ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Specific English Corpora: Language Variation
Author: Carrio-Pastor, Maria Luisa
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Standard Spoken Usage,Sentences,Language Variation,Interference (Language),Native Speakers,English (Second Language),Second Language Learning,Contrastive Linguistics,Writing (Composition),Technical Writing,Scientific Research

The scientific community has traditionally considered technical English as neutral and objective, able to transmit ideas and research in simple sentences and specialized vocabulary. Nevertheless, global communication and intense information delivery have produced a range of different ways of knowledge transmission. Although technical English is considered an objective way to transmit science, writers of academic papers use some words or structures with different frequency in the same genre. As a consequence of this, contrastive studies about the use of second languages have been increasingly attracting scholarly attention. In this research, we evidence that variation in language production is a reality and can be proved contrasting corpora written by native writers of English and by non-native writers of English. The objectives of this paper are first to detect language variation in a technical English corpus; second, to demonstrate that this finding evidences the parts of the sentence that are more sensitive to variation; finally, it also evidences the non-standardisation of technical English. In order to fulfill these objectives, we analysed a corpus of fifty scientific articles written by native speakers of English and fifty scientific articles written by non-native speakers of English. The occurrences were classified and counted in order to detect the most common variations. Further analysis indicated that the variations were caused by mother tongue interference in virtually all cases, although meaning was only very rarely obscured. These findings suggest that the use of certain patterns and expressions originating from L1 interference should be considered as correct as standard English. (Contains 4 tables.)
Interacting with the Reader: Politeness Strategies in Engineering Research Article Discussions
Author: Salom, Luz Gil
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Engineering Education,Engineering,Telecommunications,Pragmatics,Scientific Concepts,Researchers,Robotics,Molecular Structure,Technology,Interdisciplinary Approach,Computer Uses in Education,Academic Discourse

The writer's strategy to combine the exposition of factual information with personal judgement and interaction with the reader has been analysed in a number of studies (Hunston, 1994; Hyland, 1998a, 1998b; Latour and Woolgar, 1979; Skelton, 1997). Myers' studies (1989, 1992) on the pragmatics of politeness in scientific articles analyse politeness strategies in regularities of scientific style that are usually explained in terms of conventions. In the context of scientific communication, the researcher performs two basic tasks: presenting a claim and contradicting former theories or beliefs. Both actions could be interpreted as impolite behaviours and constitute what Brown and Levinson (1987) call "face threatening acts" ("FTAs"). In this study we explore the presence of face-redressive politeness strategies in the discussion sections of engineering research articles. The data are drawn from a corpus of 46 discussion sections in the fields of computing, telecommunications, nanotechnology and robotics.
Polysemous Verbs and Modality in Native and Non-Native Argumentative Writing: A Corpus-Based Study
Author: Salazar, Danica
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Verbs,Computational Linguistics,Discourse Analysis,Persuasive Discourse,Native Speakers,Second Language Learning,Writing (Composition),English (Second Language),Language Usage,College Students,Spanish,Tagalog,Academic Discourse

The present study is a corpus-based analysis of a selection of polysemous lexical verbs used to express modality in student argumentative writing. Twenty-three lexical verbs were searched for in three 100,000-word corpora of argumentative essays written in English by American, Filipino and Spanish university students. Concordance lines were examined to determine their use in the three corpora. After presenting the overall results for all verbs studied, more in-depth linguistic analysis was performed on the polysemous verb "feel". These analyses revealed that the non-native writers, unlike their native counterparts, had a limited grasp of the full range of meanings of lexical verbs such as "feel". It also showed that all student writers under study employed only a restricted range of lexical verbs to convey modal meanings in their writing. (Contains 5 tables.)
Corpus Linguistics, Network Analysis and Co-Occurrence Matrices
Author: Stuart, Keith
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Discourse Communities,Semantics,Scientific Research,Computational Linguistics,Network Analysis,Training,Multivariate Analysis,Foreign Countries,Word Frequency,Discourse Analysis,Knowledge Level,Intellectual Disciplines,Academic Discourse

This article describes research undertaken in order to design a methodology for the reticular representation of knowledge of a specific discourse community. To achieve this goal, a representative corpus of the scientific production of the members of this discourse community (Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, UPV) was created. This article presents the practical analysis (frequency, keyword, collocation and cluster analysis) that was carried out in the initial phases of the study aimed at establishing the theoretical and practical background and framework for our network analysis of the scientific discourse of the UPV. In the methodology section, the processes that have allowed us to extract from the corpus the linguistic elements needed to develop co-occurrence matrices, as well as the computer tools used in the research, are described. From these co-occurrence matrices, semantic networks of subject and discipline knowledge were generated. Finally, based on the results obtained, we suggest that it may be viable to extract and to represent the intellectual capital of an academic institution using corpus linguistic methods in combination with the formulations of network theory. (Contains 5 tables and 9 figures.)
Sequential Effects in Deduction: Cost of Inference Switch
Author: Milan, Emilio G.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Reaction Time,Psychologists,Inferences,Cognitive Ability,Task Analysis,Stimuli,Intervals

