ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Time and Charge-sign Dependence of the Heliospheric Modulation of Cosmic Rays

Abstract                Simultaneous and continuous observations of galactic cosmic-ray electrons (e                   −) and positrons (e                   +) from the PAMELA and AMS02 space experiments are most suitable for numerical modeling studies of the heliospheric modulation of these particles below 50 GeV. A well-established comprehensive three-dimensional modulation model is applied to compute full spectra for e                   − and e                   + with the purpose of reproducing the observed ratio e                   +/e                   − for a period that covers the previous long and unusual deep solar minimum activity and the recent maximum activity phase, including the polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field. For this purpose, the very local interstellar spectra for these particles were established first. Our study is focused on how the main modulation processes, including particle drifts, and other parameters, such as the three major diffusion coefficients, evolved and how the corresponding charge-sign dependent modulation subsequently occurred. The end result of our effort is the detailed reproduction of e                   +/e                   − from 2006 to 2015, displaying both qualitative and quantitative agreement with the main observed features. Particularly, we determine how much particle drift is needed to explain the time dependence exhibited by the observed e                   +/e                   − during each solar activity phase, especially during the polarity reversal phase, when no well-defined magnetic polarity was found.
Levels and predictors of depression, anxiety, and suicidal risk during COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina: the impacts of quarantine extensions on mental health state

This research is aimed to: analyze differences in mental health state (MHS) indicators (depression, state-anxiety, trait-anxiety, and suicidal risk), during three quarantine sub-periods (starting since the first quarantine extension); assess multiple relationships between each MHS indicator and potentially affecting factors. We used a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample including 1100 participants. Data were collected online. Depression revealed a worsening pattern as quarantine sub-periods went by. Anxiety (both state and trait), just like suicidal risk, partially follow such a pattern, with mean scores increasing from the first to the second/third quarantine extensions, but then maintaining to the fourth extension. Predictors having protective effects on almost all the MHS indicators were: availability of current economic income (except for state-anxiety, without significant effect) and absence of suicide attempt history. Conversely, sex (woman), younger age, and mental disorder history had an increasing risk effect on all the MHS indicators. Overall, our findings indicate that quarantine have negative mental health impacts and that quarantine duration is a relevant aspect to be taken into account when measuring such an impact. More attention needs to be paid to vulnerable groups such as the young, women, and people with history of mental disorder.
Advances in Stem Cell Therapy for Regenerative Medicine

One of these new concepts that was created with the increasing development of medical science and biological knowledge was “Regenerative Medicine”, which is referred to as the medicine of the future. It has been less than 20 years since the concept of regenerative medicine entered the medical field and has become one of the areas of interest of universities, research centers, and biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Regenerative medicine seeks to find new methods of preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases, so that it can move from traditional medicine that works around the diagnosis and treatment with chemical and, to some extent, biotechnological drugs, towards individual-centered medicine and even precision medicine, for which biological products and drugs will play an important role. Despite the extensive advances in medical science, a significant number of human diseases are still incurable and only the symptoms of the disease are controlled. Therefore, regenerative medicine tries to treat these diseases definitively by using the same tools that the body naturally uses to repair damaged tissues and organs. These tools include: body cells, the material that surrounds cells in their natural habitat, and molecules that affect cells. Stem cells are one type of cell used in this field and have received special attention due to their great ability to transform into other cells and repair damaged areas. Stem cells play a major role in the development of organisms from the embryonic period and these cells can be identified in body tissues both during the embryonic period and after birth and are responsible for maintaining cellular balance in the normal state as well as during the process of repairing a tissue after disease.
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog

We present the fourth Fermi Large Area Telescope catalog (4FGL) of gamma-ray sources. Based on the first eight years of science data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope mission in the energy range from 50 MeV to 1 TeV, it is the deepest yet in this energy range. Relative to the 3FGL catalog, the 4FGL catalog has twice as much exposure as well as a number of analysis improvements, including an updated model for the Galactic diffuse gamma-ray emission, and two sets of light curves (1-year and 2-month intervals). The 4FGL catalog includes 5064 sources above 4 sigma significance, for which we provide localization and spectral properties. Seventy-five sources are modeled explicitly as spatially extended, and overall 358 sources are considered as identified based on angular extent, periodicity or correlated variability observed at other wavelengths. For 1336 sources we have not found plausible counterparts at other wavelengths. More than 3130 of the identified or associated sources are active galaxies of the blazar class, and 239 are pulsars.
Legal Analysis of the Role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the Settlement of Trade Disputes with a Focus on Developing Countries: A Study of Challenges and Opportunities

