ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
What Works Clearinghouse Quick Review of the Report &quot;Evaluation of Experience Corps: Student Reading Outcomes&quot;
Author: What Works Clearinghouse (ED)
Date: 2010-02-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Elementary School Students,At Risk Students,Reading Skills,Reading Instruction,Instructional Effectiveness,Educational Research,Control Groups,Reading Achievement,Comparative Analysis,Receptive Language,Phonemic Awareness,Effect Size,Standardized Tests

This study examined whether the &quot;Experience Corps&quot; program improved the reading skills of elementary school students who were at risk of academic failure. Nearly 900 first through third grade students in 23 schools in Boston, New York City, and Port Arthur, TX participated in the study. These students were randomly assigned to either a treatment group that participated in the &quot;Experience Corps&quot; program or a control group that did not. The study estimated effects by comparing changes in reading achievement over one academic year for students in the two research groups. Reading achievement was measured using a teacher assessment of grade-specific reading skills, as well as standardized tests measuring comprehension, receptive vocabulary, and phonemic awareness. Students in the &quot;Experience Corps&quot; program made greater gains over the academic year on passage comprehension and on general reading skills as assessed by their teachers, with effect sizes of 0.13 and 0.16, respectively. These effect sizes are roughly equivalent to moving a student from the 50th to the 56th percentile. Effects were smaller for students in special education. The authors found no statistically significant effects on measures of receptive vocabulary or phonemic awareness. The research described in this report is consistent with WWC evidence standards. The study is a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. [The following study is reviewed in this What Works Clearinghouse Quick Review: Morrow-Howell, N., Jonson-Reid, M., McCrary, S., Lee, Y., &amp; Spitznagel, E. (2009). &quot;Evaluation&quot; of Experience Corps: &quot;Student reading outcomes&quot;. St. Louis: Washington University, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Center for Social Development.]
What Works Clearinghouse Quick Review of the Article &quot;Recursive Processes in Self-Affirmation: Intervening to Close the Minority Achievement Gap&quot;
Author: What Works Clearinghouse (ED)
Date: 2010-02-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Intervention,Grade Point Average,Remedial Programs,Academic Achievement,Writing Exercises,Values,Grade 7,White Students,African American Students,Achievement Gap,Middle School Students,Essays,Comparative Analysis,Grade 8,Minority Groups,Low Achievement,Writing Assignments

This study examined whether having African-American middle school students write essays affirming their personal values improved their academic performance. The study analyzed data on about 175 African-American and 190 European-American students (the study's term for white students who are non-Latino and non-Asian) at a suburban middle school who were randomly assigned to intervention and comparison groups at the beginning of seventh grade. The study measured effects by comparing the seventh- and eighth-grade GPAs of students in the intervention and comparison groups. These GPAs included grades from the four core academic subjects: science, social studies, math, and English. The study examined effects separately for European-American and African-American students and for low- and high-achieving students. Among African-American students, completing writing exercises about their values increased their average seventh- and eighth-grade GPA by a quarter of a letter grade (0.24 points), a change that was statistically significant. The intervention did not have a statistically significant effect on the academic outcomes of European-American students. Among low-achieving African-American students, the effect was somewhat larger, an increase in average seventh- and eighth-grade GPA of 0.41 points. In addition, the intervention reduced the likelihood that low achieving African-American students were assigned to a remedial program or were retained in grade. The research described in this article is consistent with WWC evidence standards. This study was a well-implemented randomized controlled trial. [The following study is reviewed in this What Works Clearinghouse Quick Review: Cohen, G. L., Garcia, J., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Apfel, N., &amp; Brzustoski, P. (2009). Recursive processes in self-affirmation: Intervening to close the minority achievement gap. &quot;Science, 324(5925), 400-403&quot;.]
Monitoring the Future: National Results on Adolescent Drug Use. Overview of Key Findings, 2008
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2009-05-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Substance Abuse,Drug Use,Grade 12,Grade 10,Youth,Adolescents,Grade 8,Smoking,Narcotics,Statistical Significance,Stimulants,Drinking,Age Differences,Behavior Change,Marijuana,At Risk Persons,Student Attitudes,Secondary School Students,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide,Cocaine,Incidence,Inhalants,Trend Analysis,Longitudinal Studies,Cohort Analysis,National Surveys

