ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Development And Change in the Social Fabric: A Statistical Mechanical Analysis Using Quantum Phase Transition and LMG Model

We have analyzed here the changing pattern of social order of an agricultural community during the transition period, when an industrial unit is being built up at that locality for a certain period of time, on the basis of a statistical model. We have mapped here the situation onto the phase transition in the Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick (LMG) model induced by a quench, the quench time being identified with the target time for the completion of the project. To map the system as a spin model we consider each individual as a spin. We take that an individual having independent profession and those having professions dependent on others correspond to up and down spin states. During the transition when people having independent profession of cultivation are forced to take odd jobs and become dependent on others, we associate this with a spin flip which occurs during phase transition of the LMG model. Indeed when phase transition is induced by a quench, we have defect formation causing spins to be flipped and the density of defects related to the fraction of flipped spins depends on the quench time.
Benchmarking Google DeepMind’s AlphaFold 3 Performance for Protein 3D-Structure Prediction

The 3D structure of proteins is directly linked to their function, making its determination crucial for understanding biological processes and addressing issues related to human health and life sciences. Despite the continuous experimental acquisition of new protein structures, there remains a significant gap between the number of protein sequences available and those that have an established experimental high-resolution tertiary structure. Several computational approaches have focused on predicting protein structures using either templates or empirical force field modeling. In recent years, various methods have been combined to address the individual limitations of these approaches, leading to the development of AlphaFold 3 (AF3) by Google DeepMind. AF3 enables prediction of 3D protein structures with high accuracy based on its amino acid sequence. In this study, we benchmarked applicability, performance, and limitations of AF3 for predicting 3D structure of a broad series of proteins, including SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus proteins, other bacterial and viral proteins, as well as some plant enzymes. We found that AlphaFold 3 could capture the overall backbone features of the most examined proteins in terms of small deviation from available X-ray structures. Some minor miss-folding of N- and C-terminal segments were common, which, often, did not affect biological roles of the studied proteins. In cases involving protein dimers or higher-order oligomers, there are notable differences between the predicted AF3 models of a single-chain monomer and their corresponding experimental structures. These discrepancies are particularly evident in regions related to protein dimerization, assembly, and binding interfaces. Ultimately, while capturing the overall fold, predicting the complex structure of the Spike glycoprotein is still beyond the current capabilities of AF3.
Mathematical Models of Generalized Diffusion

Summary: The authors discuss equations describing processes involving nonlinear and higher-order diffusion. They focus on a particular case \((u_t=2\lambda_2(uu_x)_x+\lambda_2u_{xxxx})\), which is put into analogy with the KdV equation. A balance of nonlinearity and higher-order diffusion enables the existence of self-similar solutions, describing diffusive shocks.
Transport in disordered monolayer molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes: evidence for inhomogeneous charge transport

We study charge transport in a monolayer molybdenum disulfide nanoflake over a wide range of carrier density, temperature, and electric bias. We find that the transport is best described by a percolating picture in which the disorder breaks translational invariance, breaking the system up into a series of puddles, rather than previous pictures in which the disorder is treated as homogeneous and uniform. Our work provides insight to a unified picture of charge transport in monolayer molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes and contributes to the development of next-generation molybdenum disulfide based devices.
Guaranteed Access to Affordable Coverage in Individual Health Insurance Markets

This article deals with individual insurance, which is the dominant form of private health insurance. The only way to make individual health insurance affordable for high risks is to organize implicit or explicit cross-subsidies from low risk to high-risk individuals. This article provides taxonomy of the various types of subsidies and discusses the welfare effects for each of these types. It discusses the implications of the way subsidy payments are organized. This article discusses three different strategies that health insurers can employ to achieve equivalence of premiums and expected costs per insurance contract. It examines the various types of subsidies and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of community-rated premiums. It talks about the implications of the different ways of organizing the payment flows of risk-adjusted subsidies.
Computing the Microbiome: Faster, More Accurate and More Efficient Methods for the Analysis of Metagenomes.

