ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Wildlife Displacement and Dispersal Area Reduction by Human Activities within Kimana Group Ranch Corridor Near Amboseli, Kenya
Author: McNaught, Megan
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Public Policy,Indigenous Populations,Conservation (Environment),Land Use,Parks,Ecology,Biodiversity,Foreign Countries,Wildlife,Animals,Sustainable Development,Natural Resources

The Tsavo/Amboseli Ecosystem represents one of the major remaining wildlife conservation blocks in Kenya. This ecosystem consists of four protected areas which are safe havens for wildlife: Amboseli National Park, Kimana Wildlife Sanctuary, Tsavo West National Park, and Chyulu Hills. This research focused on the wildlife displacement and dispersal area reduction by human activities within Kimana Group Ranch corridor. After Kenya gained its independence in 1963 the government developed policies which encouraged nomadic peoples such as the Maasai in the Amboseli-Chyulu-Tsavo areas to live more sedentary lifestyles because pastoralism was viewed as a primitive and non-lucrative land use. As land within Kimana Group Ranch becomes developed and settled, less area is available for wildlife to disperse and migrate in the Tsavo/Amboseli ecosystem. The destruction and fragmentation of wildlife habitat due to human activities such as cultivation is the largest threat to wildlife, causing a large number of local extinctions within protected areas. The protected areas of Amboseli National Park, Kimana Sanctuary, Tsavo West National Park, and Chyulu Hills are becoming increasingly isolated islands of conservation into which an overabundance of wildlife is compressed, decreasing the biodiversity and wildlife conservation potential of the system. The objectives of this study were: (1) To determine actual areas of human activities (roads, fences, institutions and markets) as well as their associated wildlife displacement area that contribute to the shrinking of the dispersal area between Amboseli National Park, Kimana Sanctuary, and Tsavo/Chyulu Hills; (2) To establish the locations and extent of roads, fences, institutions and markets, and to map them using GIS; (3) To understand the ability of livestock and wildlife to co-exist by determining displacement distances of wildlife from different species of livestock; and (4) To establish wildlife distribution and habitat associations within Kimana Group Ranch, paying particular attention to the distribution of elephants, in order to understand displacement effects in relation to human establishments. (Contains 10 tables and 8 figures.)
Cotton Production in Mali: Subsidies or Sustainable Development?
Author: Moore, Lindsey
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Poverty,Foreign Countries,Sustainable Development,Social Capital,Grants,Income,International Trade,Economics,Rural Areas,Agronomy,Agricultural Production

Current trade rules concerning cotton subsidies are intricately linked with poverty and hunger in Mali. Over half of Mali's economy and over 30 million people depend directly on cotton. It is the main cash crop and the most important source of export revenue. Cotton also plays a key role in development policies and in the fight against poverty by attracting investment in physical and social infrastructure, and by providing producers with an essential source of income. Therefore, cotton subsidies have become an increasingly controversial topic with the decline of world prices and subsequent devastation of cotton producers. This paper will explore the effect of cotton subsidies on Mali at both an international level of trade rules, and a personal level of the individual Malian cotton producer. (Contains 28 notes.)
Where Are They Now? Updates from Past Student Authors
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Study Abroad,Authors,Undergraduate Students,Undergraduate Study,Higher Education

This paper provides updates from some of the student authors whose research appeared in the first two Undergraduate Research Special Issues. These updates serve as testimony to the ongoing impact of the study abroad experience, and inspire everyone involved with study abroad, administrators, faculty, and students, to value the distinctiveness of study abroad learning. This paper shares the study abroad experiences of five student authors, namely (1) Heidi Boutros; (2) Brian Hoyer; (3) Kevin McAdam; (4) Michael Stambolis-Ruhstorfer; and (5) Amy Walter.
Categories for Race and Ethnicity--A Commentary
Author: Luquis, Raffy R.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Ethnicity,Race,Population Groups,Classification,Vocabulary,Health Education,Educational Research

The term "person of color" has been used recently to describe respondents' racial and ethnic composition in a research study. Although the term has been used widely to describe members of different racial and ethnic backgrounds, a "person of color" is not a racial or ethnic category. Thus, one would question whether this term should be used in a peer-reviewed publication to describe the race/ethnicity of individuals. Whereas, health educators often have argued the merit of the research findings presented in a refereed publication, people often avoid discussing the use of accurate terms when referring to racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss this issue and to initiate thought and dialogue among health educators on the use of words when describing participants in health education research. Moreover, the use of proper terminology when referring to racial and ethnic groups is fundamental in the development of cultural competence in health education, a concept fully supported by the American Association for Health Education (AAHE).
Awareness of Diagnosis and Knowledge of HPV in Women Patients: Data from a Multi-Site Study
Author: McCree, Donna Hubbard
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Health Education,Females,Cancer,Sexually Transmitted Diseases,Identification,Patients,Genetics,Cytology,Clinical Diagnosis,Screening Tests,Knowledge Level,Diagnostic Tests

