ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Balancing Privacy and Performance: Federated Learning with Differential Privacy for Real-Time, Resilient Healthcare AI

The escalating dependence on artificial intelligence (AI) within the healthcare sector presents significant challenges pertaining to data privacy, regulatory adherence, and the pragmatic implementation of predictive models. This review meticulously examines the amalgamation of Federated Learning (FL) and Differential Privacy (DP) as a prospective framework to mitigate these issues within decentralized healthcare infrastructures. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of extant FL-DP frameworks, concentrating on their capacity to safeguard privacy, uphold performance standards, and function efficiently in real-time clinical settings. The review encompasses architectural advancements, edge computing methodologies, adaptive privacy budgets, and the contributions of blockchain and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in facilitating secure data interchange. Comparative assessments and case studies are synthesized to evaluate model precision, scalability, and conformity with regulatory mandates. Notwithstanding significant advancements, we delineate critical deficiencies, including ethical dilemmas, algorithmic equity, data disparity, and obstacles to deployment. Our contributions consist of a benchmarking framework, the delineation of unresolved research inquiries, and actionable insights for the formulation of secure, just, and scalable FL-DP systems within the healthcare domain. This paper delineates a strategic framework for prospective research and the execution of privacy-preserving AI within clinical practice. The outcomes highlight significant potential for real-world clinical implementation, fostering enhanced patient care, supporting regulatory compliance, and enabling scalable, privacy-preserving AI adoption across diverse healthcare environments.
Systematic modelling, verification, calibration and validation of a ship propulsion simulation model

The need for ship propulsion simulation models is widely acknowledged. However, a ship propulsion simulation model can only rightfully be used after its validity has been assessed. The importance of high quality validation increases when the simulation model is intended to be used to design working equipment. This paper proposes a systematic approach towards the modelling, verification, calibration and validation of a ship propulsion simulation model. Both the validity of static operating points and of the dynamic system behaviour are quantified, enabling objective quality assessment. The model that is validated here has successfully been used to develop and test a propulsion control system, aiming at increased cavitation free time in operational conditions. This is the topic of a further paper.
DATENeRF: Depth-Aware Text-based Editing of NeRFs

Recent advancements in diffusion models have shown remarkable proficiency in editing 2D images based on text prompts. However, extending these techniques to edit scenes in Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) is complex, as editing individual 2D frames can result in inconsistencies across multiple views. Our crucial insight is that a NeRF scene's geometry can serve as a bridge to integrate these 2D edits. Utilizing this geometry, we employ a depth-conditioned ControlNet to enhance the coherence of each 2D image modification. Moreover, we introduce an inpainting approach that leverages the depth information of NeRF scenes to distribute 2D edits across different images, ensuring robustness against errors and resampling challenges. Our results reveal that this methodology achieves more consistent, lifelike, and detailed edits than existing leading methods for text-driven NeRF scene editing.
Heliospheric Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays During Solar Cycle 23

Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) encounter an outward-moving solar wind with cyclic magnetic-field fluctuation and turbulence. This causes convection and diffusion in the heliosphere. The GCR counts from the ground-based neutron monitor stations show intensity changes that are anti-correlated with the sunspot numbers with a lag of a few months. GCRs experience various types of modulation from different solar activity features and influence space weather and the terrestrial climate. In this work, we investigate certain aspects of the GCR modulation at low cut-off rigidity (R                         c≈1 GV) in relation to some solar and geomagnetic indices for the entire solar cycle 23 (1996 – 2008). We separately study the GCR modulation during the ascending phase of cycle 23 including its maximum (1996 – 2002) and the descending phase including its minimum (2003 – 2008). We find that during the descending phase, the GCR recoveries are much faster than those of the solar parameters with negative time-lag. The results are discussed in light of modulation models, including drift effects and previous results.
Generating Focused Molecule Libraries for Drug Discovery with Recurrent Neural Networks

17 pages, 17 figures
On Topological Data Analysis for SHM: An Introduction to Persistent Homology

This paper aims to discuss a method of quantifying the 'shape' of data, via a methodology called topological data analysis. The main tool within topological data analysis is persistent homology; this is a means of measuring the shape of data, from the homology of a simplicial complex, calculated over a range of values. The required background theory and a method of computing persistent homology is presented here, with applications specific to structural health monitoring. These results allow for topological inference and the ability to deduce features in higher-dimensional data, that might otherwise be overlooked. A simplicial complex is constructed for data for a given distance parameter. This complex encodes information about the local proximity of data points. A singular homology value can be calculated from this simplicial complex. Extending this idea, the distance parameter is given for a range of values, and the homology is calculated over this range. The persistent homology is a representation of how the homological features of the data persist over this interval. The result is characteristic to the data. A method that allows for the comparison of the persistent homology for different data sets is also discussed.
Position: There Is No Free Bayesian Uncertainty Quantification