Metagenomics is revolutionizing microbial ecology and has unlocked unprecedented opportunities in many domains of Life Science. For instance, metagenomics has allowed the discovery of new forms of life in unexplored habitats (e.g., in the marine environment). In medicine, metagenomics is allowing doctors to diagnose and help patients that have diseases related to imbalances in their microbial communities (e.g., gastrointestinal microbiota). In public health, metagenomics is becoming an invaluable instrument for pathogen surveillance and to monitor outbreaks in epidemic areas.As sequencing technologies have considerably improved in speed and cost over the past decade, the number of reference sequences in public databases has grown exponentially. As a consequence, faster, accurate and efficient computational methods are needed for analyzing these large data. The research presented in this dissertation focuses on (i) how to build faster, more accurate and more efficient sequence classification methods to determine the microbial composition of metagenomic samples and (ii) how to infer and recover the microbial composition of a sample in a large network of connected samples (e.g., in the context of a city-scale biosurveillance).Our classification system is composed of a family of tools, namely CLARK, CLARK-l and CLARK-S, which are currently used by several research teams worldwide for metagenomics and genomics analysis. While CLARK is able to perform with high accuracy sequence classification and unprecedented speed, CLARK-S achieves the same precision and a much higher accuracy than CLARK, at a cost of a slightly slower speed.
Improved Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of Temperature Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background from Two New Analyses of BOOMERANG Observations

We report the most complete analysis to date of observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) obtained during the 1998 flight of BOOMERANG. We use two quite different methods to determine the angular power spectrum of the CMB in 20 bands centered at l = 50-1000, applying them to ~50% more data than has previously been analyzed. The power spectra produced by the two methods are in good agreement with each other and constitute the most sensitive measurements to date over the range 300 < l < 1000. The increased precision of the power spectrum yields more precise determinations of several cosmological parameters than previous analyses of BOOMERANG data. The results continue to support an inflationary paradigm for the origin of the universe, being well fitted by a ~13.5 Gyr old, flat universe composed of approximately 5% baryonic matter, 30% cold dark matter, and 65% dark energy, with a spectral index of initial density perturbations ns ~ 1.
Power Spectrum of Cosmic String Perturbations on the Microwave Background

I review recent progress towards a detailed understanding of the power spectrum of cosmic string perturbations induced on the Microwave Background (CMB). The use of a simple analytic model allows to include important effects that have not been included in previous studies. These effects are potential fluctuations on the last scattering surface (the Sachs-Wolfe effect) and Doppler CMB perturbations. These previously neglected fluctuations are shown to dominate over post-recombination fluctuations (Gott-Kaiser-Stebbins effect) on angular scales less than about $2^\circ$ assuming that no reionization occurs. The effective power spectrum index $n_{eff}$ is calculated on COBE scales and is shown to be somewhat larger than 1 ($1.35 \lsim n_{eff} \lsim 1.5$). After normalizing the model on COBE data and string simulations, I derive the predicted values of $({{δT}\over T})_{rms}$ for several ongoing CMB experiments on medium and small angular scales. A comparison is also made with current observations and predictions of models based on inflation.
Figure 5 from Blood-Based Genomic Alteration Signature for Predicting Progression-Free Survival in &lt;i&gt;De Novo&lt;/i&gt; Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer: A Real-World Study

&lt;p&gt;External validation of the b.TRPC model in an independent dataset. &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;B,&lt;/b&gt; ROC curves assessing the predictive performance of b.TRPC for 0.5-, 1-, and 2-year CRPC-free survival in the external validation cohort. &lt;b&gt;C&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;D,&lt;/b&gt; Calibration plots confirming the reliability of the b.TRPC model across all time points. &lt;b&gt;E,&lt;/b&gt; Comparison of C-index values for b.TRPC and ctDNA% in the external dataset. &lt;b&gt;F–H,&lt;/b&gt; DCA demonstrating the clinical utility of b.TRPC for risk stratification in an independent patient cohort. FPR, false positive rate; TPR, true positive rate.&lt;/p&gt;
Using Statistical Mechanics to Improve Real-World Bayesian Inference: A New Method Combining Tempered Posteriors and Wang-Landau Sampling

We present a simple method to obtain optimal posterior distributions and improve the quality of Bayesian inference with reduced human and computational effort. Bayes' Theorem is reformulated in the language of statistical mechanics, wherein an improved posterior -- referred to as a tempered posterior -- is defined analogously to a canonical probability distribution at temperature $τ$. Wang-Landau sampling is used to obtain the density of states of the posterior probability, and signals analogous to those of phase transitions are extracted from a single simulation. In addition, the transition temperature is easily identified, providing the tempered posterior with optimal predictive performance. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method on a real-world problem in materials science (equation of state modeling) with messy data, a high-dimensional and correlated input parameter space, and frustration among model outputs.
The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights’ Understanding of the Principle of “Equality Before the Courts and Tribunals” Considering the Drafting History of Article 14(1) of the ICCPR

