ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Making Teaching an Enviable Profession: New Epoch-Making Teacher Policy in China and Challenges
Author: Li, Tingzhou
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Teaching (Occupation),Educational Change,Decision Making,Teacher Effectiveness,Governance,Educational Policy,Policy Analysis,Financial Support,Teacher Education Programs,Futures (of Society),Educational Innovation,Elementary Secondary Education,Foreign Countries

In early 2018, China promulgated the &quot;Opinions on Comprehensively Deepening the Reform of the Teaching Force Development in the New Era.&quot; This was a new landmark teacher policy endorsed at the highest decision-making level since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The policy established ambitious objectives: by 2035, it aims to increase the quality of teachers greatly, to modernize governance systems, and to make teaching an enviable profession. At the same time, it proposes a series of policy programs that include 23 policy measures. It is certain that this policy will have profound effects on the construction of the teacher resources in China, and will serve as an important authoritative reference for educational reforms, public financial investment, and the development of the teaching profession in the coming future. This article details the policy characteristics and innovations as well as the difficulties and challenges it brings.
Impact of Gender, Family Factors and Exploratory Activities on Students&apos; Career and Educational Search Competencies in Shanghai and Hong Kong
Author: Ho, Esther Sui-Chu
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Competence,Gender Differences,Socioeconomic Influences,Family Income,Career Development,Academic Aspiration,Barriers,Adolescents,Postsecondary Education,High School Graduates,Job Search Methods,Career Planning,Access to Information,Access to Education,Student Characteristics,Socioeconomic Status,Secondary School Students

Purpose: This study examines the career and educational search competencies (CESC), a capability which may be necessary for a successful transition from high school to work or postsecondary education, of students from Shanghai and Hong Kong. Design/Approach/Methods: The data for this study was taken from the Main Study of PISA 2012 in Shanghai and Hong Kong. Regression analysis was used to examine the relative impact of different forms of career and educational exploratory activities on students' CESC. Findings: Results showed a consistent pattern of socio-economic inequality in student's self-reported CESC in the two Chinese cities, which was largely mediated by the family capital or resources. Besides, career and educational exploratory activities initiated by schools, enterprises or the students themselves were found to have significant positive associations with CESC regardless of socioeconomic status. Originality/Value: The paper provides empirical evidence for enhancing students' career search capacity through engaging in career exploration in the face of structural barriers. In light of this, the roles of schools, business sectors, and governments in students' capacity building are discussed.
School Choice in China: Past, Present, and Future
Author: Dong, Hui
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: School Choice,Governance,Urban Areas,Foreign Countries,Educational Policy,Intervention,Educational History,Policy Analysis,Fees,Equal Education,Educational Quality,School Administration,Tutoring,Elementary Secondary Education,Futures (of Society)

Purpose: Focusing on the hot-debating issue of school choice in China, this article aims to present a narrative of the policy interventions, especially promulgated by the Chinese central government during the past 20 years, and to discuss those challenges facing the governments and the society as a whole in the new era. Design/Approach/Methods: This article conceptually approaches the topic based on policy texts analysis and literature review. Findings: This article pictures the historical dynamics of school choice phenomenon and its interaction with the corresponding policy initiatives promoted by the central government. It argues that school choice governing in China basically experienced three stages since the middle of 1990s, namely controlling &quot;choice fees,&quot; promoting equalization and equity as well as comprehensive governance toward greater quality and equity. The effective implementation of these policy measures is gradually cooling down the &quot;choice fever&quot; in urban areas and restoring order for student enrollment in compulsory education, but great challenges are still lying ahead since the problem of school choice turns to be &quot;wicked&quot; in nature and cannot be simply solved within the education sector. Originality/Value: This article contributes to the global discourse of school choice research with much updated information of policy initiatives and the newly emerged situations since 2014, calling for close attention and deeper research from researchers both from China and from abroad.
A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of Parental Factors Underlying the Demand for Private Supplementary Tutoring in China
Author: Liu, Junyan
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Private Education,Supplementary Education,Tutoring,Parent Background,Family Income,Parent Aspiration,Urban Areas,Rural Areas,Equal Education,Parent Role

