ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Personalized medicine and personalized pricing: Four degrees of price discrimination

Economics developed a set of three degrees of price discrimination dependent on whether the seller targets individuals or groups, and whether buyers wish to use quantity rebates. The seller’s reason to price discriminate is to capture as much of the buyers utility surplus. Price discrimination is deemed unfair and immoral, and this is especially so in the market for pharmaceutical therapies. But, sometimes it can indeed be socially useful to price discriminate as the practice, under circumstances, enhances efficiency and social welfare. The market for pharmaceuticals is a non-typical market as irreversible costs of research and development form the brunt of the cost structure. As pharmaceutical companies are driven by the profit motive and bounded by patent expiration dates, discriminatory pricing schemes are necessary to recover investment costs of research and development as quickly as possible. The first degree of price discrimination consists of perfect, individually targeted, price/quality combinations that fully extract consumers’ surplus. The second degree price discrimination consists of quantity rebates. The third degree of price discrimination is based on group targeting according to the group average willingness to pay. This is a problem for low income EU member states as prices of pharmaceuticals are formed according to the dominant market average willingness to pay. In this paper, we introduce a fourth degree of price discrimination based on qualitative features of pharmaceuticals on a market for antiviral drugs. The main qualitative feature of an antiviral drug is its Sustained Virological Response (SVR). We conjecture the SVR to be the primary cause of price differentials for antiviral pharmaceutical therapies on the market. The fourth type of discrimination would be of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industry and health management organisations as it introduces nonlinear price-quality combinations. Since budgetary constraints prevent the less wealthy EU member states to acquire all the newest and extremely effective drugs that are getting to the market, some new types of contracts and confidential risk-sharing agreements are being envisaged.
Embedding Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Education: Fostering Ethical Leaders for Economic and Environmental Resilience

Abstract  In response to the growing complexities of environmental, economic, and social issues, business education as a program must adapt to address these interconnected challenges. Embedding the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility within business education curriculum offers a pathway to develop future leaders who balance financial success with environmental sustainability. The study was guided by two objectives, research questions, and hypotheses, and the population of the study comprises 200 final-year business education students from three Nigerian universities with accredited business programs. A descriptive survey method was employed; data were collected via a structured questionnaire validated by an expert in the department of test measurement and business education and administered through Google Forms. Reliability assessment yielded a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.86, demonstrating strong internal consistency. Descriptive statistics addressed the research questions, while hypotheses were tested using simple regression analysis at a significance level of 5%. The results indicated that students who are exposed to CSR-oriented curricula exhibit significantly higher levels of ethical reasoning, environmental consciousness, and involvement in community engagement compared to their peers enrolled in conventional programs. The study concludes that integrating CSR into business education programs prepares graduates to succeed in competitive environments while upholding ethical standards and environmental stewardship. It recommends comprehensive curriculum reforms to integrate CSR throughout all business disciplines, enhanced faculty training development focusing on sustainable education, and stronger academic industry partnerships to equip students with practical and experiential CSR learning opportunities.  Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Business Education, Environmental Resilience
AlphaFold Prediction of Structural Ensembles of Disordered Proteins

Abstract         Deep learning methods of predicting protein structures have reached an accuracy comparable to that of high-resolution experimental methods. It is thus possible to generate accurate models of the native states of hundreds of millions of proteins. An open question, however, concerns whether these advances can be translated to disordered proteins, which should be represented as structural ensembles because of their heterogeneous and dynamical nature. Here we show that the inter-residue distances predicted by AlphaFold for disordered proteins are accurate, and describe how they can be used to construct structural ensembles. These results illustrate the possibility of making structural predictions for disordered proteins using deep learning methods trained on the large structural databases available for folded proteins.
Patient safety in vitreoretinal surgery: quality improvements following a patient safety reporting system

