ethicalabs/Research-Intent-Collab huggingface dataset:
Central bank digital currencies – fad or the future? : a framework for country level assessment of central bank digital currencies.

When should central banks issue their own digital currencies? There is no clear guidance on this issue, neither from theory nor practice. In this thesis we perform a textual analysis of the available literature to identify the most important considerations in evaluating the attractiveness of a central bank digital currency (CBDC). Then we use these to recommend which countries should and should not consider issuing a CBDC. By the use of textual analysis, we find eight considerations to be the most important. These include cashless societies, financial stability, interest rates, technological development, shadow economy, costs, exchange rate policies and institutional credibility. We establish a framework for country level assessment of the implications of CBDC based on these considerations. Applying our framework, we find that developing countries should generally not consider issuing a CBDC, while developed countries should. More specifically, we find that countries with weak institutions and low financial stability should not consider issuing a CBDC. The introduction of a CBDC in these countries is relatively unlikely to be accepted by the public and can cause adverse effects on the financial system. In contrast, we recommend countries facing particularly low interest rates or developments towards cashless societies to consider issuance of a CBDC, given that they are not restricted from issuing their own currencies. Generally, our recommendations contradict with the current practice. Today, several developing countries are introducing different types of CBDCs, while developed countries are more cautious in their approach. Developed countries emphasize the need for more research, to avoid introducing a currency that might destabilize the financial system without entailing significant benefits compared to today’s systems. The recommendations to which countries should consider issuing a CBDC are based on both a qualitative and a quantitative approach. We find that the results of both approaches coincide. Based on our findings, we suggest that countries build on our framework in future assessments of CBDC, to ensure that the most important considerations are thoroughly assessed before a digital currency is introduced to the economy.
Cosmological simulations of decaying dark matter: implications for small-scale structure of dark matter haloes

17 pages, 14 figures, references added, labels added in figure 1 &amp; 2, submitted to MNRAS
Coupling protoplanetary disk formation with early protostellar evolution: influence on planet traps

Protoplanetary disk structures are known to be shaped by various thermal and compositional effects such as (though not limited to) shadowed regions, sublimation lines, density bumps... The resulting irregularities in the surface mass density and temperature profiles are key elements to determine the location where planetary embryos can be trapped. These traps provide hints of which planets are most likely to survive, at what distance from the star, and potentially with what composition (Bailli&eacute;, Charnoz, Pantin, 2015, A&amp;A 577, A65; Bailli&eacute;, Charnoz, Pantin, 2016, A&amp;A 590, A60). These structures are determined by the viscous spreading of the disk, that is initially formed by the collapse of the molecular cloud.Starting from the numerical hydrodynamical model detailed in Bailli&eacute; &amp; Charnoz., 2014, ApJ 786, 35 which couples the disk thermodynamics, its photosphere geometry, its dynamics and its dust composition in order to follow its long-term evolution, we now consider the early stages of the central star. We model the joint formation of the disk and the star: their mass are directly derived from the collapse of the molecular cloud while the star temperature, radius and brightness are interpolated over pre-calculated stellar evolutions. Therefore, our simulations no longer depend on the initial profile of the &quot;Minimum Mass Solar Nebula&quot;, and allow us to model the influence of the forming star on the protoplanetary disk. In particular, we will present the resulting distribution of the sublimation lines of the main dust species, as well as the locations of the planet traps at various disk ages. In the longer term, we intend to investigate the influence of the star properties on the selection of the surviving planets.
Phenotypic Characterization and Antibiograms of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface Using a One Health Approach Among Households in Wakiso District, Uganda

