ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2009. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 73
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Narcotics,Drug Abuse,Social Environment,Secondary School Students,Student Attitudes,Beliefs,Age Differences,Social Influences,Marijuana,Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Hispanic American Students,White Students,African American Students,Racial Differences,Comparative Analysis,Gender Differences,College Bound Students,Geographic Location,Trend Analysis,Parent Influence,Educational Attainment,Population Trends,Ethnicity,Incidence,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide,Stimulants,Drinking,Smoking,Alcohol Abuse

This occasional paper serves as a supplement to one of four annual monographs from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study, written by the study's investigators and published by the study's sponsor, the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The full 2009 survey results are reported in &quot;Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2009: Volume I, Secondary School Students&quot;. That monograph contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds and a number of related factors such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, non-continuation of drug use, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, and use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD. Appendix D of Volume I contains tabular data on trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups for each of the many drugs under study. The present occasional paper presents those subgroup trends in &quot;graphic&quot; form, because graphic presentations are much easier to comprehend. The graphic presentations have not been included in &quot;Volume I&quot; due both to their length and the cost of printing them in color. Trend data are presented for 12th-grade respondents beginning with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Trend data for 8th and 10th grades are presented beginning with 1991, when those grade levels were added to the study design. The numerical information upon which these graphics are based is contained in the relevant appendix D tables of Volume I. Detailed definitions of the demographic categories are given in appendix B of that volume. For the reader's convenience, both appendix B and appendix D have also been included in this occasional paper. (Contains 258 figures and 1 footnote.)
Impacts of Parental Education on Substance Use: Differences among White, African-American, and Hispanic Students in 8th, 10th, and 12th Grades (1999-2008). Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper No. 70
Author: Bachman, Jerald G.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Adolescents,Regression (Statistics),Secondary School Students,Parent Influence,Educational Attainment,Substance Abuse,Hispanic American Students,White Students,African American Students,Racial Differences,Comparative Analysis,Socioeconomic Status,Ethnicity,Smoking,Drinking,Alcohol Abuse,Marijuana,Drug Abuse

The Monitoring the Future (MTF) project reports annually on levels and trends in self-reported substance use by secondary school students (e.g., Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, &amp; Schulenberg, 2009). The reports include subgroup comparisons, and these have revealed substantial differences among race/ethnicity groups, as well as some differences linked to parental education (as the available indicator of socioeconomic level). These comparisons are complicated by the substantial differences in racial/ethnic composition across levels of parental education. The present paper disentangles the confounding of race/ethnicity with parental education by examining the three largest race/ethnicity groups separately, showing and comparing how parental education is related to three common forms of substance use/abuse among adolescents. The authors show important interaction effects: The negative relationship between parental education and substance use is more pronounced among White adolescents than among those who are African American or Hispanic. They also unmask relationships between parental education and substance use that are clearer for White adolescents than for the total sample. Furthermore, the appendix to this occasional paper compares product-moment correlations and linear regression results for five-year intervals (1999-2003 vs. 2004-2008), and shows that very few regression coefficients differ significantly. This appendix is titled, &quot;Use of Various Drugs by Grade among All Male Respondents, 1999-2008.&quot; (Contains 1 table and 10 figures.)
Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2011
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2012-02-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Narcotics,Drug Abuse,Drug Use,Grade 12,Grade 10,Grade 8,Grants,Futures (of Society),Surveys,Secondary School Students,Trend Analysis,Risk,Correlation,Student Attitudes,Research Methodology,Negative Attitudes,Statistical Data,Tables (Data),Drinking,Smoking,Cocaine,Inhalants,Marijuana

Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a long-term study of American adolescents, college students, and adults through age 50. It has been conducted annually by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research since its inception in 1975 and is supported under a series of investigator-initiated, competing research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The 2011 the MTF survey encompassed about 46,700 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students in 400 secondary schools nationwide. The first published results are presented in this report. Recent trends in the use of licit and illicit drugs are emphasized, as well as trends in the levels of perceived risk and personal disapproval associated with each drug. This study has shown these beliefs and attitudes to be particularly important in explaining trends in use. In addition, trends in the perceived availability of each drug are presented. A synopsis of the design and methods used in the study and an overview of the key results from the 2011 survey is presented in the introductory section. These are followed by a separate section for each individual drug class, providing figures that show trends in the overall proportions of students at each grade level (a) using the drug, (b) seeing a "great risk" associated with its use (perceived risk), (c) disapproving of its use (disapproval), and (d) saying they could get it "fairly easily" or "very easily" if they wanted to (perceived availability). For 12th graders, annual data are available since 1975, and for 8th and 10th graders, since 1991, the first year they were included in the study. The tables at the end of this report provide the statistics underlying the figures; in addition, they present data on lifetime, annual, 30-day, and (for selected drugs) daily prevalence. (Contains 17 tables and 9 footnotes.) [For "Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2010," see ED528077.]
Drug Testing in Schools: Policies, Practices, and Association with Student Drug Use. YES Occasional Papers. Paper 2
Author: Yamaguchi, Ryoko
Date: 2003-00-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Futures (of Society),Middle Schools,Marijuana,Incidence,Testing,Drug Use,Athletes,Risk,Drug Use Testing,Correlation,Student Surveys,High School Students,Males,Case Studies,Educational Policy

Despite considerable recent public and judicial attention to the issue of drug testing, little empirical research has focused on the relationship between drug testing in schools and the actual use of illicit drugs by students. To explore this issue, we use school-level survey data about drug testing from the Youth, Education, and Society study and student-level survey data from the same schools participating in the Monitoring the Future study. Using cross-sectional data, we examine how the presence of drug testing relates to 12-month use of marijuana and 12-month use of any other illicit drugs by students. We addressed this topic in a recently published article in the "Journal of School Health" (Yamaguchi, Johnston, & O'Malley, 2003); this occasional paper extends those analyses by adding another year (2002) of student and school data to the analyses. In a further extension, we examine schools that use random drug testing in which "all" students in the school are subject to testing; this type of drug testing seems most likely to have the intended effects of deterring use. The extended findings continue to show that (a) relatively few schools report testing students for drug use, (b) there is little evidence of a time trend in the prevalence of student drug testing in American schools between 1998 and 2002, (c) more high schools than middle schools reported the use of drug testing, and (d) most schools that test students report that the testing is "for cause." Of most importance, drug testing still is found not to be associated with students' reported illicit drug use--even random testing that potentially subjects the entire student body. Testing was not found to have significant association with the prevalence of drug use among the entire student body nor the prevalence of use among experienced marijuana users. Analyses of male high school athletes found that drug testing of athletes in the school was not associated with any appreciably different levels of marijuana or other illicit drug use. Cross-sectional data were of necessity used in these analyses. However, we believe the findings to be buttressed considerably by the fact that statistical controls were used for a number of known important risk factors for drug use, which should control for most pre-existing differences; and still no statistically significant differences emerged. Nevertheless, prospective studies would make a stronger case. Policy implications are discussed. (Contains 11 tables, 4 figures and 2 footnotes.)
Policies and Practices Regarding Alcohol and Illicit Drugs among American Secondary Schools and Their Association with Student Alcohol and Marijuana Use. YES Occasional Papers. Paper 5
Author: Kumar, Revathy
Date: 2005-00-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Student Behavior,Marijuana,Incidence,Drug Abuse,Alcohol Abuse,Drinking,Secondary School Students,Correlation,School Policy,Punishment,Student Surveys,School Security,Prevention,Intervention,Public Schools,Private Schools,Predictor Variables,Student Personnel Services,Student Personnel Workers,Compliance (Psychology),Gender Differences,Age Differences,Racial Differences,Parents,Educational Attainment,Socioeconomic Status,Suspension,Expulsion,Law Enforcement,Place of Residence