Article 14(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that “All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals.” A similar provision does not appear in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. Thus, Article 3 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (the African Charter) provides that “(1) Every individual shall be equal before the law. (2) Every individual shall be entitled to equal protection under the law. Article 60 of the African Charter empowers the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights to refer to international instruments when interpreting the Charter. Article 7 of the Protocol establishing the Court empowers the Court to “apply the provisions of the Charter and any other relevant human rights instruments ratified by the state concerned.” It is on the basis of those two provisions, the African Court has referred to Article 14(1) of the ICCPR when interpreting Article 3 of the African Charter. In many decisions, the African Court has held that the “right to equality before the law requires that all persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals.” The African Court has also held that the right to equality before the law and the right to equality before courts are the same “in substance.” However, the drafting history of Article 14(1) shows that the principle of equality before courts and tribunals is different from the right to equality before the law under Article 26 of the ICCPR. Relying on this drafting history, the author argues that the African Court has blurred the distinction between the principle of equality before courts and tribunals and the right to equality before the law. This implies, as the submissions by some delegates during the Third Committee meetings show, that states may establish separate courts for different groups of people based on grounds such as race or economic status provided that such courts apply the same law(s) (people are equal before the law). In other words, the “separate but equal” approach. It also implies that some judicial officers may exercise their discretion discriminatorily.
Impact of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) on Organizational Effectiveness: A Conceptual Framework

Abstract After conducting a thorough literature review on the relationship between HRIS and organizational effectiveness, this paper presents a conceptual model for assessing the impact of HRIS on organizational effectiveness. The model is based on a review of existing research on the subject, and identifies several key variables that are critical to understanding this relationship, including effective succession planning, performance management, cost and time savings, information effects, and improved decision making. By effectively managing these variables, organizations can enhance their overall effectiveness and achieve their strategic goals.
INTEGRATION OF LEAN SIX SIGMA FRAMEWORK IN TESTING LABORATORIES QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO ISO 17025

Lean Six sigma (LSS) is the most widely used improvement strategy in almost all sectors. Initially it was started using in manufacturing and gained popularity across the sectors in short time. As most of the existing Lean Six sigma frameworks / strategies are specific to Manufacturing, Financial & IT sectors. This article presents Lean Six sigma specific tools and techniques relevant to the testing laboratory and the accreditation requirements as per the ISO 17025 standard. The study outlines the Lean Six sigma framework designed for integration in to the testing laboratory quality management system.
Bioinformatics in Libraries: Leveraging Biological Science to Optimize Information Services and Knowledge Discovery

Bioinformatics, the interdisciplinary field that combines biological science and computational analysis, has revolution-ized the way researchers explore and understand biological data. Libraries, as information hubs, have a unique oppor-tunity to leverage bioinformatics to enhance their information services and support knowledge discovery in the biological sciences. This research paper provides an overview of bioinformatics and its relevance to libraries, explores strategies for integrating bioinformatics resources into library services, discusses the role of libraries in supporting knowledge discovery through bioinformatics, and highlights the importance of education and training in bioinformatics for librari-ans. Additionally, future directions and challenges in implementing bioinformatics in libraries are discussed. This paper aims to provide insights and practical guidance for librarians seeking to optimize their information services and support researchers in the biological sciences.
Disturbance impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation priority areas across China: 1990–2010

Land use change is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. In the last 20 years, China’s land use pattern has undergone profound changes. This study constructs an Ecosystem Comprehensive Anthropogenic Disturbance Index (ECADI) to assess disturbance impacts of land use change between 1990 and 2010 on biodiversity conservation priority areas at national and regional scales. Four levels of biodiversity conservation areas were categorized: generally important areas, moderately important areas, important areas, and very important areas. The results indicated a higher ECADI value in 2010 in Central and Eastern China than in Western China, and the values of the moderately important, important and very important regions were lower than the average value of the whole country at all levels. Notably, in recent 20 years, the change extent of ECADI values in Central and Eastern China were much greater compared with that in Western China, and ECADI values in the moderately important, important and very important biodiversity conservation areas all showed increasing trends, with the increasing extent lower than that of whole China at all levels. Due to human activities such as urbanization in Eastern China and cropland reclamation in Northeast China and Xinjiang, ECADI values showed a medium increase trend (the change rate was about 1%–5% in 10 years), which indicated the need for more conservation efforts in those regions. However, ECADI values in the Loess Plateau presented a low decline trend (the change rate was about −1% to −0.1% in 10 years) after 2000 because of the obvious effectiveness of Green for Grain Project. Furthermore, the variation was negligible in the Tibetan Plateau.
Additive manufacture, 3D-printed, metallic X-ray mirror for synchrotron and XFEL facilities