The occurrence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria such as Escherichia coli has increasingly become recognized beyond hospital settings. Resistance to other types of antibiotics limits treatment options while the existence of such bacteria among humans, animals, and the environment is suggestive of potential zoonotic and reverse-zoonotic transmission. This study aimed to establish the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) from human, animal, and environmental isolates obtained among farming households within Wakiso district using a One Health approach.A total of 100 ESBL-EC isolates from humans 35/100 (35%), animals 56/100 (56%), and the environment 9/100 (9%) were tested for susceptibility to 11 antibiotics. This was done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data were analyzed in STATA ver. 16 and graphs were drawn in Microsoft excel ver. 10.Most of the ESBL-EC isolates (98%) were resistant to more than two antibiotics. ESBL-EC isolates were most susceptible to meropenem (MEM) (88.0%), and imipenem (82.0%) followed by gentamicin (72%). ESBL-EC isolates from humans were most susceptible to meropenem (MEM) followed by imipenem (IPM)> gentamicin (CN)> ciprofloxacin (CIP). Animal samples were more susceptible to MEM, IPM, and CN but were highly resistant to cefotaxime (CTX)> cefepime (FEP)>other antibiotics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was mostly reported among households keeping goats under intensive husbandry practices. Seven percent of the isolates exhibited carbapenem resistance while 22% showed aminoglycoside resistance. Similar resistance patterns among humans, animals, and environmental samples were also reported.Our study provides baseline information on non-hospital-based MDR caused by ESBL-EC using a One Health approach. ESBL-EC isolates were prevalent among apparently healthy community members, animals, and their environment. It is important to conduct more One Health approach studies to generate evidence on the drivers, resistance patterns, and transmission of ESBL-producing organisms at the human-animal-environmental interface.
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND SERIOUS VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: HAS «PUNISHMENT» EVER BEEN ON THE AGENDA?

Given the expediency of further exploring the essence of punishment in international criminal law, the proposed research is to be seen as the next rational and logical step following the historical phase of International Military Tribunals, on the path to developing a coherent and holistic concept of international punishment. Such an endeavour in turn is inconceivable without considering the experience gained from the lessons learned and the legacy of the next crucial stage in the evolution of international criminal justice, – that is, the developments surrounding the establishment and activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The key focus of the scientific investigation lied in an effort to shape a general ambiance as a certain starting point for the formation of a preliminary and rough idea about the perception of punishment in scholarly thought during that particular period. This attempt was carried out through a scrupulous analysis of more than half a hundred doctrinal writings by leading experts in the relevant area, which made it possible to conclude that the issue of punishment not only did not appear as a separate subject of inquiry, but was rather deliberately omitted in order to concentrate attention on matters related to human rights, which ultimately sets the intriguing tone for future thinking.
Knowledge Enhanced Graph Neural Networks for Graph Completion

Graph data is omnipresent and has a wide variety of applications, such as in natural science, social networks, or the semantic web. However, while being rich in information, graphs are often noisy and incomplete. As a result, graph completion tasks, such as node classification or link prediction, have gained attention. On one hand, neural methods, such as graph neural networks, have proven to be robust tools for learning rich representations of noisy graphs. On the other hand, symbolic methods enable exact reasoning on graphs.We propose Knowledge Enhanced Graph Neural Networks (KeGNN), a neuro-symbolic framework for graph completion that combines both paradigms as it allows for the integration of prior knowledge into a graph neural network model.Essentially, KeGNN consists of a graph neural network as a base upon which knowledge enhancement layers are stacked with the goal of refining predictions with respect to prior knowledge.We instantiate KeGNN in conjunction with two state-of-the-art graph neural networks, Graph Convolutional Networks and Graph Attention Networks, and evaluate KeGNN on multiple benchmark datasets for node classification.
Local Land‐Use Planning to Conserve Biodiversity: Planners’ Perspectives on What Works

Abstract:                      Because habitat loss due to urbanization is a primary threat to biodiversity, and land‐use decisions in urbanizing areas are mainly made at the local level, land‐use planning by municipal planning departments has a potentially important—but largely unrealized—role in conserving biodiversity. To understand planners’ perspectives on the factors that facilitate and impede biodiversity conservation in local planning, we interviewed directors of 17 municipal planning departments in the greater Seattle (Washington, U.S.A.) area and compared responses of planners from similar‐sized jurisdictions that were “high” and “low performing” with respect to incorporation of biodiversity conservation in local planning. Planners from low‐performing jurisdictions regarded mandates from higher governmental levels as the primary drivers of biodiversity conservation, whereas those from high‐performing jurisdictions regarded community values as the main drivers, although they also indicated that mandates were important. Biodiversity conservation was associated with presence of local conservation flagship elements (e.g., salmonids) and human‐centered benefits of biodiversity conservation (e.g., quality of life). Planners from high‐ and low‐performing jurisdictions favored different planning mechanisms for biodiversity conservation, perhaps reflecting differences in funding and staffing. High performers reported more collaborations with other entities on biodiversity issues. Planners’ comments indicated that the term biodiversity may be problematic in the context of local planning. The action most planners recommended to increase biodiversity conservation in local planning was public education. These results suggest that to advance biodiversity conservation in local land‐use planning, conservation biologists should investigate and educate the public about local conservation flagships and human benefits of local biodiversity, work to raise ecological literacy and explain biodiversity more effectively to the public, and promote collaboration on biodiversity conservation among jurisdictions and inclusion of biodiversity specialists in planning departments.
Inventory Information Management of Logistics Supply Chain