Purpose: Private supplementary tutoring has been increasingly used by parents as part of wider strategies to assist their children's education careers in China. With a theoretical lens of parentocracy, this article aimed to investigate the influential parental factors underlying the demand for private tutoring, focusing on parents' socioeconomic resources and attitudes toward education. Design/Approach/Methods: This article drew upon data from the 2014 iteration of the China Family Panel Studies. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was employed to explore the influences of parental factors. Findings: The SEM analysis confirmed that parental income, education, and aspirations on children's education had both direct and indirect positive effects through the mediating factor of role construction on demand for tutoring. A multiple-group analysis was further conducted, and the difference in the patterns for urban and rural parents was explored. Parental occupation had no impact on demand for tutoring for rural parents but had both direct and indirect effects for urban parents. Both direct and indirect effects of household income on demand for tutoring were greater for urban parents than for rural parents. Originality/Value: This article examined the direct and indirect influences of parental factors on demand for private tutoring and explored the differences in patterns for urban and rural parents in a quantitative way. Findings have implications for education inequality.
The Tutoring Industry in Hong Kong: From the Past Four Decades to the Future
Author: Eng, Richard
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Tutoring,Private Education,Educational Change,Educational History,College Entrance Examinations,Selective Admission,College Admission,Tutorial Programs,After School Programs

Purpose: This article sheds light on the historical changes in the tutoring industry and discusses the nature and driving forces of tutoring in the Hong Kong context. Based on the historical overview, this article introduces new developments in tutoring and discusses how tutoring fits into the bigger education picture. Design/Approach/Methods: Private tutoring in Hong Kong saw its takeoff in business in the 1980s, when the economy started to boom and parents were more willing to spend money on their children's education. These parents hoped that their children, by receiving university education, could improve their families' lives and secure a brighter future. Public examinations were used as a screening tool to select the cream of the crop for university admissions. Therefore, for many local mainstream school students, passing the public examinations with flying colors became the be-all and end-all of their studies. Tutorial schools regarded their fears as an opportunity and devised courses to suit their needs and allay their fears. Findings: More recently, educational reform, declining birth rate, and technological advances have brought challenges for tutoring businesses. They have explored new markets and changed the mode of operation to increase student intake and cut costs. It is expected that local tutorial schools, in particular the big tutorial-school chains, will provide more online courses for learners from early childhood to adult and will reduce the number and scale of off-line courses. Also, we may see a new kind of &quot;star&quot; tutors catering not to local mainstream school students but to their local international school counterparts. Originality/Value: Literature on tutoring in Hong Kong mainly investigates the phenomenon in recent times, specifically the past two decades. This article is the first attempt to draw a holistic picture of tutoring's historical development from an industrial perspective.
English Private Tutoring in Macao: Perceptions of Senior Secondary Three Students
Author: Chan, Vivien Nga Man
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Tutoring,Secondary School Students,English (Second Language),Second Language Learning,Second Language Instruction,Foreign Countries,Social Influences,Student Attitudes,Comparative Analysis,Language of Instruction,After School Programs,Fees,Tutors,Student Needs,Competition,Language Attitudes,Teaching Methods,Equal Education,Preferences

Purpose: This article examines how individual, school, and social factors shape the perceptions of students in Senior Secondary Three (SS3; in some schools called Form Six [F6]) toward English private tutoring in Macao. Design/Approach/Methods: This is a comparative study of two F6 classes of an English-medium secondary school and four SS3 classes of a Chinese-medium secondary school in Macao, with a total number of 145 students. Mixed-methods approach (questionnaires and interviews) is employed in the study. Findings: The respondents' participation in English tutoring is not very intensive. They prefer to receive government-subsidized after-school tutoring taught by their schoolteachers more than fee-paying English tutoring taught by tutors outside. Low level of social competition and high tertiary enrollment rates contribute to this phenomenon. Students' needs and beliefs in English learning play key roles in determining their receipt of English tutoring. Originality/Value: Teachers may need better understanding of their students' needs so as to design suitable pedagogies. Schools can consider more fully the types of tutoring that they provide for different kinds of pupils. The government-subsidized after-school tutoring could be a plausible way to reduce educational inequality.
Explorations in Teaching Research by a Tutoring Institution in China
Author: Bai, Yunfeng
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Educational Research,Teaching Methods,Private Education,Supplementary Education,Tutoring,Tutorial Programs,Academic Standards,Student Centered Learning,Educational Cooperation,Educational Quality,Intelligent Tutoring Systems,Technology Uses in Education

