ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability of Water Resources to Climate Change: Adaptation and Resilience Strategies for Sustainable Development in Nigeria

Nigeria faces inexorable climate change in recent times. This phenomenon will have a profound effect on the long-term sustainable socio-economic development and is also likely to jeopardize achievement of economic development of the country. All economic and social sectors will be adversely affected. The water resources sector is one that will be strongly impacted by climate change. Against a background of increasing demand for potable water, sea-level rise may lead to flooding of lowlands and seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers, while variability in climate may see more intense rainstorms resulting both in increased run-off leading to increased flooding and reduced recharge leading to aquifer depletion. Such impacts are already having negative ripple effects on other vital aspects of the economy such as the tourism, recreational, agricultural and industrial sectors. Unfortunately, adequate management of water resources in Nigeria is sorely lacking. Extensive studies to quantify the likely impacts of future climate change and climate variability on water resources in Nigeria are not available. In many cases, baseline data which may be used to track changes are sparse or non-existent. The impacts of climate change and economic value of water resources will form the basis for the development of adaptation strategies with regards to the sustainable management of regional and national water resources. This paper therefore explores the probable effect climate change will have on water resources in Nigeria, the fall-out from these effects and strategies for mitigating potential negative impacts for sustainable development.
Research on automatic proofreading of Chinese text based on Transformer model

This paper proposes to apply Transformer model in the field of Chinese text automatic proofreading. Transformer model is different from traditional Seq2Seq model based on probability, statistics, rules or BiLSTM. This deep learning model improves the overall structure of Seq2Seq model to achieve automatic proofreading of Chinese text. By comparing different models with public data sets and using accuracy, recall rate and F1 value as evaluation indexes, the experimental results show that Transformer model has greatly improved proofreading performance compared with other models.
Implications of the heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray electrons observed by Ulysses

Abstract   The results of a moderate drift model with anisotropic perpendicular diffusion for the heliospheric modulation of galactic cosmic rays were compared with electron spectra observed by the Kiel Electron Telescope on board the Ulysses spacecraft for four distinctive periods, 1992, 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively, for relative large solar activity when Ulysses was at high heliolatitude; mid-latitudes and at low-latitudes with solar minimum modulation conditions. It was found that the model fit all the electron spectra well, except that for 1992, indicating that significant changes occurred between 1992 and 1995 in modulation conditions which must be presented in the model by a large time dependence, and/or a significant variation in the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficients. The latter is an aspect that has not been considered seriously in modelling before.
Abstract 2793: Preclinical pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys and first in human dose prediction of DB-1303, a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate

Abstract                Background: DB-1303 is a novel antibody-drug conjugate comprised of trastuzumab biosimilar, enzymatically cleavable peptide-linker, and a proprietary topoisomerase I inhibitor P1003. It is designed to have high plasma stability, low free payload in circulation and wide therapeutic index. Herein, the preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics of DB-1303 in cynomolgus monkeys is reported, and human PK exposure in a first in human study was predicted using population PK model with allometric scaling.                Material and Methods: The PK parameters of DB-1303 were obtained from single PK and repeated TK studies in female and male cynomolgus monkeys. Concentrations of DB-1303 ADC, total antibody and released payload P1003 were measured using ELISA or LC-MS/MS. In a PK study, single dose of DB-1303 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg were determined in cynomolgus monkeys via IV infusion. In TK studies, cynomolgus monkeys were intravenously administered with DB-1303 at 50, 80 mg/kg once every 3 weeks for 2 repeated doses, or 10, 40, 80 mg/kg once every 3 weeks (Q3W) for 3 repeated doses followed by a 4-week recovery. A population PK model was developed based on the collective PK/TK data in monkeys.                Results: The non-compartment analysis PK parameters of three analytes (DB-1303 ADC, total antibody and released payload P1003) are summarized following single and multiple doses of DB-1303 in cynomolgus monkeys. To predict the human PK for DB-1303, a target mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model was constructed, incorporating binding to serum HER2 and subsequent elimination of the complex into a standard 2-compartmental PK model. The 2-compartment linear parameters were scaled from cynomolgus monkey population PK parameters using allometric scaling exponents of 1 for volumes and 1 for clearance. The binding of DB-1303 to HER2 was incorporated into the model and assumed to be the same for HER2 ECD and transmembrane domain. The PK profiles for DB-1303 in human at the proposed doses in the first in human study are predicted. The safety margins from the monkey HNSTD for each proposed human dose are calculated.                Conclusions: DB-1303 exhibited favorable PK characteristics of DB-1303 in cynomolgus monkeys, and is predicted to have large safety margins at the selected doses in the first in human study. At the time of presentation, the first-in-human phase 1/2 study in patients with advanced solid tumors is in progress (NCT05150691).                Citation Format: Rong Shi, Shengchao Lin, Yu Zhang, Bing Li, Haiqing Hua, Yang Qiu. Preclinical pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys and first in human dose prediction of DB-1303, a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2793.
Motor Liability Insurance in a World with Autonomous Vehicles