Background: Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers. Purpose: This paper reports results of awareness of an HPV diagnosis and HPV knowledge from a multi-site study of HPV knowledge, attitudes and behavior, and the impact of an HPV diagnosis on women and their partners. Methods: During September 2003 - November 2005, a survey containing shared and site-specific items was administered to 736 women who had received HPV DNA testing in conjunction with cytology for cervical cancer screening. Results: Overall, there was low knowledge about HPV transmissibility, curability and the effects of an HPV diagnosis across all sites regardless of a woman's racial/ethnic and/or socio-demographic background. Further, only about 50% of the women were aware of their HPV diagnosis even after receiving their results and counseling from a health care professional. Discussion: There is need for consistent and clear information about HPV and HPV DNA testing as part of cervical cancer screening. Research concerning methods or best practices for improving communication between practitioner and patient about testing, diagnosis, counseling, behavioral consequences and follow-up care may be warranted. Translation to Health Education Practice: General messages as well as population-specific messages need to be developed and disseminated to reduce confusion emanating from HPV diagnosis. Modes for delivering messages may need to vary. Further research should address message content and delivery. (Contains 2 tables.)
Knowledge of Sexually Transmitted infections among High School Students
Author: Nsuami, M. Jacques
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Health Education,African Americans,Sexually Transmitted Diseases,Multiple Regression Analysis,High School Students,Knowledge Level,Urban Areas,Surveys,Scores,Females,Screening Tests

Background: It has not been determined conclusively whether greater knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is associated with lower rates of STIs. Purpose: This study sought to determine STI knowledge among high school students and factors associated with such knowledge, and to determine whether poor STI knowledge is associated with chlamydia or gonorrhea infection. Methods: Students in an urban United States school district serving a predominantly African American student population participated in a urine-based chlamydia and gonorrhea screening. Participants (N = 3563) were surveyed about their knowledge of selected basic facts concerning STIs. Point-scores were assigned to knowledge items. Results: The mean knowledge score was 3.65 (range: 0 to 6; median: 4.00). In a multiple regression analysis, knowledge score was significantly associated with female gender (P less than 0.001), upper grade level (P less than 0.001) and a past infection with chlamydia or gonorrhea (P = 0.001). In logistic regressions, knowledge score was not significantly associated with current infections with chlamydia (P = 0.22) or gonorrhea (P = 0.74). Discussion: There was an insufficient basic knowledge of STIs among students and a lack of association between knowledge and current infections with chlamydia and gonorrhea. Translation to Health Education Practice: Health education curricula taught throughout the high school years should incorporate basic facts concerning STIs. (Contains 4 tables.)
The Language of Love?--Verbal versus Implied Consent at First Heterosexual Intercourse: Implications for Contraceptive Use
Author: Higgins, Jenny A.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Race,Contraception,Health Education,Sex Education,Females,Public Health,Sexuality,Communication Skills,Whites,Intimacy,Incidence,Verbal Communication,College Students,Case Studies,Surveys,African Americans,Nonverbal Communication,Gender Differences

Background: Little is known about how young people communicate about initiating intercourse. Purpose: This study was designed to gauge the prevalence of implied versus verbal consent at first intercourse in a U.S. college population, assess effects of consent type on contraceptive use, and explore the influences of gender, race and other factors. Methods: We conducted and analyzed a cross-sectional survey of non-Hispanic white and black students from four universities, exploring associations between verbal and nonverbal consent, contraceptive use and covariates. Results: Among those with consensual first intercourse experiences (N=1883), half (49%) provided nonverbal consent. Black men were the most likely to provide nonverbal consent (61%), followed by white men (55%), black women (51%), and white women (43%). Respondents who used condoms at first intercourse were more likely to provide verbal consent, suggesting that condoms may prompt sexual discussions (or vice versa). In contrast, even when controlling for covariates, those who provided nonverbal consent were less likely to have used contraception (significantly so for women). Discussion: These findings confirm the hypothesis that young people who do not discuss whether to engage in vaginal intercourse for the first time are less likely to use contraception. These results add an important layer to our current conceptual model of sexual development, in particular, how young people adopt, or fail to adopt, behaviors that will keep them healthy once they decide to become sexually active. Translation to Health Education Practice: sexual communication skills are greatly needed. Public health practitioners should investigate type of consent in future research and programming, with sensitivity to gender and racial influences. (Contains 4 tables.)
Recent Alcohol Use and Episodic Heavy Drinking among Hispanic Youth
Author: King, Keith A.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Health Education,Parenting Styles,Prevention,Drinking,Alcohol Abuse,Hispanic Americans,At Risk Persons,Secondary School Students,National Surveys,Parent Child Relationship,Incidence,Drug Use,Statistical Analysis