The task-switch paradigm has helped psychologists gain insight into the processes involved in changing from one activity to another. The literature has yielded consistent results about switch cost reconfiguration (abrupt offset in regular task-switch vs. gradual reduction in random task-switch; endogenous and exogenous components of switch cost; cost asymmetry...). In this study we present several experiments in which we investigated the reconfiguration process elicited by task switching between Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens. We found that the switch from one inference to a new one produces impairment in accuracy as an increase in reaction time (cost of inference switch). Moreover, with random sequences and a long response stimulus interval we found a gradual improvement in Modus Tollens repetitions. Both results are compatible with the task reconfiguration hypothesis. (Contains 5 tables and 6 figures.)
Summation in Predictive Learning in Children
Author: Cornejo, Felipe A.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Animals,Cues,Classical Conditioning,Prediction,Young Children,Experiments,Adults,Associative Learning,Stimuli,Predictive Measurement,Error of Measurement,Age Groups

Considerable research has examined the contrasting predictions of configural and elemental associative accounts of learning. One of the simplest methods to distinguish between these approaches is the summation test, in which the associative strength of a novel compound (AB) made of two separately-trained cues (A+ and B+) is examined. The configural view predicts that the strength of the compound will approximate the average strength of its components, whereas the elemental approach predicts that the strength of the compound will be greater than the strength of either component. The summation test has lead to contradictory evidence in experiments with animals as well as with human adults. The purpose of this research was to examine summation in predictive learning of 5-9 years old children. The results provided evidence of summation (i.e., AB greater than A and B) after training with a "simple summation" procedure (A+ B+ test with AB; Experiment 1, n = 26); but no summation following a "preserved conditioned inhibition" procedure (i.e., A+ B- AB- followed by B+; and test with AB; Experiment 2, n = 26). In Experiment 3, both effects were simultaneously observed (n = 14). These results are consistent with reported findings in both Pavlovian conditioning with animals and predictive learning with adult humans. Theoretical alternatives within the elemental and configural approaches are discussed. (Contains 1 table and 4 figures.)
The Hard but Necessary Task of Gathering Order-One Effect Size Indices in Meta-Analysis
Author: Ortego, Carmen
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Meta Analysis,Effect Size,Data Analysis,Statistical Analysis,Control Groups,Experimental Groups,Comparative Analysis

Meta-analysis of studies with two groups and two measurement occasions must employ order-one effect size indices to represent study outcomes. Especially with non-random assignment, non-equivalent control group designs, a statistical analysis restricted to post-treatment scores can lead to severely biased conclusions. The 109 primary studies included in 4 meta-analyses were recovered, and their authors were contacted to request the raw data to calculate the order-one effect size indices. From this total we only got 13 primary studies. The results with the raw data analysis were compared with those performed with the order-zero and order-one indices. Despite the difficulties for gathering the data, the few data sets analyzed show that if the meta-analysis is performed with order-zero indices, the results can be severely misleading. (Contains 4 tables, 1 figure, and 1 footnote.)
Assessing Short-Term Individual Consistency Using IRT-Based Statistics
Author: Ferrando, Pere J.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Item Response Theory,Intervals,Psychometrics,Testing,Models,Probability,Statistics,Evaluation,Error of Measurement

This article proposes a procedure, based on a global statistic, for assessing intra-individual consistency in a test-retest design with a short-term retest interval. The procedure is developed within the framework of parametric item response theory, and the statistic is a likelihood-based measure that can be considered as an extension of the well-known "lz" person-fit index. The rationale for using and interpreting the proposed statistic is discussed, and an adapted standardized residual at the item level is also proposed to obtain clues about the possible causes of the detected inconsistency. The procedure is illustrated with a real-data example and a parallel simulation in the personality domain. (Contains 2 figures.)
A Multiple Objective Test Assembly Approach for Exposure Control Problems in Computerized Adaptive Testing
Author: Veldkamp, Bernard P.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Adaptive Testing,Item Analysis,Computer Assisted Testing,Test Items,Test Construction,Item Response Theory,Eligibility,Foreign Countries