The World Trade Organization (WTO), as the primary authority regulating multilateral trade, has established a sophisticated and binding dispute settlement mechanism known as the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). This system allows member states to resolve trade conflicts legally, structurally, and within a regulated framework. However, despite their significant representation in the WTO, developing countries face numerous challenges in effectively utilizing this mechanism. These include financial constraints, lack of legal expertise, procedural complexity, political pressure, and weak enforcement of rulings. This article provides a comprehensive legal and structural analysis of the DSU, examining both its potential and limitations. Through the lens of case studies such as Brazil’s dispute with the United States over cotton subsidies and India’s challenge against the European Union’s technical barriers, the paper highlights successful instances of developing country participation. It also explores the available support mechanisms such as technical assistance, regional coalition-building, the binding nature of decisions, and retaliatory measures. Finally, the article proposes practical strategies to enhance developing countries’ engagement in WTO dispute resolution. These include reforming the appellate body, strengthening national legal capacities, simplifying procedural steps, and establishing financial support mechanisms. The findings suggest that achieving genuine trade justice under the WTO framework requires structural reforms and an international commitment to ensuring equal access and effectiveness for all members, regardless of their economic power. The WTO’s dispute settlement system, while unique and effective in design, must evolve to address systemic inequalities and foster inclusive global trade governance.
Experiments conducted on combustion at microgravity in the TEXUS-38 sounding rocket

A series of experiments linked together on combustion at microgravity have been conducted in a TEXUS-38 sounding rocket. The experiments were performed with three cylindrical hollow rods of polymethylmethacrylate. Test were carried out in O2-N2 mixtures at rest and at flow velocities ranging from 10 to 30 mm/s. O2-N2 mixture composition changed from 40% oxygen down to pure nitrogen. The sequence of experiments consisted of: 1º.- Measurement of flame temperatures in the non-visible optical range. 2º.- Determination of O2 concentrations at flame extinction at constant flow velocity, obtained by continuously reducing the O2 concentration in the test section. 3º.- Measurement of flame spreading velocities. 4º.- Some information on the influence on flammability of the ignition location and time, and fuel thickness. Main conclusions are: 1º.- Flames in the infrared, non-visible optical range have a substantially lower temperature. 2º.- O2 concentration at flame extinction depends considerably on flow velocity, especially at low velocity levels. Final conclusion is that the flow velocity field of maximum interest is the one in which flow velocities are of the same order of magnitude as typical diffusion velocities. A follow-on program in this subject will be conducted in the US Combustion Module of the International Space Station.
Forest land use change at Trans-Boundary Laos-China Biodiversity Conservation Area

This paper analyzed forest land use change in Trans-Boundary Laos-China Biodiversity Conservation Area which is called Namha National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (Namha NBCAs), with 1992 and 2002 TM (ETM). Based on GIS and statistical methods, the intensity, state index of land use change and transfer matrix were used to study spatiotemporal land use change in the region. The results showed that the area of forest land decreased greatly, also the area of bamboo and grassland decreased. The other way round, the area of unstocked forest, slash and burn and rice paddy land increased. As a whole, the intensity of forest land change was higher, but others were lower. From the transfer matrix, most of the forest land changed into unstocked forest and urban area, some to slash and burn. The grassland and bamboo were mainly transferred to forest and unstocked forest. The unstocked forest land mostly came from forest land and grassland. It was showed there were three main causes of the land use change namely: opium poppy cultivation, rubber plantation and also ecotourism activities and finally some policies were developed in order to address the land use change in the study areas.
Evaluation and Projection of Climate Change in Southwest China Using CMIP6 Models