Due to their intuitive appeal, Bayesian methods of modeling and uncertainty quantification have become popular in modern machine and deep learning. When providing a prior distribution over the parameter space, it is straightforward to obtain a distribution over the parameters that is conventionally interpreted as uncertainty quantification of the model. We challenge the validity of such Bayesian uncertainty quantification by discussing the equivalent optimization-based representation of Bayesian updating, provide an alternative interpretation that is coherent with the optimization-based perspective, propose measures of the quality of the Bayesian inferential stage, and suggest directions for future work.
Thermodynamics of Growth in Open Chemical Reaction Networks

We identify the thermodynamic conditions necessary to observe indefinite growth in homogeneous open chemical reaction networks (CRNs) satisfying mass action kinetics. We also characterize the thermodynamic efficiency of growth by considering the fraction of the chemical work supplied from the surroundings that is converted into CRN free energy. We find that indefinite growth cannot arise in CRNs chemostatted by fixing the concentration of some species at constant values, or in continuous-flow stirred tank reactors. Indefinite growth requires a constant net influx from the surroundings of at least one species. In this case, unimolecular CRNs always generate equilibrium linear growth, i.e., a continuous linear accumulation of species with equilibrium concentrations and efficiency one. Multimolecular CRNs are necessary to generate nonequilibrium growth, i.e., the continuous accumulation of species with nonequilibrium concentrations. Pseudo-unimolecular CRNs - a subclass of multimolecular CRNs - always generate asymptotic linear growth with zero efficiency. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the CRN topology and the chemostatting procedure in determining the dynamics and thermodynamics of growth.
Propensity approach to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of a chemical reaction network: Controlling single E-coli β-galactosidase enzyme catalysis through the elementary reaction steps

In this work, we develop an approach to nonequilibrium thermodynamics of an open chemical reaction network in terms of the elementary reaction propensities. The method is akin to the microscopic formulation of the dissipation function in terms of the Kullback-Leibler distance of phase space trajectories in Hamiltonian system. The formalism is applied to a single oligomeric enzyme kinetics at chemiostatic condition that leads the reaction system to a nonequilibrium steady state, characterized by a positive total entropy production rate. Analytical expressions are derived, relating the individual reaction contributions towards the total entropy production rate with experimentally measurable reaction velocity. Taking a real case of Escherichia coli β-galactosidase enzyme obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics, we thoroughly analyze the temporal as well as the steady state behavior of various thermodynamic quantities for each elementary reaction. This gives a useful insight in the relative magnitudes of various energy terms and the dissipated heat to sustain a steady state of the reaction system operating far-from-equilibrium. It is also observed that, the reaction is entropy-driven at low substrate concentration and becomes energy-driven as the substrate concentration rises.
Does speed matter? : the impact of the EU membership incentive on rule adoption in minority language rights protection

Denna avhandling tar sin utgångspunkt i ett ifrågasättande av effektiviteten i EU:s konditionalitetspolitik avseende minoritetsrättigheter. Baserat på den rationalistiska teoretiska modellen, External Incentives Model of Governance, syftar denna hypotesprövande avhandling till att förklara om tidsavståndet på det potentiella EU medlemskapet påverkar lagstiftningsnivån avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter. Mätningen av nivån på lagstiftningen avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter begränsas till att omfatta icke-diskriminering, användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang samt minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen. Metodologiskt används ett jämförande angreppssätt både avseende tidsramen för studien, som sträcker sig mellan 2003 och 2010, men även avseende urvalet av stater. På basis av det \"mest lika systemet\" kategoriseras staterna i tre grupper efter deras olika tidsavstånd från det potentiella EU medlemskapet. Hypotesen som prövas är följande: ju kortare tidsavstånd till det potentiella EU medlemskapet desto större sannolikhet att staternas lagstiftningsnivå inom de tre områden som studeras har utvecklats till en hög nivå. Studien visar att hypotesen endast bekräftas delvis. Resultaten avseende icke-diskriminering visar att sambandet mellan tidsavståndet och nivån på lagstiftningen har ökat markant under den undersökta tidsperioden. Detta samband har endast stärkts mellan kategorin av stater som ligger tidsmässigt längst bort ett potentiellt EU medlemskap och de två kategorier som ligger närmare respektive närmast ett potentiellt EU medlemskap. Resultaten avseende användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang och minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen visar inget respektive nästan inget samband mellan tidsavståndet och utvecklingen på lagstiftningen mellan 2003 och 2010.
Internet access as citizen's right? Citizenship in the digital age