This paper examines school policies relating to alcohol and illicit drug use, and their associations with the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana use among students. Both "punitive" and "supportive" policies are examined. Other studies examining punitive disciplinary measures--such as close monitoring of student behavior, having various security measures, and expulsion or suspension from school--as a means of ensuring student compliance to school policies have suggested that these measures do little to reduce drug and alcohol use among students. Supportive measures, however, such as the availability of services and the presence of caregivers, may reduce the prevalence of substance use among students. Analyses use data from nationally representative samples of 8th-grade students (29,822 in 246 schools), 10th-grade students (22,964 in 212 schools), and 12th-grade students (23,594 in 226 schools) who participated in annual surveys conducted by the Monitoring the Future project from 1998 to 2001. Analyses also use data from surveys of principals of the same schools collected under the Youth, Education, and Society study, sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. For each of the three grades, descriptive statistics on the level of monitoring, number of security measures, severity of punitive actions taken for violation of school policies, and number of care providers and services are presented for schools with different demographic characteristics. Using multilevel logistic regression, we found that monitoring, number of security measures, and severity of consequences for violation of school policies showed little systematic association with actual substance use in general or substance use at school. Additionally, contrary to our hypothesis, schools that adopted a variety of supportive measures, such as providing more services and care providers, did not, in general, have lower average substance use than schools providing fewer such services. The implications of the for school policies and practices are discussed. (Contains 5 tables and 3 footnotes.)
Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2010. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 74
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Narcotics,Drug Abuse,Social Environment,Secondary School Students,Student Attitudes,Beliefs,Age Differences,Social Influences,Marijuana,Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,Hispanic American Students,White Students,African American Students,Racial Differences,Comparative Analysis,Gender Differences,College Bound Students,Geographic Location,Trend Analysis,Parent Influence,Educational Attainment,Population Trends,Ethnicity,Incidence,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide,Stimulants,Drinking,Smoking,Alcohol Abuse

The full 2010 survey results are reported in "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975;2010: Volume I, Secondary School Students". That monograph  contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds, licit and illicit, and a number of related factors such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, non-continuation of drug use, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. Appendix D of "Volume I" contains tabular data on trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups for each of the many drugs under study. The present occasional paper presents those same subgroup trends in "graphic form", because graphic presentations are much easier to comprehend. (Showing the trends in color greatly facilitates the differentiation of the various trend lines in each graph.) Historically, the graphic presentations have not been included in "Volume I" due both to their length and the cost of printing them in color. Even though the annual monographs from the study now are published electronically on the study's Website, rather than in paper form, the authors continue to make the graphic presentation of the subgroup trends available in this separate document in the MTF Occasional Paper series. Trend data are presented for 12th-grade respondents beginning with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Trend data for 8th and 10th grades are presented beginning with 1991, when the study's annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels. The numerical information upon which these graphics are based is contained in the relevant appendix D tables of "Volume I". Detailed definitions of the demographic categories are given in appendix B of that volume. (Contains 258 figures.)
Evaluation of WorldView Textbooks; Textbooks Taught at a Military University
Author: Khalili, Masoud
Date: 2012-01-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Military Schools,Higher Education,Textbooks,Textbook Evaluation,Check Lists,College Administration,English (Second Language),Second Language Learning,Curriculum Development,Evaluators