There will be accidents as long as we have vehicles running on the road. This proposition remains unchanged even if we are embracing a world with an increasing number of AVs. From a legal perspective, the emergence of AVs challenges not only our liability rules and safety regulations but also the framework of insurance. This latter aspect has created less discussion despite its importance in risk-shifting and compensation. In EU, the owner of a vehicle is obliged to obtain liability insurance for its registered vehicle. In this article, we argue that AVs will pose significant hurdles for victims when relying on liability insurance for sake of compensation. We critically analyse the direction of adapting the current legal framework and identify the competence of no-fault compensation in the context of AVs. We conclude this article by pointing out some important issues, which fall outside insurance scheme but will have significant implications for the future design of the insurance paradigm for AVs in the EU.
Wholesale financial markets and digital currencies: making headway in the tokenisation of central bank money

The interest taken by central banks, and by society at large, in central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) has grown notably in recent years. Although the greatest efforts have focused on studying and experimenting on a new class of monetary liability with universal access (i.e. retail), a second variant, namely a wholesale or interbank CBDC, is gaining ground by leaps and bounds. Specifically, almost 20 monetary authorities are already actively exploring this field with the aim of determining whether or not wholesale CBDCs can enhance the efficiency, flexibility and security of the clearing and settlement process for payments and securities (including in cross-border transactions) and of the associated risk management procedures. These experiences, in turn, highlight the numerous practical and legal challenges that have yet to be resolved and illustrate a possible path for taking full advantage of them. This article analyses the characteristics of the initiatives that have made the most progress to date, placing particular emphasis on the most important lessons learnt.
Mental Health in Youth: Investigating the Impact of Social Media Usage on Adolescent Anxiety and Depression Levels

The relationship between social media use and adolescent mental health has become a hot topic concerning its implications to psychologists, educators and policymakers alike. This report aims to the extent to which social media is a contributing factor to each of the two mental health concerns of anxiety and depression. Based upon a mixed-method methodology, we conducted quantitative and qualitative data collection from participants aged 13-19. Using standardised tools such as the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), our quantitative method was deployed on 200 participants whilst qualitative data was collected on a smaller sample of 20 participants through semi-structured interviews where the sample was established through a random splitting of students. The findings indicate a statistically significant positive correlation between time spent on Instagram and TikTok respectively and symptoms of anxiety and depression as evidenced by the following: 38 per cent reported being cyber bullied which resulted in higher levels of stress and emotional withdrawal, 68 per cent identified a social comparison in relation to anxiety and depression, which also caused feelings of inadequacy and low self-worth, and lastly, 71 per cent reported sleep disruptions which were related to poor sleep hygiene and emotional instability.  The stories told through qualitative interviews emphasized how adults, children's emotional health, validation, FOMO, and peer pressure could contribute to idealized representations of themselves online. These outcomes underscore the urgent need for mental health strategies that include digital literacy efforts, parental awareness, and school-based approaches that advocate for moderate and conscientious use of social media. This study helps add to the scholarly discussions about how, although social media connects and allows access to information to adolescents, its toxic and unregulated use creates significant threats to adolescents' mental well-being.
Topological Data Analysis for AI Alignment: Detecting and Preventing Reward Hacking in Reinforcement Learning Systems  Document Identifier (DOI):

Topological Data Analysis for AI Alignment: Detecting and Preventing Reward Hacking in Reinforcement Learning Systems &nbsp; Document Identifier (DOI):
Modeling Language Change in Historical Corpora: The Case of Portuguese

This paper presents a number of experiments to model changes in a historical Portuguese corpus composed of literary texts for the purpose of temporal text classification. Algorithms were trained to classify texts with respect to their publication date taking into account lexical variation represented as word n-grams, and morphosyntactic variation represented by part-of-speech (POS) distribution. We report results of 99.8% accuracy using word unigram features with a Support Vector Machines classifier to predict the publication date of documents in time intervals of both one century and half a century. A feature analysis is performed to investigate the most informative features for this task and how they are linked to language change.
Water and sanitation, a fundamental human right? : A study of the United Nations legal framework towards the fundamental Human Right to water and sanitation.