Discourses about Internet and rights generate ideological, economic, and policy debates that bring to prominence the question of citizenship in today's digital age. But what does Internet access as a citizen's right imply? What are the pragmatic meanings of the intersection of citizenship, rights, and technology access? Specifically, what does citizens' right to technology mean for African states? This paper examines citizenship, rights, and Internet in South Africa, and attempts to move the discourse beyond philosophical rhetoric to practical policy interpretations. To do this, the study examines interpretations and reactions of policy-makers to the idea of Internet access as a citizen's right, and through a survey explores the views of many youth on this subject. Findings reveal strong opinions about rights and technology access in South Africa. For policy-makers, the reality of the socioeconomic challenges of Africa humbles an egalitarian aspiration of rights and Internet access.
Risks and countermeasures of artificial intelligence generated content technology in content security governance

Recently, artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) technology has achieved various disruptive results and has become a new trend in AI research and application, driving AI into a new era.Firstly, the development status of AIGC technology was analyzed, focusing on generative models such as generative adversarial networks and diffusion models, as well as multimodal technologies, and surveying and elaborating on the existing technological capabilities for text, speech, image and video generation.Then, the risks brought by AIGC technology in the field of content security governance were focused and analyzed, including fake information, content infringement, network and software supply chain security, data leakage and other aspects.Finally, in view of the above security risks, counter strategies were proposed from the technical, application and regulatory levels, respectively.
Scale dependence in multitemporal mapping of forest fragmentation in Bolivia: implications for explaining temporal trends in landscape ecology and applications to biodiversity conservation

Landsat TM and ETM data were used to create forest/non-forest maps with which spatial patterns of forest fragmentation created by road building, agricultural colonisation and hydrocarbon exploration in Chapare (Bolivia) since the 1980s were analysed. Different spatial patterns of forest fragmentation were identified and analysed using landscape ecology metrics. These patterns are a function of their deforestation histories which, in turn, can be explained by a variety of Bolivian government policies. The relationships between landscape metrics and different simulated spatial resolutions of image data (from 30 to 1100 m) were also examined and most metrics were found to be highly dependent on pixel size. The implications of these findings for biodiversity conservation in humid tropical lowlands are considered.
Optimization of multi-modal transportation chains in city logistics

La croissance de la congestion des infrastructures routières, en particulier dans les zones urbaines, est préoccupante et impose de trouver des solutions à la productivité générale de la filière logistique. Nos travaux se reposent sur une solution de mutualisation de capacités logistiques résiduelles. Nous considérons une association d'acteurs logistiques d'une même zone urbaine mettant en commun les capacités résultantes de leur activité respective. Le but de cette thèse est de développer un ensemble de modèles permettant l'optimisation de l'utilisation du réseau d'offres. A partir d'un ensemble de données décrivant les caractéristiques du système, il s'agit de déterminer la façon dont les demandes acceptées vont être acheminées de manière à optimiser le revenu engendré par l'acceptation de demandes. Notre problème consiste à déterminer une allocation de demandes sur un réseau d'offres logistique fixé. Une première contribution de cette thèse est la modélisation sous forme de graphe espace-temps de l'offre logistique. Nous modélisons ensuite le problème d'allocation de demandes comme un problème de flots multi-produits et en proposons une formulation mathématique. Une seconde contribution réside en la proposition d’une série de technique de réductions de variables permettant de diminuer la taille du modèle et ainsi de résoudre des instances de grandes tailles. En vue d'une utilisation industrielle, nous complétons la formulation mathématique afin de considérer certaines variantes du problème d'allocation de demandes. Finalement, nous décrivons l’intégration du module d’allocation des demandes dans une solution logicielle développée pour traiter un cas réel.
Chapter 6. Vague Indictments and Justice at the International Criminal Tribunals: Learning from the World of Common Law

This chapter reviews and compares the state of jurisprudence of both international Tribunals with case law from common law jurisdictions, with the objective of stimulating international criminal law with relevant general principles of law recognised by modern nations. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) have often found occasion to draw upon general principles of law for sources of law that govern their work, in the absence of help from customary international law, their statutes and their procedure rules. The Rules of Procedure and Evidence of both ICTR and ICTY clearly point them in that direction. The Tribunals have often drawn procedural inspiration from common law jurisdictions. Sadly, though one area in proceedings of the Tribunals that greatly beckons them to rely more on common law procedures is in the matter of objections to the indictment on grounds of vagueness.  Keywords: common law; indictment; International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR); International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
The Rule of Law Approach for More Resilient Institutions: Judicial Accountability and Independence, and Global Economic Activities

