100 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer and 120 plants m−2. The highest CF was found for E68/F75/S27 cultivated with 50 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer and 40 plants m−2 (18.720 kg CO2 eq). This study highlighted the most environmentally sustainable agronomic practices to support farmer and decision maker in Cannabis sativa L. cultivation for seed production.
Method of local‐scaling transformations and density functional theory in quantum chemistry. III. The energy density functional: Spin‐restricted approach

AbstractThe rigorous derivation of the energy density functional is proposed within the framework of the spinfree, or spin‐restricted formulation of the energy density functional theory. It is shown particularly that the kinetic energy density functional is given by a sum of the Weizsacker term and the so‐called “modified” Thomas–Fermi one. The variational principle is formulated for the energy density functional theory in terms of the Euler–Lagrange equation, and the virial theorem is proposed.
The impact of video gaming and playing a musical instrument on robotic surgical simulator performance - the Robotic Surgical Simulator Study (RS3)

Background: A personal history of video gaming has been associated with improved laparoscopic skills acquisition in some but not all studies. The impact of playing a musical instrument on laparoscopic or robotic proficiency is less investigated. Methods: This study evaluates the impact of video gaming, playing a musical instrument, and other demographic parameters on robotic simulator proficiency in a cohort of 27 participants. Candidates performed 3 standardized exercises on a virtual reality robotic training platform, resulting in a proficiency score. After completing a detailed survey, participants repeated the standardized exercises to obtain a basic learning curve. Gaming history, playing a musical instrument, surgical experience, and demographic parameters were correlated with overall robotic proficiency and improvement during the experimental session. Results: Participants with previous gaming history had 33 % higher overall robotic performance scores (p = 0.02). There was no difference in performance between surgical trainees and attending physicians with high volume laparoscopic surgery experience (average of 77 laparoscopic procedures). In this small cohort, playing an instrument had no influence overall (p = 0.2), but we found a trend towards increased proficiency in those playing the piano, yielding 30 % higher scores (p = 0.14). Participants performed up to 22 % better in the second run of the ''Suture Sponge'' exercises (p = 0.08), indicating a steep learning curve of simulated robotic surgery. Conclusions: A history of video gaming and playing the piano is associated with improved performance on a virtual-reality robotic surgical simulator. The steep learning curve underlines the benefit of virtual robotic surgical training before performing robotic procedures on patients.
Framework assessment of sustainability: Methodology for evaluating the conformance of fishery and aquaculture management systems to FAO guidelines

Sustainability is about meeting the needs of current generations without compromising those of future generations. For fished and aquacultured products, sustainability is often gauged on an individual fishery or farm basis but can be driven by a well-designed and implemented regulatory management system, or set of laws, rules, and policies promulgated by a governmental entity. To achieve global coverage via current assessment approaches requires enormous effort and resources due to the sheer number of individual operating units. System assessments are well established in assuring seafood safety, but much less so in regard to sustainability. This paper presents a tool to measure sustainability based on the prevailing regulatory management system and invites other researchers and practitioners to gauge the applicability of the methodology to new contexts. Evaluating how management systems support sustainable practices is key for assessing current reality and planning change. The methodology presented is based on international criteria for sustainability set forth in United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for the ecolabelling of fish and fishery products as well as aquaculture certification. The assessment tools are the distillation of qualitative criteria found within the FAO guidelines into simple propositions called “Topics of Pertinence” that enable a straightforward cross-checking of whether the requirements and provisions of regulatory management systems reflect broadly accepted sustainability criteria in fisheries and aquaculture sectors. Assessments document what management systems aim to do via laws, regulations, and policies, and verify mechanisms within the systems that support implementation and compliance. While other sustainability assessments exist, the methodology described here is unique in that it is the only process that provides a system-based approach targeting higher management levels, which can increase global coverage of sustainability assessment from the current lower-tiered approach of certifying at individual production entities.