The supply chain information management of logistics has become an important method to enhance its competitiveness. The inventory information management and application of the logistics supply is researched based on grey clustering decision-making methods. The inventory theory and methods are studied firstly, and the fuzzy mathematics and grey system theory are used to solve the classification problem. The electronic industry logistics supply chain is taken as the example, the inventory information management problem is solved. The inventory information management theory is improved in this paper, and it can more accurately reflect the market situation, it provides the reference for the classification of inventory information management in logistics supply chain.
“Leading from Behind”: The Responsibility to Protect, the Obama Doctrine, and Humanitarian Intervention after Libya

Humanitarian intervention has always been more popular in theory than in practice. In the face of unspeakable acts, the desire to do something,anything, is understandable. States have tended to be reluctant to act on such desires, however, leading to the present situation in which there are scores of books and countless articles articulating the contours of a right—or even an obligation—of humanitarian intervention, while the number of cases that might be cited as models of what is being advocated can be counted on one hand.
Automatic pelvic fracture segmentation: a deep learning approach and benchmark dataset

IntroductionAccurate segmentation of pelvic fractures from computed tomography (CT) is crucial for trauma diagnosis and image-guided reduction surgery. The traditional manual slice-by-slice segmentation by surgeons is time-consuming, experience-dependent, and error-prone. The complex anatomy of the pelvic bone, the diversity of fracture types, and the variability in fracture surface appearances pose significant challenges to automated solutions.MethodsWe propose an automatic pelvic fracture segmentation method based on deep learning, which effectively isolates hipbone and sacrum fragments from fractured pelvic CT. The method employs two sequential networks: an anatomical segmentation network for extracting hipbones and sacrum from CT images, followed by a fracture segmentation network that isolates the main and minor fragments within each bone region. We propose a distance-weighted loss to guide the fracture segmentation network's attention on the fracture surface. Additionally, multi-scale deep supervision and smooth transition strategies are incorporated to enhance overall performance.ResultsTested on a curated dataset of 150 CTs, which we have made publicly available, our method achieves an average Dice coefficient of 0.986 and an average symmetric surface distance of 0.234 mm.DiscussionThe method outperformed traditional max-flow and a transformer-based method, demonstrating its effectiveness in handling complex fracture.
CHAPTER 8. Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics, Exposure and Therapeutic Dose in Drug Discovery

Based on a robust understanding of how physicochemical properties drive PK, relatively little experimental data is required establish a drug discovery optimisation strategy and gain confidence that clinical candidates are selected with a high likelihood of achieving an acceptable clinical PK profile. This chapter is designed to be used by the practicing medicinal chemist and attempts to provide both the context and some specific advice to apply best practice for PK and efficacious dose prediction. Hints and tips are suggested throughout the chapter and methods to predict human PK parameters outlined. Worked examples of both proprietary candidate and approved drugs are used to highlight particular themes. This chapter can be used in conjunction with the associated Dose to Man iPad app which allows medicinal chemists to simulate therapeutic doses and exposures in Man for their drug discovery projects via the approaches and equations presented herein. ‘Dose to man’ approach integrates information to rank and select compounds, which as a minimum, is a sophisticated scoring function, and at best, is an effective tool for assessing clinical utility.
Prognostically Relevant Subtypes and Survival Prediction for Breast Cancer Based on Multimodal Genomics Data

IEEE access 7, 133850-133864 (2019). doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2941796
The Hidden Curriculum of AI-Powered Translation and Interpretation

AI-powered translation and interpretation tools, such as Google Translate and DeepL, are increasingly used by English language learners (ELLs). While these technologies expand access and support communication, they are not neutral: they privilege standardized American and British English, transmitting a “hidden curriculum” about what counts as legitimate English. This implicit bias shapes learners' perceptions, influences their communicative practices, and reinforces linguistic hierarchies by marginalizing local varieties and overlooking socio-cultural nuances. Case studies and classroom observations reveal how AI subtly standardizes English learning, potentially diminishing linguistic diversity and learner identity. The chapter concludes with recommendations for educators and policymakers to foster critical AI literacy, helping learners recognize these hidden messages and ensuring that translation technologies enrich rather than constrain multilingual education.
Genetic Testing

The discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953 opened the door to genetic research on an unparalleled scale, leading to the mapping of the human genome in 2000. As genes were discovered and their effects determined, it became clear that genes could be responsible in causing disease with certainty (eg, Huntington’s chorea) or in bestowing protection against or propensity for the potential future development of disease. Medical researchers have been fascinated by the prospect that genetic engineering could allow the repair of defective disease-related genes or the alteration of genes to impart protection. Controversial issues stem from the fact that, long before genetic science develops to the point of successful treatment of genetic disease, there will be an accumulation of knowledge that allows researchers to predict with reasonable accuracy the probability that a person will develop certain diseases. This discussion will be confined to posing the questions of how genetic knowledge and testing should be used by employers and the insurance industry, and the responsibility of government in protecting the individual’s genetic information. The authors also wish to draw the reader’s attention to the testimony of Harold P. Coxson, Esq. before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions on July 20, 2000. This well-prepared testimony contains a wealth of information that will form a substantial basis for the following discussions. Current Federal and State Laws on Genetic Testing
Fitting dark matter mass with the radio continuum spectral data of the Ophiuchus cluster

Recent gamma-ray and anti-proton analyses suggest that dark matter with mass $m=48-67$ GeV annihilating via $b\bar{b}$ channel can explain the Galactic center GeV gamma-ray excess and the anti-proton excess as measured by AMS-02 simultaneously. In this article, by differentiating the contributions of dark matter annihilation and normal diffuse cosmic rays, we show that dark matter with mass $m=40-50$ GeV annihilating via $b\bar{b}$ channel with the thermal relic annihilation cross section can best explain the radio continuum spectrum of the central radio halo of the Ophiuchus cluster. This mass range, annihilation cross section, and the annihilation channel is completely consistent with the dark matter interpretations of the GeV gamma-ray excess and the anti-proton excess.
Benign Racial Discrimination: Equality and Aborigines

Mr Partlett is concerned to review the theoretical and practical place of government programs which positively discriminate in favour of groups on racial lines. He reviews the justification of this benign discrimination in relation to the notion of equality. He finds that the justification of benign discrimination depends upon its social realities. With reference to recent United States constitutional law developments he concludes that programs of benign discrimination must be closely justified to ensure that they do not trespass on certain fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual.Australian government initiatives are then reviewed together with an appraisal of their legal standing under the various pieces of anti-discrimination legislation in Australia.The author attempts to synthesise out of this discussion a strategy under which benign programs may be encouraged for the promotion of equality for aborigines, while at the same time the individual human rights of others are protected.
Government Surveillance against the right to privacy in matters of Cyberspace in India

With the advancement in technology in the 21st century, surveillance technology has also become highly pervasive, this has increased the debates surrounding the right to privacy and government-mandated surveillance. This research paper seeks to examine the nature of the Indian surveillance state in Cyberspace which is permissible under the laws passed by the legislature and the agreements that have to be signed by the telecom and internet service providers in line with the right to privacy which has been recognized by the honourable Supreme Court, also discussing the historical developments which have led to this right. Lastly, the paper also discusses the factors that are responsible for the continuance of the surveillance legislation in matters of cyberspace.
Cosmic rays and their modulation in the heliosphere by studying gamma rays from the Sun with Fermi-LAT: updated models

The Sun is a known quiescent gamma-ray source. Its gamma-ray steady-state, characterized by two distinct emissions, is unique for its spatially and spectrally distinct components: 1) disc emission due by pion decay of CR hadrons interacting with the solar atmosphere; 2) spatially extended emission from inverse Compton (IC) scattering of CR electrons on the solar photons of the heliosphere. Being produced by CRs, which are affected by solar modulation, the intensity of both emissions is expected to be inversely proportional to the solar activity. After the discovery of the quiet solar emission with EGRET, thanks to the high sensitivity of Fermi-LAT we can now monitor the solar steady-state in the various periods of solar activity. The release of Pass 8 data, with its improved event reconstruction and larger effective area, provides a unique opportunity to refine the study and extend it to different solar activities and also to lower and higher energies. In fact a first study was conducted using 18 month of data during low solar activity, where the best model for IC emission was investigated. Now the recent CR electron and positron measurements by Pamela, AMS-02, Fermi, and the changed solar activity call for a more extended analysis. We present here updates on solar IC models based on available CR measurements for different solar activity.