Overexposure and underexposure of items in the bank are serious problems in operational computerized adaptive testing (CAT) systems. These exposure problems might result in item compromise, or point at a waste of investments. The exposure control problem can be viewed as a test assembly problem with multiple objectives. Information in the test has to be maximized, item compromise has to be minimized, and pool usage has to be optimized. In this paper, a multiple objectives method is developed to deal with both types of exposure problems. In this method, exposure control parameters based on observed exposure rates are implemented as weights for the information in the item selection procedure. The method does not need time consuming simulation studies, and it can be implemented conditional on ability level. The method is compared with Sympson Hetter method for exposure control, with the Progressive method and with alpha-stratified testing. The results show that the method is successful in dealing with both kinds of exposure problems. (Contains 3 figures and 3 tables.)
Lag-One Autocorrelation in Short Series: Estimation and Hypotheses Testing
Author: Solanas, Antonio
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Computation,Hypothesis Testing,Correlation,Monte Carlo Methods,Sampling,Statistical Significance,Statistical Analysis,Statistical Bias,Error of Measurement,Least Squares Statistics

In the first part of the study, nine estimators of the first-order autoregressive parameter are reviewed and a new estimator is proposed. The relationships and discrepancies between the estimators are discussed in order to achieve a clear differentiation. In the second part of the study, the precision in the estimation of autocorrelation is studied. The performance of the ten lag-one autocorrelation estimators is compared in terms of Mean Square Error (combining bias and variance) using data series generated by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that there is not a single optimal estimator for all conditions, suggesting that the estimator ought to be chosen according to sample size and to the information available on the possible direction of the serial dependence. Additionally, the probability of labelling an actually existing autocorrelation as statistically significant is explored using Monte Carlo sampling. The power estimates obtained are quite similar among the tests associated with the different estimators. These estimates evidence the small probability of detecting autocorrelation in series with less than 20 measurement times. (Contains 2 figures and 7 tables.)
A New Nonparametric Levene Test for Equal Variances
Author: Nordstokke, David W.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Nonparametric Statistics,Sampling,Error of Measurement,Statistical Analysis,Comparative Analysis

Tests of the equality of variances are sometimes used on their own to compare variability across groups of experimental or non-experimental conditions but they are most often used alongside other methods to support assumptions made about variances. A new nonparametric test of equality of variances is described and compared to current "gold standard" method, the median-based Levene test, in a computer simulation study. The simulation results show that when sampling from either symmetric or skewed population distributions both the median based and nonparametric Levene tests maintain their nominal Type I error rate; however, when one is sampling from skewed population distributions the nonparametric test has more statistical power. (Contains 12 figures, 5 tables, and 1 footnote.)
What Are the Issues Confronting Infertile Women? A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach
Author: Hammerli, Katja
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Females,Childlessness,Qualitative Research,Content Analysis,Mental Health,Psychological Needs,Computer Mediated Communication,Internet,German,Health Personnel,Researchers,Psychological Patterns

Infertility is a stressful experience, yet little is known about the specific issues confronting infertile women. In the present study, researchers sought to identify themes important to infertile women and examine possible associations with mental health levels. Using qualitative content analysis, researchers analyzed the email messages of 57 infertile women participating in a German-language Internet-based treatment for infertility. The themes most important to infertile women were emotions surrounding their wish for a child, coping with this unfulfilled wish, and medical aspects. Clinically anxious women reported substantially and significantly more negative and positive emotions than non-anxious women did (Mann-Whitney U(1)=178; p=0.034). Participants who were both clinically anxious and depressed reported more negative emotions and substantially fewer positive emotions when compared to participants who were solely anxious. The themes identified, considered important by infertile women, could be helpful to health professionals working in fertility treatment. (Contains 3 tables.)
A Composite Counterstorytelling: Memoirs of African American Military Students in Hawaii Public Schools
Author: Hairston, Kimetta R.
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: African American Students,Ethnicity,Public Schools,Siblings,Qualitative Research,Personal Narratives,Racial Bias,Military Personnel,Parent Participation,Parent School Relationship,Parent Teacher Conferences,Interpersonal Relationship,Negative Attitudes,Student Attitudes,Critical Theory,Race,Story Telling

There are social, educational and behavioral problems for African American students in Hawaii public schools. Utilizing Critical Race Theory as a lens for analysis, the perceptions and experiences of these students regarding race, ethnic identity, military lineage, and self-definition are addressed. A composite counterstory of the researcher's and 115 African American students' experiences and reflections is portrayed through two siblings' memoirs. The impact of the counterstory challenges readers to see similar themes, perceptions, and experiences of being Black, military- affiliated, and a student in Hawaii in a story format as all events are integrated into two experiences, one male and one female.
PhD Students' Experiences of Thesis Supervision in Malaysia: Managing Relationships in the Midst of Institutional Change
Author: Krauss, Steven Eric
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Research Universities,Supervisor Supervisee Relationship,Doctoral Dissertations,Organizational Change,Foreign Countries,Graduate Students,Doctoral Programs,Teacher Student Relationship,Educational Change,Interviews,Qualitative Research,Expectation