This paper intends to evaluate the WorldView series textbooks of English learning, which are being taught at an Iranian military university foreign language center. No textbook evaluation had been conducted by the university administration prior to the introduction of the textbooks to the language program. Theorists in the field of ELT textbook design and evaluation such as Richards (2001), Sheldon (1988), Cunningsworth (1995), Williams (1983) all agree, that evaluation checklists have some criteria pertaining to the physical layout, organization and content characteristics. This study uses a combined and contextualized evaluation checklist from available textbook evaluation checklists. This article will take advantage of the most common criteria among these textbook evaluation checklists. Furthermore, after discussing advantages and disadvantages of using commercial textbooks in teaching and textbook evaluation through checklists, some suggestions for curriculum development have been proposed. The findings suggest that the investigated textbooks work for the designed course. The findings of this research can be useful for ESL researchers and teachers in general as well as ELT material developers and evaluators in particular.
Monitoring the Future. National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2009. NIH Publication Number 10-7583
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Grade 8,Grade 10,Grade 12,Intervals,Narcotics,Incidence,Drug Abuse,Drug Use,Futures (of Society),Grants,Adolescents,Surveys,Secondary School Students,Trend Analysis,Risk,Correlation,Student Attitudes,Statistical Data

Monitoring the Future (MTF) is a long-term study of American adolescents, college students, and adults through age 50. It has been conducted annually by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research since its inception in 1975. It is supported under a series of investigator-initiated, competing research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The 2009 MTF survey encompassed over 46,000 eighth-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students in almost 400 secondary schools nationwide. The first published results are presented in this report. Recent trends in the use of licit and illicit drugs are emphasized, as well as trends in the levels of perceived risk and personal disapproval associated with each drug. This study has shown these beliefs and attitudes to be particularly important in explaining trends in use. In addition, trends in the perceived availability of each drug are presented. A synopsis of the design and methods used in the study and an overview of the key results from the 2009 survey follow the introductory section. This is followed by a separate section for each individual drug class, providing figures that show trends in the  overall proportions of students at each grade level (a) using the drug, (b) seeing a "great risk" associated with its use (perceived risk), (c) disapproving of its use (disapproval), and (d) saying that they think they could get it "fairly easily" or "very easily" if they wanted to (perceived availability). For 12th graders, annual data are available since 1975, and for 8th and 10th graders, since 1991, the first year they were included in the study. The tables at the end of this report provide the statistics underlying the figures; in addition, they present data on lifetime, annual, 30-day, and (for selected drugs) daily prevalence. For the sake of brevity, the authors present these prevalence statistics here only for the 1991-2009 interval, but statistics on 12th graders are available for earlier years in other MTF publications. For each prevalence period, the tables indicate which of the most recent one-year changes (between 2008 and 2009) are statistically significant. The graphic depictions of multiyear trends often indicate gradual, continuing change that may not reach significance in a given one-year interval. (Contains 17 tables and 7 footnotes.) [For related reports, see "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2009. Volume I, Secondary School Students. NIH Publication Number 10-7584" (ED529150) and "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2009. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-50. NIH Publication Number 10-7585" (ED529151).]
A Comparison of Distribution Free and Non-Distribution Free Factor Analysis Methods
Author: Ritter, Nicola L.
Date: 2012-02-02
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Factor Analysis,Comparative Analysis,Correlation,Nonparametric Statistics,Matrices

Many researchers recognize that factor analysis can be conducted on both correlation matrices and variance-covariance matrices. Although most researchers extract factors from non-distribution free or parametric methods, researchers can also extract factors from distribution free or non-parametric methods. The nature of the data dictates the method selected. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between the questions asked by Pearson product-moment correlations and Spearman's rho coefficients. Additionally, the paper compares distribution free and non-distribution free methods for extracting factors using correlational and covariance matrices, and describes the advantages of each method. (Contains 9 tables and 4 figures.)
So You Think You Can Lead: Advice for Those Who Aspire to Be Principal
Author: East, R. Keith
Date: 2012-02-06
Type: Opinion Papers
Subjects: Instructional Leadership,Principals,Administrator Role,Work Environment,Power Structure,Time Management,Decision Making

21st century school leadership is not for the faint of heart and as with any organization a school is only as successful as their leadership. The acknowledgment that a "different" reality exists for school principals is of utmost importance when identifying the conditions, situations, and roles that one will engage in. In this article Dr. East explains some of the many complex circumstances and unique challenges that confront school principals, as well the sacrifices that are required, thus making it not "business as usual" but not an usual business.