Purpose: This article focuses on rarely explored organizational practice of teaching research in China's private tutoring industry. Taking a large private tutoring institution as an example, the article examines how private tutoring institutions understand and engage in educational explorations of standardization and informatization processes. Design/Approach/Methods: The article is based on a case study of one of the biggest tutoring companies in China. The study started with document analysis of the institutional history, supplemented by interviews with personnel who have worked in the institution since it was founded. Next, the researchers collected empirical data using mixed methods. Quantitative data were obtained from the user database owned by the institution. Qualitative data were collected directly by the researchers through interviews and participant observation. Both qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed from multiple perspectives. Findings: Teaching research in private tutoring institutions commonly differs from that in public schooling. In this particular case, it is technology-driven, student-tailored, and process-standardized. Utilized well, it can supplement the mainstream public education system and promote education innovation and equity throughout the country. Originality/Value: It is hoped that this article could give some insights into the possibility of the cooperation between formal schools and tutoring institutions in the areas of teaching research and other in-class and off-campus activities. The article can also draw public attention to the necessity and benefits of adopting technical methods in the teaching process.
Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers and County-Level Education Expenditure in China
Author: Huang, Bin
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Costs,Expenditures,Public Education,Counties,Rural Education,Elementary Secondary Education,Educational Finance,Financial Support,Geographic Regions,Elementary Schools,Junior High Schools,Expenditure per Student

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of various types of intergovernmental fiscal transfers on local public education expenditure at the county level in China and to estimate the leakage of categorical subsidies for rural compulsory education. Design/Approach/Methods: It is a quantitative study. The paper constructs a quantile regression model and adopt data collected in 2007 for 1,985 counties in China to examine the impact of relevant fiscal transfers. Findings: The results reveal that most intergovernmental fiscal transfers exert a substitution effect on the local education expenditure, whereas subsidies for rural compulsory education from the Central Government have a crowding-out effect on education investments from local financial resources. Although the subsidy program generally narrows the education expenditure disparity across counties, there are heterogeneous effects across different regions. Originality/Value: The paper estimates and compares the impact of fiscal transfers on both the level and disparity of local public education in different regions, and provides a possible explanation for the crowding-out effect of fiscal transfers in China.
Review of Regulatory Policies on Private Supplementary Tutoring in China
Author: Liu, Junyan
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Federal Regulation,Private Education,Supplementary Education,Tutoring,Definitions,Educational Policy,Public Policy,Informal Education

The present paper focuses on the regulations on private supplementary tutoring, which in China is widely called &quot;Xiaowai Peixun.&quot; Although much previous international literature has mostly focused on tutoring in academic subjects, tutoring in non-academic ones such as piano and painting has become popular in China and is also seen as educational investment by families. To fit this context, the present paper adopts a definition of private tutoring covering tutoring in both academic and non-academic subjects. The present paper first elaborates on the development of private tutoring in China and why it should be regulated. And then it depicts a general picture about how governments have regulated private tutoring institutions and identifies the elements in regulatory framework. At last, it discusses the possible negative results and proposes two suggestions to complement regulations.
From the Finnish Experience to the Chinese Path: Review and Reflections on Chinese Research on Finnish Education
Author: Cai, Yuzhuo
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Educational Change,Educational Research,Social Environment,Case Studies,Foreign Countries,Comparative Education,Elementary Secondary Education,Higher Education,Vocational Education,Success,Universities,Teacher Education,Nationalism,Freedom,Futures (of Society)

Purpose: The purpose of this article is (1) to provide a critical analysis of the Finnish experience of education reforms based on published Chinese research on Finnish education and (2) to discuss how such experience can serve as a model as China embarks on its own path toward educational reform. Design/Approach/Methods: This article is based on an analysis of the research on Finnish education contained in the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database from 2000 to 2017. Findings: The analysis shows that although the various aspects of Finnish education have been extensively studied in China, the content of prior studies has generally been similar and is insufficiently in depth. In particular, current research (1) lacks effective exploration of the successful experience of Finnish education reform and (2) devotes insufficient attention to the social culture perspective and core concepts that serve as the basis of education in Finland. Originality/Value: This article extends the authors' recent review of Chinese research on Finnish education and places special emphasis on the discussions regarding how China can learn from Finland's experience with educational reform. It also identifies gaps in the current research in the field and calls for a change in the future research agenda from examining the successful elements of Finnish education to focusing on how the experience of Finnish education is relevant to reforms in China.
From Scale to Quality: Experiences and Challenges in Teacher Education in China
Author: Zhou, Bin
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Teacher Education,Educational Quality,Educational Policy,Educational History,Educational Change,Professional Autonomy,Models,Labor Needs,Governance,Teacher Salaries,Merit Pay,Teacher Attitudes