Background: A sizeable percentage of Hispanic youth are affected by alcohol use. Research is needed to identify specific factors placing Hispanic youth at elevated risk. Purpose: This study examined whether recent alcohol use (past 30 days) and frequent episodic heavy drinking among 7th - 12th grade Hispanic students (N = 946) in Greater Cincinnati schools differed based on perceived harm of use, ease of access and parent/peer disapproval of use. Methods: The PRIDE national survey for grades 6-12 was administered to youth in their school classrooms. Results: One-in-four (24.5%) recently used alcohol and one-in-seven (15.2%) frequently (often/a lot) engaged in episodic heavy drinking. Students at highest risk for recent alcohol use and frequent episodic heavy drinking were those who felt use was not harmful/somewhat harmful, felt alcohol access was fairly easy/very easy and had parents/peers who did not disapprove of use. Discussion: These results should be considered when developing and implementing alcohol prevention efforts for Hispanic youth. Ongoing parent-child communication, rule-setting and rule enforcement should be encouraged. Translation to Health Education Practice: Findings can assist health educators to more thoroughly understand how perceived harm, ease of access and parent/peer disapproval affect recent alcohol use and episodic heavy drinking among Hispanic youth. (Contains 7 tables.)
Conducting Program Evaluation with Hispanics in Rural Settings: Ethical Issues and Evaluation Challenges
Author: Loi, Claudia X. Aguado
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Evaluators,Program Evaluation,Agricultural Laborers,Rural Areas,Ethics,Health Education,Hispanic Americans,Second Language Learning,English (Second Language),Socioeconomic Status,Undocumented Immigrants,Cultural Awareness

Conducting evaluations that are both valid and ethical is imperative for the support and sustainability of programs that address underserved and vulnerable populations. A key component is to have evaluators who are knowledgeable about relevant cultural issues and sensitive to population needs. Hispanics in rural settings are vulnerable for many reasons but especially because of language issues, differences in cultural beliefs and socioeconomic barriers. Additional factors, such as cultural proclivity to be deferential to authority figures and the possibility of having an undocumented alien status also are important issues for Hispanics living and working in rural communities. Because migrant farm workers comprise a large part of Hispanics living in rural areas, attention to the sensitive issues surrounding this population is paramount during program evaluations. This paper highlights ethical issues pertinent to program evaluations involving Hispanics residing in rural settings.
Leaning on Socrates to Derive the Pythagorean Theorem
Author: Percy, Andrew
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Geometric Concepts,Geometry,Mathematics Education,Intermode Differences,Learning Modalities,Mathematical Logic,Validity,Experiential Learning

The one theorem just about every student remembers from school is the theorem about the side lengths of a right angled triangle which Euclid attributed to Pythagoras when writing Proposition 47 of &quot;The Elements&quot;. Usually first met in middle school, the student will be continually exposed throughout their mathematical education to the formula b2 + c2 = a2, where &quot;a&quot; is the length of the hypotenuse. It is so important in school mathematics and in mathematical thinking that the student deserves to be able to derive the Pythagorean theorem with an appropriate degree of rigour. The aim of the authors, in this article, is to provide a repertoire of derivations that range from the visual and geometrical to the algebraic and, in doing so, expose the interconnectedness of many parts of the school curriculum. They begin by &quot;allowing students to explore concrete examples&quot;. The simple case for a right isosceles triangle is easily seen to be true by construction. The construction can then generalised to any right-angled triangle. The student performs &quot;dissections and recombinations of shapes&quot;, requiring no algebra or non-geometric manipulation. (Contains 6 figures and 1 footnote.)
Finding the General Term for an Arithmetic Progression: Alternatives to the Formula
Author: Yeo, Joseph B. W.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Secondary School Students,Arithmetic,Pattern Recognition,Teaching Methods