Despite the plethora of studies that have been conducted on PhD supervision, little qualitative investigation has been conducted with a diverse, non-Western sample of doctoral students in an attempt to understand how the supervisory relationship is experienced. In response, eighteen students from diverse, non-Western backgrounds studying at one Malaysian research university were interviewed. Results illuminated the theme of &quot;management&quot; of the supervisory experience and included two streams:(a) acceptance of the situation, and (b) response to the situation so as to optimize their experience. The two major themes further included four sub-themes that included managing personal relations, time and accessibility constraints, academic compatibility, and expectations. Implications for the development of international research universities where PhD supervision of a diverse student body is a critical factor for university success and development are discussed. (Contains 1 figure.)
A Sex-Based Examination of Violence and Aggression Perceptions among Adolescents: An Interactive Qualitative Analysis
Author: Wyatt, Tammy Jordan
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Aggression,Prevention,Focus Groups,Educational Environment,Gender Differences,Violence,Adolescents,Influences,Interviews,Peer Relationship,Peer Influence,Peer Acceptance,Emotional Response,High School Students,Juvenile Gangs,Weapons

In this study I examine the critical factors and themes that are identified as salient influencers of overt and relational aggression among youth. Sex differences and similarities associated with such adolescent perceptions are assessed. Forty-eight ethnically diverse youth between the ages of 14 and 16 years participated in sex-specific focus groups and individual interviews. Sex-Specific Systems Influence Diagrams (SID), models of influences and outcomes, were created using the Interactive Qualitative Analysis methods (Northcutt & McCoy, 2004). Study findings suggest that the critical influences on violent and aggressive behavior, peer relationships, popularity, and emotions, are sex-specific. By examining and understanding such influences, school health professionals may be better able to create a safe and healthy school environment and improve the effectiveness of violence prevention programs. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.)
A Pilot Study of Nurses' Experience of Giving Spiritual Care
Author: Deal, Belinda
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Nurses,Caregiver Role,Religious Factors,Patients,Attitudes,Coping,Intimacy,Interpersonal Relationship,Phenomenology,Pilot Projects

Using spiritual and religious resources gives patients and families strength to cope during a crisis, but nurses often do not offer spiritual care (Kloosterhouse &amp; Ames, 2002). The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore nurses&quot; lived experience of giving spiritual care. A descriptive phenomenological approach was used to interview 4 nurses. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's (1978) phenomenological method. Five themes were identified: spiritual care is patient-centered, spiritual care is an important part of nursing, spiritual care can be simple to give, spiritual care is not expected but is welcomed by patients, and spiritual care is given by diverse caregivers. Spiritual care is an integral part of nursing and nurses can support patients with spiritual interventions.
From Qualitative Dissertation to Quality Articles: Seven Lessons Learned
Author: Bowen, Glenn A.
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Qualitative Research,Research Methodology,Journal Articles,Doctoral Dissertations,Peer Evaluation,Writing for Publication,Revision (Written Composition),Cooperation,Writing Processes,Interpersonal Relationship,Time Management,Writing Skills

New scholars frequently face an immense challenge in writing papers for publication. Qualitative research novices, in particular, experience frustration in getting peer-reviewed papers published in top-tier journals. This article is a primer on converting a dissertation based on qualitative research into a journal article. It summarizes seven lessons, learned over a five-year period, about getting published. The lessons focus attention on manuscript content and style, the publication process, and working relationships. (Contains 1 table.)
Experienced Secondary Teachers' Perceptions of Engagement and Effectiveness: A Guide for Professional Development
Author: Meister, Denise G.
Date: 2010-07-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: High Schools,Qualitative Research,Educational Change,Secondary School Teachers,Faculty Development,Labor Force,Teaching Experience,Experienced Teachers,Teacher Attitudes,Teacher Motivation,Interviews,Teacher Characteristics,Instructional Leadership,Teacher Effectiveness,Academic Achievement,Social Networks

The purpose of this research is to describe a qualitative research study of experienced high school educators who have remained motivated and highly engaged in their teaching. Ten high school teachers who have been called &quot;the best&quot; by their administrators and fellow teachers were interviewed to ascertain common traits that can serve as a framework for providing professional development to assist teachers in the work force, as well as bring their voice to the National Reform Movement. The following themes emerged: teachers are ambivalent to administrative leadership as an important influence in their work; colleagues are their support network; and their commitment to the students transcends academic achievements. (Contains 1 footnote.)