We have designed and fabricated the world’s first, Additive Manufacture (AM) mirror for X-ray beamlines. For traditional optics, beamline performance is limited by: distortion caused by mechanical clamping; heat-bumps induced by photon-beam illumination; and strain caused by differential thermal expansion when dissimilar materials are cooled. AM enables the creation of intricate internal structures, and the fusion of multiple components into a single piece [$*$]. The optical substrate, beamline mount, and internal cooling manifold were combined into a monolithic structure. The X-ray mirror was 3D-printed in aluminium alloy AlSi10Mg. Single point diamond turning created an optical surface, which was coated in ~ 75 μm of electroless NiP, followed by “super-polishing” using chemo-mechanical processing. Optical metrology demonstrates the AM mirror has surface quality comparable to a traditional silicon mirror, and is virtually immune to clamping deformations, which simplifies beamline installation. AM unlocks exotic internal channel designs, including enhanced cooling performance by turbulent flow, reducing vibrations caused by fluid flow, and conforming to the heat load distribution.
THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) TRAINING ON FOSTERING A CULTURE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE WORKPLACE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This systematic literature review studies the impact of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) training in developing a culture of sustainability in workplaces. It has become increasingly recognized that OSH training plays an important role for organizational sustainability and that safety procedures and practices must be part of any organisation's long-term future. However, there is relatively little literature that investigates the effectiveness of OSH training to establish sustainable behaviours and cultures at work. Therefore, in order to close this gap in research, PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses) guidelines were used to find and assess studies from sops and Web of Science (WoS) databases in a systematic way focusing on occupational risk factors, safety management systems, psychosocial factors, well-being of employees, and productivity outcomes. After searching, screening and assessing eligibility, there were 36 papers from the literature available that were peer reviewed and published between 2022 and 2024 that were assessed. The outcomes were divided into three themes: (1) Workplace Safety Management and Occupational Hazards, (2) Worker Training, Education, and Workplace Safety Interventions, and (3) Psychosocial Factors, Well-being, and Productivity. The results highlighted that OSH education strengthens employees' understandings of hazards and promotes sustainable safety behaviors, and leads to safety compliance, fewer incidents at work, and foster stronger psychological safety environments. Psychosocially based OSH training was positively related to employee's mental health, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Overall, there is clear evidence that systematically incorporating OSH training into workplace policies and culture can lead to more sustainable organizational outcomes. Future research should examine long-term effects and contextual elements that contribute to the effectiveness of OSH training across industry sectors.
ChemPro: A Progressive Chemistry Benchmark for Large Language Models

We introduce ChemPro, a progressive benchmark with 4100 natural language question-answer pairs in Chemistry, across 4 coherent sections of difficulty designed to assess the proficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs) in a broad spectrum of general chemistry topics. We include Multiple Choice Questions and Numerical Questions spread across fine-grained information recall, long-horizon reasoning, multi-concept questions, problem-solving with nuanced articulation, and straightforward questions in a balanced ratio, effectively covering Bio-Chemistry, Inorganic-Chemistry, Organic-Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry. ChemPro is carefully designed analogous to a student's academic evaluation for basic to high-school chemistry. A gradual increase in the question difficulty rigorously tests the ability of LLMs to progress from solving basic problems to solving more sophisticated challenges. We evaluate 45+7 state-of-the-art LLMs, spanning both open-source and proprietary variants, and our analysis reveals that while LLMs perform well on basic chemistry questions, their accuracy declines with different types and levels of complexity. These findings highlight the critical limitations of LLMs in general scientific reasoning and understanding and point towards understudied dimensions of difficulty, emphasizing the need for more robust methodologies to improve LLMs.
The Rights to Water and Sanitation

Abstract                   In the past two decades, the human rights to water and sanitation have emerged and taken their place at the center of discussions about key economic, social, and cultural rights, sustainable development, global health, and climate change. While there was early hope that these rights would provide a strong basis for rejecting the commodification of essential services spurred by neoliberalism, as they were institutionalized, the rights to water and sanitation have in many places been tamed, if not neutralized. And while a confluence of forces have managed to stop or reverse privatization in many states, deep inequalities persist, and communities have often been shut out of decisions about water resources. At the same time, the rights have played an important role in the development field, guiding approaches to achieving the sustainable development goals and serving as touchstones in climate debates. Thus, while the human rights framework concerning water and sanitation has accommodated powerful economic imperatives, it still holds promise as a vehicle for governments, courts, and—perhaps most importantly—movements facing the harsh realities of extreme inequality, vulnerability to disaster, and the advancing climate crisis. This chapter provides an overview of the conceptual and theoretical issues behind the rights to water and sanitation, an account of the normative development of the rights in law, and examines the promise these rights hold in the face of intense global challenges.