Secondary school students in Singapore are expected to find an expression for the general or &quot;nth&quot; term of an arithmetic progression (AP) without using the AP formula T[subscript n] = a + (n-1)d, where &quot;a&quot; is the first term, &quot;n&quot; is the number of terms and &quot;d&quot; is the common difference between successive terms. This type of question is worth only one mark in the GCE O-Level Examination but the usual method taught in school is far too long and many students feel that it is not worth trying so hard for one mark. This led the author, when he was a teacher, to look for other shorter methods. In this article, he will discuss five methods to find an expression for the &quot;nth&quot; term of an AP, including arguably the fastest method that he has invented. He believes teachers will not only find the &quot;fastest&quot; method useful for their students but they can also challenge their students to be innovative and creative: find as many methods as possible to find the general term of an AP.
Reasoning, Not Recipes: Helping Your Students Develop Statistical Understanding and Enjoy the Experience!
Author: Mooney, Gai
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Statistics,Concept Teaching,Concept Formation,Data,Relevance (Education),Student Characteristics,Class Activities,Physical Characteristics,Reaction Time,Learning Activities

Statistics is often presented to students as a series of algorithms to be learnt by heart and applied at the appropriate time to get "the correct answer". This approach, while it may in fact produce the right answer, has been shown to be minimally effective at helping students understand the underlying statistical concepts. As Holmes noted, "Statistics is not just a set of techniques, it is an attitude of mind in approaching data". Statistical concepts are much more easily grasped when the data used is real and the context is real to the students. The CensusAtSchool (C@S) resource from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is real data that are interesting and engaging for students. The C@S questionnaire contains questions relating to physical characteristics, such as height, arm span, foot size; behaviour, such as amount of sleep, breakfast habits, favourite sport; and attitudes, such as water use, pollution, and bullying of students. There is also an interactive concentration game and a reaction time game. In addition, a student can download many classroom activities and suggestions to help him/her successfully use C@S. This article presents some examples that show some further ways C@S data can be used to engage students and improve statistical understanding across many year levels. (Contains 3 figures.)
Keypad Geometry and Divisibility of Numbers
Author: Van Dyke, Frances
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Geometric Concepts,Geometry,Calculators,Hypothesis Testing,Mathematical Logic,Validity,Arithmetic

In this article, the authors show how students can form familiar geometric figures on the calculator keypad and generate numbers that are all divisible by a common number. Students are intrigued by the results and want to know &quot;why it works&quot;. The activities can be presented and students given an extended amount of time to think about them. As students can easily generate their own examples, they can continue to hypothesise why the property holds as the semester moves on. The proofs of the more complicated figures should be given only to those who are truly interested.
Investigation of Probability Distributions Using Dice Rolling Simulation
Author: Lukac, Stanislav
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Games,Probability,Manipulative Materials,Mathematics Teachers,Problem Solving,Spreadsheets,Class Activities

Dice are considered one of the oldest gambling devices and thus many mathematicians have been interested in various dice gambling games in the past. Dice have been used to teach probability, and dice rolls can be effectively simulated using technology. The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) recommends that teachers use simulations to give students experience with problem situations that are difficult to create without technology. Computer technologies furnish visual images of mathematical ideas; they facilitate organising and analysing data; and they compute efficiently and accurately. Real dice rolling and recording of outcomes are crucial in an introductory phase of the problem-solving process. This paper deals with the evaluation of dice outcomes in two problem-solving situations. (Contains 7 figures.)
Diversions: Simple Noughts and Crosses
Author: Gough, John
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Games,Adults,Popular Culture,Strategic Planning,Mathematics,Game Theory,Problem Solving

Almost every adult in Australia has played Noughts and Crosses at some time in their life--it is that sort of game, a universal classic. Very few Australian adults play Noughts and Crosses, adult against adult, unless they are bored, witless and cannot think of anything better to do. Adults stop playing this game. Many will say it is boring, while lots will say the reason they find it boring is that they always win because they know the winning strategy. The main mathematical challenge of Noughts and Crosses is to find the optimum way of playing--this is, in fact, a perfect strategy for forcing a draw. In this article, the author presents a problem one could try to solve. He discusses Philip Clarkson's outlines on some approaches to this analysis of Noughts and Crosses. He cites Clarkson's suggestion to vary the standard rules, explore the mathematical thinking, and strategy-solve the resulting new variants.
Urban School Reform and the Strange Attractor of Low-Risk Relationships
Author: Beabout, Brian R.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Urban Schools,Educational Change,Partnerships in Education,Administrative Organization,Principals,Public Schools,School Community Relationship,Private Financial Support,Feedback (Response),Technical Assistance,Risk,Systems Approach,Theories

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, school leaders in a newly decentralized school system reached out to external organizations for partnerships--a job that had previously resided in the central office. The necessity of these contacts and the quantity of newly independent schools make a unique context for studying how school leaders think and act in relation to external partnerships. Iterative interviews with 10 New Orleans public school principals reveal a range of external partnerships that can be classified into a three part taxonomy consisting of charitable relationships, technical support relationships, and feedback relationships. A discussion of low-risk relationships and the importance of utilizing feedback relationships concludes the paper.