Since the mid-1960s, when illicit drug use burgeoned in the normal youth population, substance use by American young people has proven to be a rapidly changing phenomenon. Smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use are leading causes of morbidity and mortality, both during adolescence as well as later in life. How vigorously the nation responds to teenage substance use, how accurately it identifies the substance abuse problems that are emerging, and how well it comes to understand the effectiveness of policy and intervention efforts depend on the ongoing collection of valid and reliable data. Monitoring the Future (MTF), a long-term study of American adolescents, college students, and adults through age 50, is designed to generate such data in order to provide an accurate picture of what is happening in this domain and why, has been ongoing on an annual basis since its inception in 1975. In recent years, the trends in drug use have become more complex, as cohort effects, lasting differences between class cohorts that stay with them as they advance through school and beyond, have emerged. These effects result in the various grades reaching peaks or valleys in different years; thus, various age groups are sometimes moving in different directions at a given point in history. A synopsis of the design and methods used in the study and an overview of the key results from the 2008 survey are included, followed by sections for each individual drug class, providing figures that show trends in the overall proportions of students at each grade level (1) using the drug; (2) seeing a "great risk" associated with its use; (3) disapproving of its use; and (4) saying that they think they could get it "fairly easily" or "very easily" if they wanted to. The years for which data on each grade are available are 1975-2008 for 12th graders and 1991-2008 for 8th and 10th graders. Tables at the end of the report provide the statistics underlying the figures, and present data on lifetime, annual, 30-day, and (for selected drugs) daily prevalence. (Contains 6 footnotes and 17 tables.) [For 2007 overview, see ED502205.]
The Aims and Objectives of the Monitoring the Future Study and Progress toward  Fulfilling Them as of 2006. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 65
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2006-00-00
Type: Information Analyses
Subjects: Futures (of Society),Drug Use,Social Indicators,Organizational Objectives,Use Studies,Social Change,Life Style,Social Values,Risk,Behavior Problems,Predictor Variables,Trend Analysis,Performance Factors,Program Descriptions,Youth Problems

Monitoring the Future is an ongoing program of research intended to assess the changing lifestyles, values, and preferences of American youth. This publication, from the occasional paper series, describes a study that monitors drug use and potential explanatory factors among American secondary school students, college students, and young adults. The study aims to monitor drug use and related factors in order to provide social indicators of historical change, to distinguish the three types of change (age, period, cohort), and to analyze results at both individual and aggregate levels. Eleven specific objectives of the study are described and each is explained, including its logic and rationale, relevant theory, literature cited, and progress. Objectives 1 through 3 concern drug use and potential explanatory factors; Objective 4 distinguishes which kinds of change are occurring for various types of drug use; Objectives 5 through 9 study the causes, consequences, and developmental patterns associated with types of change in drug use; and Objectives 10 and 11 list additional methodological, policy, data-sharing, and other objectives. (Contains 11 footnotes, 3 figures, and 1 table.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 64," see ED494064.]
Education-Drug Use Relationships: An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Subgroups. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 66
Author: Bachman, Jerald G.
Date: 2007-00-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Ethnicity,Race,Females,Drug Abuse,Grade 8,Educational Experience,Gender Differences,Males,Adolescents,Racial Differences,Whites,African Americans,Hispanic Americans,At Risk Persons,Interaction,Role of Education,Delinquency,Predictor Variables,Minority Group Children,Educational Attainment,Drinking,Substance Abuse,Smoking,Grade Point Average,Marijuana,Dropout Rate

The Education-Drug Use Connection focused primarily on a nationwide sample  of adolescents, first surveyed when they were nearing the end of 8th grade in the years 1991, 1992, and 1993, and followed biennially for eight years thereafter. (Full details on samples and methods are provided in Bachman et al., 2008, and are not repeated here.) The analyses in that book were based on the total samples of males and females, analyzed separately because of important gender differences in educational experiences, delinquency, and substance use. Most of the analyses included a race/ethnicity dimension (distinguishing between Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and a remaining category that combined all others); it was a background dimension and statistically controlled any additive effects of race/ethnicity on the relationships between educational factors and various dimensions of substance use. Important subgroup differences were evident in the  analyses, and were often noted--albeit briefly. Statistically controlling additive effects  does not, however, fully guard against spuriously attributing racial/ethnic differences to other effects. As a further check against that risk, we repeated key analyses with only the White respondents included, and satisfied ourselves that racial/ethnic differences did not produce erroneous results in our findings for the total samples of males and females. We did not, however, attempt to explore interactions involving race/ethnicity. That remaining task, examining whether the same patterns of relationships found for the total samples are evident in each of the subgroups, is the main focus of the present paper. (Contains 1 footnote, 8 figures, and 12 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 65," see ED508288.]
Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2006. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 67
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2007-00-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Ethnicity,Drug Use,Secondary School Students,Drug Abuse,Trend Analysis,At Risk Persons,College Bound Students,Academic Aspiration,Gender Differences,Place of Residence,Geographic Location,Population Trends,Educational Attainment,Parent Influence,Racial Differences,Grade 12,Grade 8,Grade 10,High School Students,High School Seniors,Life Style,Incidence,Narcotics,Cocaine,Marijuana,Inhalants,Lysergic Acid Diethylamide,Stimulants,Drinking,Alcohol Abuse,Smoking,Whites,African Americans,Hispanic Americans