Based on temperature and precipitation data to evaluate the ability of 24 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 （CMIP6） and multi-model ensemble（MME）to simulate summer climate change in Southwest China， and projected the future climate change characteristics Summer Climate Characteristics in Southwest China under four scenarios （SSP1-2.6， SSP2-4.5， SSP3-7.0， and SSP5-8.5） based on the best multi-model ensemble （BMME）.The results showed that： （1） CESM2-WACCM， EC-Earth3， CMCC-CM2-SR5， GFDL-ESM4， TaiESM1， and MPI-ESM1-2-HR have better performance in simulating summer temperatures in the southwest region； INM-CM4-8， KACE-1-0-G， ACCESS-CM2， NorESM2- LM， EC-Earth3， and ACCESS-ESM1-5 have better simulation performance for precipitation.（2） Both MME and BMME can reproduce the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in Southwest China summer， and BMME significantly outperforms MME in the simulation of temperature and precipitation， especially in the simulation of interannual variability of precipitation.However， the CMIP6 models still overestimate precipitation in southeastern Tibet.（3） In the future climate prediction， the temperature in Southwest China will continue to increase， and show a more obvious difference in the increase of the strong north and weak south.（4） In the middle and late 21st century， the precipitation in western Tibet will be significantly enhanced， and the increase of precipitation in the late period can be more than 66% under the SSP5-8.5 scenario.
Are Marine Protected Areas really a conservation tool for marine biodiversity?: A case study in rocky reefs in the North Pacific of Costa RicaMonitoring

Monitoring coastal marine ecosystems associated with Marine Protected Areas is a tool that allows decision makers to have a real assessment of management effectiveness. With this perspective, rocky reefs have been monitored inside and outside Marine Protected Areas in the North Pacific of Costa Rica to determine, through the biodiversity of macroinvertebrates and vertebrates, the effectiveness and conservation of the marine trophic structures of these ecosystems. At a biogeographic level, the project data show a good state of health of the MPAs with more restrictive management measures, where a community of piscivorous predatory organisms is observed that keeps the lower trophic levels balanced, unlike the other MPAs, in which there is a predominance of prey organisms. It was observed that the most restrictive management categories have a lower variation between sampling periods, while the most lax categories, such as national wildlife refuges, showed the greatest variation between biodiversity indicators, evidencing the conservation effect that correct and effective management can have in marine protected areas.
Symmetry and topological phases in condensed matter and beyond

Topological phase transitions represent a new paradigm beyond conventional Landau-Ginzburg symmetry breaking. Even in the absence of symmetry breaking, the symmetries of a Hamiltonian play an important role in stabilizing topological signatures. In this thesis, we will study the interplay between symmetry and topology in many-body systems, with three distinct physical setups in mind. First, we investigate a two-dimensional system of ultracold bosons which is condensed in the p-band of a triangular lattice. Certain smooth interaction profiles result in non-Abelian symmetry generators of the order parameter manifold, leading to anomalous physical consequences. These include a lack of Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition due to unstable vortex configurations, additional Goldstone modes, and a marginally divergent normal fluid density which implies lack of superfluidity in the thermodynamic limit. Our results suggest possible connections to solid state experiments on 4He films. We then show that disorder which keeps a Hamiltonian in the same Altland-Zirnbauer symmetry class is capable of inducing a topological transition. This is achieved by considering the normalizability of Majorana edge modes in a topological superconductor, and corroborated with entanglement metrics. While degeneracies of the many-body spectrum are robust with respect to weak perturbations, strong disorder can both promote and destroy a topological index. Lastly, we study topological edge modes and degeneracies in atomic, molecular, and optical systems which evolve non-unitarily in time or space due to non-equilibrium effects, including: condensate instabilities after a quench, decoherence channels from an external environment, and dissipation into a medium. Mathematically, the non-unitary evolution is generated by effective Hamiltonians which break Hermiticity. These systems can possess uniquely non-Hermitian symmetries which are absent from equilibrium counterparts. We present a symmetry-based classification, and investigate several systems which can be solved exactly.
Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemistry of Lithium Iron Phosphate Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract not Available.
UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME POLICY AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON WELFARE REFORM

This systematic review synthesizes the current Universal Basic Income (UBI) research. As income inequality continues to affect health outcomes, UBI has been proposed as a strategy to reduce gaps in healthcare access, food security, housing, and overall well-being. The review examines 12 peer-reviewed articles to understand how UBI can impact the direct and indirect factors contributing to the disparities that the current welfare system may not adequately address. The findings indicate that UBI can help alleviate poverty-related stress, potentially leading to better mental and physical health outcomes through improved nutrition, more stable housing, and greater life satisfaction. Additionally, UBI has been linked to an increase in the use of preventive healthcare services, which may ease the strain on emergency and acute care systems. Despite these promising results, challenges remain. The long-term sustainability of UBI programs and their integration into existing welfare systems needs further examination.
The Impact of Fintech Adoption on HR Administrative Efficiency: A Study of Payroll, Reimbursement, and Benefits Disbursement Systems