Vitreoretinal (VR) surgery is complex. Most clinical conditions that VR surgeons manage have a high risk for blindness or severe visual impairment. Reporting of patient safety incidents (PSI) in VR surgery was introduced at the Moorfields Eye Hospital (MEH) in the 1990s. We examine the role of PSI reporting in making VR surgery safer at our institution.Qualitative review of PSIs from 1997 to 2009 at MEH, London, UK.Over the 13-year study period, 38 789 VR procedures were undertaken and 579 VR PSIs occurring in theatre or inpatient were reported. Mean rate of PSI reporting was 1.49% (range 0.12-3.35). In comparison, the mean rate of PSI reporting over the same period across all National Health Service ophthalmology in England was 0.59% (range 0.36-0.49). Overall, 0.9% of VR PSI resulted in 'Severe' harm, 11.6% in 'Moderate' harm and 87.5% in 'No' or 'Low' harm. 15 (2.6%) of PSIs directly resulted in a change in clinical practice, 13 of which occurred in the first half of the study period. 12 (3.6%) critical incidents were violations of pre-existing protocols and guidelines, eight of which occurred in the second half of the study period. 61 (10.9%) of PSIs fell into nine main error subtypes that contributed to a change in practice. The most common were ocular hypotony (2.9%), medical device failure (2.8%) and delay in VR surgery (1.2%).VR PSI reporting resulted in a change in clinical practice. Longitudinal analysis suggests an accompanying increase in patient safety.
An integrated approach for logistic and vendor managed inventory in supply chain

In this paper, a quaternary policy system towards integrated logistics and inventory aspect of the supply chain has been proposed. A system of multi retailers and distributors, with each distributor following a unique policy, will be analysed. The first policy is continuous time replenishment policy where the retailers' inventory is replenished in every time interval. In the next three policies, inventory of the retailers will be replenished by some definite policy factors. The vendor managed inventory (VMI) system is used for updating the inventory of the retailers. An order-up-to policy (q, Q) is used for updating the inventory of distributors. Total erstwhile demands to the retailer will be used to determine the amount of inventory acclivity. Furthermore, the distributors will be sending the delivery vehicles to few fellow retailers who are shortlisted according to the policy, followed by the retailers and associated distributors. On the basis of random demand that the retailers are facing from end customers and the total demand that has incurred in the supply chain, products are unloaded to the selected retailers from the delivery vehicle. The path of the delivery vehicle is retrieved by dynamic ant colony optimization. In addition, a framework has been developed to measure the end-customer satisfaction level and total supply chain cost incorporating the inventory holding cost, ordering cost and the transportation cost. The framework has been numerically moulded with different settings to compare the performance of the quadruplet policies.
Subgroup analysis in randomized controlled trials with binary outcomes: dilution and logic-respecting properties

Subgroup analysis is routinely used in randomized controlled trials to examine whether treatment effects are homogeneous across patient subgroups or differ because of treatment-effect heterogeneity. In this paper, we investigate the properties of the odds ratio and the relative response in subgroup analyses with binary outcomes, extending previous work with new theoretical insights and methodological developments. We establish several new theorems that characterize how the odds ratio for the overall population changes in both magnitude and direction when two subgroups are combined. These results further confirm that the odds ratio is inappropriate as an efficacy measure in this subgroup setting, whereas the relative response is appropriate. We also present the formal relationship between the odds ratio and the relative response, and clarify their differences in terms of the logic-respecting property, that is, whether the overall efficacy lies between the subgroup efficacies, and the dilution property, that is, whether mixing subgroups moves the overall odds ratio toward 1. Although the odds ratio is generally not logic-respecting, it may behave approximately like a logic-respecting efficacy measure under certain conditions. To illustrate our findings, we present an illustrative example based on clinical trial data and discuss its implications for subgroup analysis in randomized controlled trials.
Exploring the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance in cloud services: insights from Swedish public organizations on privacy compliance

Abstract           The adoption of cloud services offers manifold advantages to public organizations; however, ensuring data privacy during data transfers has become increasingly complex since the inception of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). This study investigates privacy concerns experienced by public organizations in Sweden, focusing on GDPR compliance. A qualitative interpretative approach was adopted, involving semi-structured interviews with seven employees from five public organizations in Sweden. Additionally, secondary data were gathered through an extensive literature review. The collected data were analyzed and classified using the seven privacy threat categories outlined in the LINDDUN framework. The key findings reveal several significant privacy issues when utilizing public cloud services, including unauthorized access, loss of confidentiality, lack of awareness, lack of trust, legal uncertainties, regulatory challenges, and loss of control. The study underscores the importance of implementing measures such as anonymization, pseudonymization, encryption, contractual agreements, and well-defined routines to ensure GDPR compliance. The findings emphasize the importance of implementing measures such as anonymization, pseudonymization, encryption, contractual agreements, and well-defined routines to ensure GDPR compliance. Furthermore, this research highlights the critical aspect of digital sovereignty in addressing privacy challenges associated with public cloud service adoption by public organizations in Sweden.
Application of artificial intelligence for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pancreatic cancer