This occasional paper is intended to serve as a supplement to the larger annual volume, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006: Volume I: Secondary School Students." This supplement contains the graphic presentation of the trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups, namely those defined by gender, college plans, region of the country, population density, education level of the parents, and racial and ethnic identification. It presents trend data for 12th-grade respondents from 1975, the first year nationally representative samples of high school seniors were obtained. Data are also presented on 8th- and 10th-grade students from 1991, the first year they were added. Two appendixes from the larger volume are included for the convenience of the reader. Appendix D contains the numerical information upon which these graphs are based. Appendix B contains detailed information of the demographic categories being used. (Contains 108 tables and 252 figures.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 66," see ED508289. For "Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2006: Volume I: Secondary School Students," see ED498428.]
Revisiting Marriage Effects on Substance Use among Young Adults. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 68
Author: Bachman, Jerald G.
Date: 2008-00-00
Type: Reports - Evaluative
Subjects: Marital Status,Smoking,Marriage,Young Adults,Drug Use,Substance Abuse,Divorce,Drinking,Adults,Age Differences,Comparative Analysis,Marijuana,Alcohol Abuse,Correlation,Widowed,High School Graduates

A decade ago we published a book reporting an extensive analysis of nationwide panel data from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) project showing impacts of post-high school experiences on substance use (Bachman, Wadsworth, O'Malley, Johnston, & Schulenberg, 1997). One of the most important findings was that various categories of marital status, including engagement and divorce/separation, showed substantial impacts on young adults' use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs. MTF now has data extending to modal age 45. Using these new data, we revisit the effects of marriage on substance use, which we have termed "marriage effects," and consider two questions: (1) Have marriage effects changed in recent years? and (2) Are substance use effects of marital status transitions different when those transitions occur during ages 30-45, versus ages 19-30? (Contains 2 footnotes, 9 figures, and 3 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 67," see ED508290.]
Demographic Subgroup Trends for Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2007. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper 69
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2008-00-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Ethnicity,Drug Abuse,Secondary School Students,Drug Use,Grade 8,Grade 10,Grade 11,Gender Differences,Educational Attainment,Parent Influence,Geographic Location,Population Trends,Trend Analysis,Racial Differences,Demography,College Bound Students,Marijuana,Incidence,Academic Aspiration,Cocaine,Narcotics,Stimulants,Drinking,Smoking

This occasional paper is intended to serve as a supplement to the larger annual volume, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2007: Volume I: Secondary School Students." This supplement contains the graphic presentation of the trends in drug use for various demographic subgroups, namely those defined by gender, college plans, region of the country, population density, education level of the parents, and racial and ethnic identification. It presents trend data for 12th-grade respondents from 1975, the first year nationally representative samples of high school seniors were obtained. Data are also presented on 8th- and 10th-grade students from 1991, the first year they were added. Two appendixes from the larger volume are included for the convenience of the reader. Appendix D contains the numerical information upon which these graphs are based. Appendix B contains detailed information of the demographic categories being used. (Contains 252 figures and 109 tables.) [For "Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Paper 68," see ED508291. For "Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2007. Volume I: Secondary School Students," see ED508294.]
A Comparison of Nine Universities' Academic Policies from 1988 to 2005
Author: Brawner, Catherine E.
Date: 2010-02-00
Type: Information Analyses
Subjects: Universities,Grade Point Average,Graduation Requirements,Academic Standards,Educational Policy,Policy Analysis,Academic Probation,Suspension,Expulsion,Benchmarking,Content Analysis,Position Papers,Comparative Analysis

This study compares academic policies related to academic good standing, probation, suspension, and expulsion at nine universities over 17 years providing a benchmark to which others can compare. The print and on-line versions of the undergraduate catalogs from 1988-2005 for each of the nine public universities in the southeastern United States were examined regarding those policies. Each school requires a 2.0 cumulative grade point average for graduation, but students earlier in their careers may remain in good standing with lower CGPAs. Students not in good standing may be put on probation while remaining in school and given a chance to improve their grades. Failing that, they may be suspended with various paths to return. After one or two suspensions, students are expelled, although six institutions have policies allowing them to return after time away. Grade forgiveness policies are also examined. We find that over time those institutions with lower standards for good standing have raised them. This study lays a foundation for a study answering larger questions about how these policies affect enrollment, persistence, and graduation, particularly among women and minority students majoring in engineering at these institutions. (Contains 6 tables and 3 appendices.)
Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2007. Volume I, Secondary School Students. NIH Publication No. 08-6418A
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2008-09-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Topography,Student Attitudes,Narcotics,Incidence,Dropouts,Drug Use,Drinking,National Surveys,Grade 8,Grade 10,Grade 12,Social Environment,Trend Analysis,Secondary School Students,Sampling,Nongovernmental Organizations,Substance Abuse,Beliefs,Smoking,Adolescents,College Attendance,Gender Differences,Peer Influence,Risk,Public Officials,Racial Differences,Tables (Data)