The Earth consists of approximately 70 percentage of water, but only 1 percent is at present suitable to drink with no sanitation. Water is vital for human life and should be accessible to all human beings, stated even through its legal definition. Reviewed in this paper is that globalization has over the years brought both stunning benefits and openings for many individuals in regards to water and sanitation. However, these opportunities are yet not available for all, since currently approximately 2.5 billion of the world’s population lack access to sanitation, and for about 1 billion individual’s access to safe drinking water is absent. Harmed health leading to death is a crucial consequence of this enormous lack. International coherence and acknowledgement for this challenging situation is at present part of the global agenda, and through this, water and sanitation have been recognized as a fundamental human right by the United Nations (UN) and implemented in its legal framework. However, its definition can be questioned. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) declare that water shall be available and accessible for all human beings. Within several of the UNs adopted documents, water shall additionally be sufficient, affordable, safe and acceptable, and contain a certain standard of quality. Nevertheless, obstacles occur regarding these requirements through its interpretation. The question arises if the right within its classification can guarantee the fundamental right to water and sanitation to be incorporated, compatible and functional in human rights law.  Besides this, the role of sustainable development and, regional and national legislations in the implementation process is additionally addressed to acknowledge how the right is ensured and protected.
OLAM: A wearable, non-contact sensor for continuous heart-rate and activity monitoring

A wearable, multi-modal sensor is presented that can non-invasively monitor a patient's activity level and heart function concurrently for more than a week. The 4 in(2) sensor incorporates both a non-contact heartrate sensor and a 5-axis inertial measurement unit (IMU), allowing simultaneous heart, respiration, and movement monitoring without requiring physical contact with the skin [1]. Hence, this Oregon State University Life and Activity Monitor (OLAM) provides the unique opportunity to combine motion data with heart-rate information, enabling assessment of actual physical activity beyond conventional movement sensors. OLAM also provides a unique platform for non-contact sensing, enabling the filtering of movement artifacts generated by the non-contact capacitive interface, using the IMU data as a movement noise channel. Intended to be used in clinical trials for weeks at a time with no physician intervention, the OLAM allows continuous non-invasive monitoring of patients, providing the opportunity for long-term observation into a patient's physical activity and subtle longitudinal changes.
Guest Editorial: Special Topic on Data-enabled Theoretical Chemistry

A survey of the contributions to the Special Topic on Data-enabled Theoretical Chemistry is given, including a glossary of relevant machine learning terms.
Islamic Moral Economy And Corporate Social Responsibility: Reframing Business Ethics In Muslim Enterprises

This study examines how Islamic Moral Economy (IME) influences Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Muslim companies by embedding moral and ethical values into core business responsibilities. Grounded in IME and maqasid al-shariah, and informed by comparisons with conventional CSR models such as Carroll’s CSR Pyramid and stakeholder theory, the study addresses limited attention to Islamic ethical foundations in mainstream CSR literature. Using a qualitative multiple-case study approach, it analyzes two Indonesian Muslim companies from different sectors: Bank Muamalat Indonesia in Islamic banking and Semen Indonesia in manufacturing. Data were gathered through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with managers and CSR practitioners, supported by analysis of corporate CSR documents. Thematic analysis was applied through inductive coding, theme development, and cross-case comparison. Findings reveal that IME-based CSR goes beyond philanthropic or reputational motives by prioritizing justice (‘adl), balance (mizan), and social welfare (maslahah) as core business objectives. However, tensions between commitments and profitability persist.
The Impact of International Human Rights Law on Digital Privacy in the Era of Mass Surveillance

The rapid advancement of digital technology has led to widespread mass surveillance, raising concerns about the protection of individual privacy. International human rights law plays a crucial role in balancing national security interests with the right to digital privacy. This study examines the impact of international human rights frameworks, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), in safeguarding digital privacy amid increasing government surveillance. Using a qualitative approach, the research analyzes key legal principles, court rulings, and policy responses from different jurisdictions. The findings indicate that while international legal instruments provide a foundation for digital privacy protection, enforcement remains inconsistent due to varying national implementations and technological challenges. The study underscores the need for stronger legal mechanisms and international cooperation to ensure the effective protection of digital privacy rights in the digital age.
The universal right to a healthy environment: a comprehensive and comparative study of its international and regional, legal and political implications and an examination of its role in promoting effective environmental protection