Application of artificial intelligence for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pancreatic cancer
Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) and Observations on SRE Process to Make Tasks Easier

This paper explores Site Reliability Engineering (SRE), a modern approach to maintaining scalable and reliable software systems. It presents observations on how structured SRE processes improve operational efficiency, reduce system downtime, and simplify maintenance. Drawing from real-world implementations, the study outlines key techniques in automation, monitoring, incident management, and deployment strategies. The work also highlights how these practices can be tailored to different environments, offering practical insights for engineers aiming to improve service reliability.
Results and lessons learned from the ESReDA's Accident Investigation Working Group : Introducing article to "Safety Science" special issue on "Industrial Events Investigation"

The European Safety Reliability and Data Association (ESReDA) established in year 2000, a Working Group on Accident Investigation (WGAI) that ended in the year 2008. With the objective of improving the quality of accident investigation and as a consequence the learning from experience process and the safety performance, the working group tasked itself at two levels: the first one, at a societal, institutional and legal level, on the public accident investigation issue; the second one, at a methodological and organisational level, on the conduct of accident investigation. The underlying process that the working group followed was firstly to establish a state of the art of accident investigation practices and secondly to foster exchanges and dissemination of best practices through issuing guidelines, reports and by organising scientific seminars. This article summarises the working group achievements made visible in editing three reports and organising two ESReDA seminars in the area of safety investigation of accidents. The article presents a synthesis of the approach and main results, the lessons learned, some dilemmas and conflicts, several future challenges, recommendations and suggestions for action to the main stakeholders involving European and member state authorities, industrials, research centres and universities, and professionals of the rising accident investigation community
Synergy between noisy quantum computers and scalable classical deep learning for quantum error mitigation

AbstractWe investigate the potential of combining the computational power of noisy quantum computers and of classical scalable convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The goal is to accurately predict exact expectation values of parameterized quantum circuits representing the Trotter-decomposed dynamics of quantum Ising models. By incorporating (simulated) noisy expectation values alongside circuit structure information, our CNNs effectively capture the underlying relationships between circuit architecture and output behaviour, enabling, via transfer learning, also predictions for circuits with more qubits than those included in the training set. Notably, thanks to the quantum information, our CNNs succeed even when supervised learning based only on classical descriptors fails. Furthermore, they outperform a popular error mitigation scheme, namely, zero-noise extrapolation, demonstrating that the synergy between quantum and classical computational tools leads to higher accuracy compared with quantum-only or classical-only approaches. By tuning the noise strength, we explore the crossover from a computationally powerful classical CNN assisted by quantum noisy data, towards rather precise quantum computations, further error-mitigated via classical deep learning.
Effects of Organizational Leadership on Project Citizenship Behavior and Management Performance in Complex Construction Projects

Organizational leadership is a key factor affecting the management performance of complex construction projects, but seldom have studies attempted to explore the effect mechanisms of organizational leadership on the project management performance, especially the mediating role of project citizenship behavior. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by investigating the effects of organizational leadership on project citizenship behavior and management performance in complex construction projects. The theoretical model is constructed based on a literature review, and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) are performed on 169 valid questionnaires collected to measure organizational leadership, then partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to test the hypotheses. The results show that (i) organizational leadership is measured as vision guiding, context interacting, team building, and systems thinking; (ii) vision guiding and context interacting have both direct and indirect effects on the project management performance, and team building can only improve the project management performance by influencing the project citizenship behavior, whereas systems thinking has no significant effect on project citizenship behavior and the project management performance in complex construction projects; (iii) and project citizenship behavior partly mediates the influence of organizational leadership on the project management performance, and the effect of organizational leadership on the project management performance is more realized through the mediating role of project citizenship behavior. The results have a significant theoretical and practical significance for improving the project management performance.
LAND RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: DEVELOPMENTS THROUGH COMMON LAW PRECEDENTS