The Monitoring the Future study has provided the nation with a window into the important, but largely hidden, problem behaviors of illicit drug use, alcohol use, and tobacco use. It has provided a clearer view of the changing topography of these problems among adolescents and adults, a better understanding of the dynamics of factors that drive some of these problems, and a better understanding of some of their consequences. It has also given policy makers and nongovernmental organizations in the field some approaches for reducing these problems. The 2007 survey, reported here, is the 33rd in this series of national surveys of substance use among America's young people. Results from the secondary school samples of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders are contained in Volume I, which is preceded by an advance summary of its key findings in "Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2007." Two of the major topics included in this series of annual reports are: (1) the prevalence and frequency of drug use among American secondary school students (specifically, in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades); and (2) historical trends in use by students in those grades. Distinctions are made among important demographic subgroups in these populations based on gender, college plans, region of the country, population density, parents' education, and race/ethnicity. Data on grade of first use, trends in use at lower grade levels, as well as intensity of drug use are also reported in separate chapters. This study has demonstrated that key attitudes and beliefs about use of the various drugs are important determinants of trends in use over time. Therefore, they are also tracked over time, as are students' perceptions of certain relevant aspects of the social environment--in particular, perceived availability, peer norms, use by friends, and exposure to use of the various drugs. The following are appended: (1) Prevalence and Trend Estimates Adjusted for Absentees and Dropouts; (2) Definition of Background and Demographic Subgroups; (3) Estimation of Sampling Errors; (4) Trends by Subgroup: Supplemental Tables for Secondary School Students; and (5) Trends in Specific Subclasses of Hallucinogens, Amphetamines, Tranquilizers, and Narcotic Drugs Other Than Heroin. (Contains 215 tables, 105 figures, and 127 footnotes.) [This document was produced by the Monitoring the Future project at the Institute for Social Research, the University of Michigan. For Volume II, see ED508296.]
Monitoring the Future: National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2008. Volume I, Secondary School Students. NIH Publication No. 09-7402
Author: Johnston, Lloyd D.
Date: 2009-09-00
Type: Numerical/Quantitative Data
Subjects: Topography,Student Attitudes,Narcotics,Incidence,Dropouts,Drug Use,Drinking,National Surveys,Grade 8,Grade 10,Grade 12,Social Environment,Trend Analysis,Secondary School Students,Sampling,Nongovernmental Organizations,Substance Abuse,Beliefs,Smoking,Adolescents,College Attendance,Gender Differences,Peer Influence,Risk,Public Officials,Racial Differences,Tables (Data)

The Monitoring the Future study has provided the nation with a window into the important, but largely hidden, problem behaviors of illicit drug use, alcohol use, and tobacco use. It has provided a clearer view of the changing topography of these problems among adolescents and adults, a better understanding of the dynamics of factors that drive some of these problems, and a better understanding of some of their consequences. It has also given policy makers and nongovernmental organizations in the field some approaches for reducing these problems. The 2008 survey, reported here, is the 34th in this series of national surveys of substance use among America's young people. Results from the secondary school samples of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders are contained in Volume I, which is preceded by an advance summary of its key findings in "Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2008." Two of the major topics included in this series of annual reports are: (1) the prevalence and frequency of drug use among American secondary school students (specifically, in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades); and (2) historical trends in use by students in those grades. Distinctions are made among important demographic subgroups in these populations based on gender, college plans, region of the country, population density, parents' education, and race/ethnicity. Data on grade of first use, trends in use at lower grade levels, as well as intensity of drug use are also reported in separate chapters. This study has demonstrated that key attitudes and beliefs about use of the various drugs are important determinants of trends in use over time. Therefore, they are also tracked over time, as are students' perceptions of certain relevant aspects of the social environment--in particular, perceived availability, peer norms, use by friends, and exposure to use of the various drugs. The following are appended: (1) Prevalence and Trend Estimates Adjusted for Absentees and Dropouts; (2) Definition of Background and Demographic Subgroups; (3) Estimation of Sampling Errors; (4) Trends by Subgroup: Supplemental Tables for Secondary School Students; and (5) Trends in Specific Subclasses of Hallucinogens, Amphetamines, Tranquilizers, and Narcotic Drugs Other Than Heroin. (Contains 223 tables, 123 figures, and 125 footnotes.) [This document was produced by the Monitoring the Future project at the Institute for Social Research, the University of Michigan. For Volume II, see ED508297.]