This thesis investigates the evolution of the right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment up until its official universal recognition by the United Nations General Assembly in July 2022. This new right symbolizes the interdependent link between human rights and the environment, and their respective areas of international law. However, it has not yet been included in the broad list of fundamental rights recognised globally, although several norms, principles and other substantive and procedural rights which inform the right to a healthy environment can be found in soft and hard law treaties and agreements on the international, regional and national scales. This thesis examines the right’s legal and political implications on these levels by assessing its influence in human rights bodies’ jurisprudence, so as to argue that a legally-binding universally recognised agreement recognizing the right to a healthy environment as a fundamental human right is necessary for efforts of environmental protection to become more effective. Additionally, it assesses the theoretical concepts used to promote the right’s recognition, and determines that a combination of the human rights-based and nature’s rights approaches are the ideal means to advance its universal implementation. Ultimately, the thesis recognises the importance of the right to a healthy environment for the protection of the environment and humans alike.
Low-Burden Digital Phenotyping of Affective Risk: Positive Emoji Usage, Speech Rate, and Sleep Relate to College Student Mental Health

Abstract                                    Mental health problems tied to negative affective experiences are common among emerging adults, yet conventional symptom questionnaires provide only distal snapshots of dynamic affective processes that unfold in daily life. Using the novel Meet Pandora smartphone application, we examined how everyday affective experiences and passive markers relate to depressive symptoms (PHQ), anxiety symptoms (GAD), and psychological flourishing in college students (                   N                    = 120;                   N                                        observations                                      (PHQ/GAD) = 372,                   N                                        observations                                      (flourishing) = 792). We tested three data channels (self-report, voice-derived features, and behavioral indicators) and disaggregated within-person fluctuations from between-person differences using multilevel models. Across outcomes, the proportion of positive emojis selected to reflect one’s affective state emerged as the most consistent signal. On days when participants used a higher-than-usual proportion of positive emojis, they reported lower depression and anxiety, and individuals with higher average positive emoji use reported lower symptoms and higher flourishing.  Positive emoji use also moderated change over time in flourishing, such that flourishing increased across the study period only among participants with relatively high positive emoji proportions. In contrast, passive features showed more selective associations. Speech rate (words per minute) was linked to lower symptom burden and higher flourishing in some models, and longer average sleep duration was associated with lower anxiety and higher flourishing. Overall, results highlight the value of separating within- from between-person effects when linking digital markers to mental health and suggest that low-burden indicators of positive affect may be especially informative for scalable temporal monitoring of affective risk and wellbeing in young adults.
Fourier spectral-timing techniques for the study of accreting black holes

The X-ray signal from active galactic nuclei and black hole X-ray binaries is highly variable on a range of timescales. This variability can be exploited to map the region of interest close to the black hole, which is far too small to directly image for all but two black holes in the Universe. Spectral-timing techniques provide causal information by combining timing and spectral information. I present a brief review of such techniques, focusing on two examples: X-ray reverberation mapping and phase-resolved spectroscopy of low frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (LF QPOs). The former provides a means to diagnose the accretion geometry and measure parameters such as black hole mass, and the latter gives perhaps the best constraints we currently have as to the enigmatic LF QPO mechanism.
Taxes and Custom: Tax Treaties as Evidence for Customary International Law

ABSTRACT                Scholars of public international law have not paid attention to international tax law in the past. This article seeks to fill this vacuum and to foster cross-field research by studying customary international law in international tax law. It assesses the value of international tax law’s most prominent feature for the identification of custom: the dense network of almost identical, bilateral double tax treaties. The primacy of source-based taxation for business profits serves as a test case for this purpose. The International Law Commission’s conclusions on the identification of customary international law constitute the theoretical reference point that informs the empirical analysis. Thus, this article simultaneously serves as a treadmill test to appraise whether the International Law Commission’s conclusions actually offer practical guidance. The analysis culminates in the conclusion that tax treaties have only little value for the identification of customary international law. First, tax treaties alone do not entail representative state practice. Second, tax treaties give rise to the pitfalls of the Baxter paradox. Third, the tax treaty network yields no evidence that any state practice originates from opinio juris. Judging by the evidence brought into play so far, states likely display uniform treaty practice in international taxation because they believe it is in their best interest, not due to any legal conviction.