Indigenous Peoples, due to their subordinate position in society, deserve the necessary support to protect, defend and establish their rights. Land, the most valuable asset of the Indigenous communities, is generally protected through national and international legal instruments. However, such communities around the world have been struggling to protect their lands in the context of various ‘developmental activities’. This article intends to examine the existing land rights practices, under international legal standards of Indigenous communities living around the globe. The article shows that among many positive and practical approaches initiated worldwide for the protection of Indigenous land rights i.e., constitutional reform, framework legislation, Indigenous Peoples’ initiatives, and human rights standards, the role of the judicatures is vital. By using qualitative legal research methodology, this study analyses the existing Common Law practices to recognize their traditional land rights. The article also identifies the gap that leads to the violation of their traditional land rights. Therefore, the article recommends a way to bring positive changes in the lives of Indigenous communities by securing their land ownership. After a comprehensive literature review and relevant data analysis, the article thematically discusses the Common Law developments, besides international laws. The analysis includes significant Common Law precedents that are applied in accordance with the principles of equality and non-discrimination which aims to reduce exploitation within the current system. This article, aimed at supporting vulnerable Indigenous Peoples, provides significant guidelines for the government, policymakers, and development stakeholders to address the issue.
Women's Triangle, Peace and Security in Afghanistan from the Perspective of the United Nations Security Council

Undoubtedly, one of the conditions for the realization of peace is the participation of all strata and social and political groups. Therefore, the widespread process of peace requires attendance. The obstacles on this path indicate that we need to know more about why and how women participate in the peace process. It is therefore necessary to pay attention to the participation of women as one of the groups most affected by war and violence. The challenges women face in the peace process are, in most cases, gendered factors. In this regard, the present study seeks to examine the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women's participation in the process of peace building in Afghanistan, using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study indicate that the Afghan National Action Plan is slowing down with regard to Security Council resolution 1325. This is largely due to the growing conservative position of the government on the role of women and the controversial views of the peace process, on the participation of women in the peace process and the international institutions that provide funding to the Afghan National Action Plan. Women's participation in the peace process in Afghanistan is faced with serious doubts.
Irrigation and Agricultural Drainage Engineering

This book guides the drafting of patent applications from a practical perspective an gives all knowhow required to with a patent. Intended as an introductory text, it covers the entire process of drafting of a patent application and includes many helpful examples or case studies, illustrating the process from start to finish. This book also includes papers on working of patents in India which will give an idea to patentee to how to keep his patent alive. Looking to the increasing awareness among the inventors, investors and scientists and the increasing cost of patent attorneys, editors tried to publish a book containing papers from patent attorneys, scientists and innovators with practical case studies.
Public communication by research institutes compared across countries and sciences: Building capacity for engagement or competing for visibility?

Dataset has been uploaded to the ICPSR repository, and is available here: https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/119361/version/V1/view/.
The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Mental Health from a Psychological Perspective

This study examines the impact of social media on adolescent mental health from a psychological perspective. The objective is to understand the relationship between social media use and the psychological conditions of adolescents, focusing on social comparison, body image, the FOMO phenomenon, and emotion regulation. The method employed is a literature review with a systematic analysis of national and international scientific articles. Findings reveal that social media exerts a dual impact by causing psychological distress such as anxiety, depression, and eating disorders while also providing a social support space. The impact varies by usage patterns, individual context, and platform design. The study highlights the necessity of a holistic approach including digital literacy, parental involvement, platform regulation, and government policies to support adolescent mental health in the digital age.
An Institutionalist Approach to AI Ethics: Justifying the Priority of Government Regulation over Self-Regulation

Abstract                This article explores the cooperation of government and the private sector to tackle the ethical dimension of artificial intelligence (AI). The argument draws on the institutionalist approach in philosophy and business ethics defending a ‘division of moral labor’ between governments and the private sector (Rawls 2001; Scheffler and Munoz-Dardé 2005). The goal and main contribution of this article is to explain how this approach can provide ethical guidelines to the AI industry and to highlight the limits of self-regulation. In what follows, I discuss three institutionalist claims. First, principles of AI ethics should be validated through legitimate democratic processes. Second, compliance with these principles should be secured in a stable way. Third, their implementation in practice should be as efficient as possible. If we accept these claims, there are good reasons to conclude that, in many cases, governments implementing hard regulation are in principle (if not yet in practice) the best instruments to secure an ethical development of AI systems. Where adequate regulation exists, firms should respect the law. But when regulation does not yet exist, helping governments build adequate regulation should be businesses’ ethical priority, not self-regulation.