Purpose: This essay examines the history of China's teacher education policies, summarizes the Chinese experience of teacher education reform, and frames the major challenges facing teacher education reform in China today. Design/Approach/Methods: This relies upon a detailed analysis of the teacher education policies implemented by China since 1978. It also explores the actual practice of Chinese teacher education reform by examining the ways in which such reforms have contributed to the overall reform of China's basic education system. Findings: Chinese teacher education places emphasis on the cultivation of teachers' devotion to education and the importance of improving the teaching skills of normal college students. An effective teacher governance mechanism is the institutional guarantee for the positive role of teachers. However, the absence of comprehensive universities in the open teacher education system and a lack of autonomy for teachers in the performance management system are major challenges facing teacher education in China. Originality/Value: This essay has outlined the most current and recent reform efforts in China's teacher education. It also explores how such efforts fit into the larger scheme of basic education reform in China.
Regulating Private Tutoring in China: Uniform Policies, Diverse Responses
Author: Zhang, Wei
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Private Education,Supplementary Education,Tutoring,Federal Regulation,Educational Policy,Public Policy,Policy Formation

Purpose: This article examines responses from the tutoring sector to Chinese national and local government regulations on private supplementary tutoring. It adds to the literature on policy enactment, showing the importance of context and noting the diversity of tutoring providers compared with schools. Design/Approach/Methods: The article draws on semi-structured and informal interviews with 11 tutors, 15 managers of tutoring enterprises, 5 members and managers of professional organizations, 5 government officials, 5 school managers, 5 teachers, and 20 parents. Data from interviewees were triangulated with observations, news reports, blogs written by tutoring analysts, and ad hoc research by industrial observers. Findings: Policy enactment in the tutoring sector is even more complex than that for schooling. Standardized policies do not necessarily achieve the aspired goals. Originality/Value: The article adds to the literature not only in China but also internationally. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between aspirations and realities in this domain. It also proposes conceptual considerations for regulating tutoring, given its diverse and fluid nature.
The Composition and Evolution of China&apos;s High-Level Talent Programs in Higher Education
Author: Zhu, Junwen
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Talent,Higher Education,Educational Change,Educational Policy,Educational Trends,Scholarship,Talent Development

Purpose: This article provides an overview of the composition and evolution of China's high-level talent programs in higher education. Design/Approach/Methods: This article reviews key talent policies adopted by the Chinese government since the 1990s, using content analysis methods to identify policy characteristics and reform trends. Findings: Talent programs in China operate at four levels: the national level, provincial level, city level, and institutional level. The main objectives of China's high-level talent programs are to support and promote the development of young talent and to encourage overseas scholars to return to China. China's high-level talent programs have undergone various changes since 1993. The evolution is characterized by the following five major aspects: individual program optimization; replacement, integration, and separation; preventing overlapping funding; mitigating the unbalanced impact the programs have on higher education institutions across regions; and strengthening risk assessment for programs focused on attracting overseas talent. Originality/Value: This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the talent programs implemented by Chinese universities and explores the key trends and content of recent policy changes.
The Learning Sciences in China: Historical Development and Future Trends
Author: Zhao, Jian
Date: 2019-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Educational History,Educational Development,Teaching Methods,Science Education,Scientific Concepts,Scientific Research,Intellectual Disciplines,Educational Researchers,Educational Change

Purpose: This study charts the developmental history of the learning sciences (LS) in China and analyzes the direction of its future development. Design/Approach/Methods: An extensive literature review is presented to compile notable events in the development of LS in China over different periods. The findings are then systematically sorted and interpreted. Findings: This study maps the LS developmental process across three main periods: prescientific, psychological paradigm, and initial scientific paradigm. China has achieved certain initial developments in LS and has formed collaborative bodies to conduct sustained and in-depth learning research. However, the field remains at a preliminary developmental stage in China. Overall, there is still no sound mechanism for the production of new knowledge, and contributions bearing distinctive Chinese characteristics remain insufficient. Originality/Value: This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the development of LS in China. It proposes four main areas for future growth: forming a stable academic community, developing appropriate curriculum and teaching materials, creating an effective mechanism within the discipline for knowledge production, and establishing a local system of discourse for the discipline.