This policy paper explores the judiciary's pivotal role in development, covering property rights, government accountability, and contract enforcement. It underscores the importance of impartial judicial institutions, focusing on independence, accountability, and their role in stabilizing global supply chains and financial systems. In the first part, we derive three key policy implications from two research papers. First, we stress the significance of independent judicial appointments to enhance decision-making and economic integrity. Appointments based on merit, rather than political favoritism, bolster public trust and guard against judicial compromise. Second, we advocate for understanding the interplay between cultural norms and political institutions. We propose measures to separate religious and political power, including affirmative action in religious education regions and secularization of bureaucracies. Lastly, we call for the creation of judicial selection procedures to insulate judges from political influence, promoting an independent and accountable judiciary.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium—Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects

AbstractReview: 127 refs.
Additional file 1 of Quality of palliative and end-of-life care: a qualitative study of experts’ recommendations to improve indicators in Quebec (Canada)

Supplementary Material 1
Decoherence and quantum error correction for quantum computing and communications.

Quantum technologies have shown immeasurable potential to effectively solve several information processing tasks such as prime number factorization, unstructured database search or complex macromolecule simulation. As a result of such capability to solve certain problems that are not classically tractable, quantum machines have the potential revolutionize the modern world via applications such as drug design, process optimization, unbreakable communications or machine learning. However, quantum information is prone to suffer from errors caused by the so-called decoherence, which describes the loss in coherence of quantum states associated to their interactions with the surrounding environment. This decoherence phenomenon is present in every quantum information task, be it transmission, processing or even storage of quantum information. Consequently, the protection of quantum information via quantum error correction codes (QECC) is of paramount importance to construct fully operational quantum computers. Understanding environmental decoherence processes and the way they are modeled is fundamental in order to construct effective error correction methods capable of protecting quantum information. In this thesis, the nature of decoherence is studied and mathematically modelled; and QECCs are designed and optimized so that they exhibit better error correction capabilities.
Supplementary Table S2 from Blood-Based Genomic Alteration Signature for Predicting Progression-Free Survival in &lt;i&gt;De Novo&lt;/i&gt; Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Real-World Study

&lt;p&gt;Genomic Alterations in Tumor Tissue and ctDNA&lt;/p&gt;
EXPLORING THE WONDERFUL MYSTERY OF TIME: “LACK OF GROUNDS” IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL JUDICIAL REVIEW AS AN EVIDENCE OF PASSIVE VIRTUES IN THE BRAZILIAN SUPREME COURT (STF)

Has the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) used formal arguments to evade the judgment of conflicts submitted by the concentrated judicial review? Over the past 20 years, the Supreme Court has denied trial to a growing number of cases, citing the presence of formal defects, mainly due to the so-called incidental “lack of grounds": when, owing to the delay in assessing the conflict, alluded legal standard ceases to exist or have effect. This research starts from the Bickel’s hypothesis (1962): courts deliberately use passive virtues – self-restriction techniques, usually of procedural nature, which provide the court with the option to avoid the assessment of a case – in order to seek to understand the "lack of grounds" institutional phenomenon. In this sense, data from the Brazilian Supreme Court’s on the cases on which the "lack of grounds" was harvested were subjected of statistical inferences, in order to explain, through modeling, this omission behavior of the Court.
Exercise and Nutritional Strategies to Promote Weight Loss: A Narrative Review&lt;a class="tippyShow" data-tippy-interactive="true" data-tippy-arrow="true" data-tippy-theme="light-border" style="cursor:pointer" data-tippy-content="&lt;p style=text-indent:0in;&gt;Presented at the 2nd Ibero-American Symposium in Sports and Physical Activity: Nutrition and Training, Medellín, Colombia.&lt;/p&gt;"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;

Obesity has historically been thought to simply be related to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Weight loss recommendations have traditionally focused on reducing energy intake, maintaining either a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet or vice versa, and increasing physical activity typically through low to moderate intensity exercise. More recently, genetic, physiological, and behavioral factors have also been found to play a significant role in the etiology of obesity. For this reason, the prevention and management of obesity through implementation of different types of exercise and diet intervention programs, behavioral interventions, and/or medical interventions are at the forefront of obesity research. As a result, we are beginning to see a paradigm shift from traditional weight loss and management approaches to personalized diet and exercise strategies. This purpose of this narrative review was to overview: 1.) the effects of physical activity on weight loss; 2.) the effects of diet and cardiovascular exercise on weight loss; 3.) the effects of high protein diet with resistance-exercise on weight loss; and, 4.) behavioral factors that contribute weight loss and maintenance.