This study investigates the transformative impact of Financial Technology (FinTech) on the administrative efficiency of Human Resource (HR) departments thus streamlining the HR financial workflows. Traditionally, HR administrative tasks—specifically payroll, employee reimbursements, and benefits disbursement—have been plagued by manual errors, high transaction costs, and latency. As organizations undergo digital transformation, the integration of FinTech into such HR financial workflows has emerged as a critical driver of operational excellence. Drawing on Transaction Cost Theory (TCT) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this research examines how the integration of FinTech platforms enhances operational efficiency and reduces fiscal inaccuracies. The findings suggest that FinTech is no longer merely a financial tool but a core component of strategic HR management. The study concludes with implications for organizational digital strategy and the necessity of upskilling HR professionals in financial data literacy.
Speech SimCLR: Combining Contrastive and Reconstruction Objective for Self-Supervised Speech Representation Learning

Self-supervised visual pretraining has shown significant progress recently. Among those methods, SimCLR greatly advanced the state of the art in self-supervised and semi-supervised learning on ImageNet. The input feature representations for speech and visual tasks are both continuous, so it is natural to consider applying similar objective on speech representation learning. In this paper, we propose Speech SimCLR, a new self-supervised objective for speech representation learning. During training, Speech SimCLR applies augmentation on raw speech and its spectrogram. Its objective is the combination of contrastive loss that maximizes agreement between differently augmented samples in the latent space and reconstruction loss of input representation. The proposed method achieved competitive results on speech emotion recognition and speech recognition.
Current status of robotic simulators in acquisition of robotic surgical skills

This article provides an overview of the current status of simulator systems in robotic surgery training curriculum, focusing on available simulators for training, their comparison, new technologies introduced in simulation focusing on concepts of training along with existing challenges and future perspectives of simulator training in robotic surgery.The different virtual reality simulators available in the market like dVSS, dVT, RoSS, ProMIS and SEP have shown face, content and construct validity in robotic skills training for novices outside the operating room. Recently, augmented reality simulators like HoST, Maestro AR and RobotiX Mentor have been introduced in robotic training providing a more realistic operating environment, emphasizing more on procedure-specific robotic training . Further, the Xperience Team Trainer, which provides training to console surgeon and bed-side assistant simultaneously, has been recently introduced to emphasize the importance of teamwork and proper coordination.Simulator training holds an important place in current robotic training curriculum of future robotic surgeons. There is a need for more procedure-specific augmented reality simulator training, utilizing advancements in computing and graphical capabilities for new innovations in simulator technology. Further studies are required to establish its cost-benefit ratio along with concurrent and predictive validity.
Multi-Scale Temporal Feature Learning for Wind Power Forecasting Using Bayesian Optimized Deep Neural Networks with Uncertainty Quantification

We present an intelligent forecasting model that combines a bidirectional long-short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM) optimized with Bayesian optimization and Tree-structured Parzen Estimators (TPE) to increase the accuracy of short- and long-term wind power forecasts.  The suggested research divides wind power forecasting (WPF) into two major aspects: multivariate estimating (MVE), which takes into account input variables such as wind direction, speed, temperature, and pressure.  In contrast, pure time-series prediction (TSP) examines the historical power generation trend over a specified time period for WPF.  A six-year historical wind energy dataset from the NERL lab is used to assess the efficacy of the proposed WPF model.
Perceptions of Time Travel as a Measure of Public Engagement                       with Science in Developing Communities

This study investigates public attitudes toward time travel as a way to explore the                 broader relationship between science and society. By examining how individuals                 perceive time travel, the research highlights the influence of imagination, belief,                 and scientific understanding. A quantitative survey was conducted among youth in                 Turkmenistan, using illustrated storytelling based on established theories like                 special relativity and speculative concepts such as wormholes, to explore intuition                 and scientific literacy of the participants. Results showed a strong preference for                 future-directed time travel, with 73.7% accepting scientifically supported ideas like                 time dilation, while the level of skepticism toward past-directed travel and                 wormholes remained high. Discussion revealed that narrative-driven explanations                 were more effective than abstract logic, reinforcing Grinnell’s (2008) view that                 emotion and intuition play key roles in public understanding. Building on Liu’s                 (2009) call for lifelong science engagement and the work of Bauer et al. (1994) on                 cultural influence, this paper expands the field by offering insights into how science                 is perceived in a developing scientific community. It highlights the importance of                 blending storytelling and scientific accuracy to foster curiosity, bridge knowledge                 gaps, and improve science communication where formal education may be limited.