ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Ending Mass Probation: Sentencing, Supervision, and Revocation
Author: Phelps, Michelle S.
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Crime,Juvenile Justice,Delinquency,Institutionalized Persons,Correctional Institutions,Social Bias,Racial Bias,Poverty,Minority Groups,Supervision,Law Enforcement,Caseworkers,Public Policy

The United States' high incarceration rate gets a lot of attention from scholars, policy makers, and the public. Yet the most common form of criminal justice supervision is not imprisonment but probation--and that is just as true for juveniles as for adults. Probation was originally promoted as an alternative to imprisonment that would spare promising individuals from the ravages of institutionalization. Instead, it often serves as a net-widener, expanding formal supervision to low-level cases. Like mass incarceration, mass probation is marked by deep racial and class disparities, and it can have devastating consequences for poor and minority communities. In this review, the author covers three aspects of probation supervision: (1) who is sentenced to probation; (2) what they experience; and (3) when and why probation is revoked (that is, when probationers are sent to jail or prison for violating the terms of supervision). The author then presents policy recommendations for each of these three stages that could reduce the harms of mass probation. They include scaling back the use of probation, offering probationers more meaningful help to improve their lives, and raising the bar for revoking probation. Though probation reform may not be a cure-all, it could reduce the scale of the criminal justice system and temper its detrimental effects.
Memoirs of a Socialist Childhood in China: Socialism, Nationalism and Getting Ahead
Author: Chen, Lei
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Ideology,Nationalism,Social Systems,Foreign Countries,Children,Discourse Analysis,Educational Change,Social Mobility,Middle Class,Biographies,Personal Narratives,Memory

In this memoir, I accounted several episodes of my childhood of a middle class family in early 1990s in a Chinese urban city. Two major discourses permeated my account: the nationalism and socialism discourse and the upward social mobility discourse. While my family and I cherish the comfort and joy of everyday life enjoyed in the era of &quot;socialism with Chinese characteristics,&quot; the suffering past is like a ghost, peeking out behind the curtain.
Ideological and Real Socialism of My Soviet Childhood, Schooling, and Teaching: Multi-Consciousness
Author: Matusov, Eugene
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Social Systems,Autobiographies,Ethnography,Political Attitudes,Educational Experience,Teaching Methods,Child Development,Foreign Countries,Ideology,Socialization,Social Change,Jews,Social Bias,College Admission

Through my autobiographical reflective ethnography of my Soviet childhood, schooling and teaching, I try to investigate the phenomenon of political multiple consciousness that I observed in the USSR and its development in children. In my analysis, I abstracted eight diverse types of consciousness, five of which are political in their nature.
Can Foster Care Interventions Diminish Justice System Inequality?
Author: Yi, Youngmin
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foster Care,Intervention,Juvenile Justice,Child Welfare,Social Services,Placement,At Risk Persons,Children,Racial Differences,Social Justice,Drug Rehabilitation,Mental Health Programs,Health Services,Access to Health Care,Legal Aid,Employment Services,Housing,Adolescents,Young Adults

Children who experience foster care, write Youngmin Yi and Christopher Wildeman, are considerably more likely than others to have contact with the criminal justice system, both during childhood and as adults. And because children of color disproportionately experience foster care, improvements to the foster care system could reduce racial/ethnic justice system inequality. Yet the link between foster care and justice system inequality hasn't received the attention it deserves. This article represents the most comprehensive review to date on how foster care placement can affect children's risk of criminal justice contact. Yi and Wildeman review how children come to the attention of Child Protective Services (CPS), how they come to be placed in foster care, and the risks that children in foster care face. They also examine how the child welfare and criminal justice systems intersect, with special attention to the large racial/ethnic disparities in both CPS contact and foster care placement and experiences. The authors then examine strategies that might reduce inequality in criminal justice outcomes at two stages--during foster care placement, and after children age out of the system (that is, after they reach the age when they're no longer eligible to stay in foster care or receive attendant services). They highlight promising interventions that target five critical objectives: the promotion of stability and permanency in foster care placements; expanded and improved access to substance use treatment and mental health care services; provision of legal support for foster youth; extension of employment and educational support for late adolescents and young adults; and supports for securing housing and health care for youth who age out of foster care.
&quot;Kids Do Not so Much Make Trouble, They Are Trouble&quot;: Police-Youth Relations
Author: Brunson, Rod K.
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Police,Delinquency,Decision Making,Racial Bias,Law Enforcement,Minority Groups,Youth,Justice,Trust (Psychology),Police Community Relationship,Zero Tolerance Policy,Crime

Young people's encounters with the criminal justice system generally begin with the police. Officers' decisions about how to handle these encounters are affected by their on-the-spot assessments of young people's proclivity for delinquency, prospects for rehabilitation, and overall moral character. And because most police-citizen interactions occur in public spaces, officers render these judgments with limited information, often falling back on racial and ethnic stereotypes. In this article, Rod Brunson and Kashea Pegram examine how police officers' decisions about which young people to watch, stop, search, and arrest contribute to historical and enduring justice system inequality. Research confirms that officers apply their discretion highly unevenly, Brunson and Pegram write, consistently exposing youth of color to a wide range of harms. Moreover, aggressive policing strategies such as stop-and-frisk disproportionately affect youths and communities of color. In many urban areas, they say, officers are a constant, inescapable, and unwelcome presence in the lives of black and Latino adolescents--especially males, who are disproportionately stopped, searched, and killed by police. Yet the authors find reason for optimism in efforts to improve trust in minority communities and end racially discriminatory policing through practices based on procedural justice principles--that is, whether citizens believe they're treated fairly and with respect during police encounters. Still, they acknowledge, racial disparities in policing mean that in many places, police-community relations have already suffered tremendous harm that will be extremely difficult to repair.
The Golden Cage: Growing up in the Socialist Yugoslavia
Author: Marjanovic-Shane, Ana
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Social Systems,Children,Experience,History,Ideology,Culture

From the mid 1950s through roughly the 1980s, some or many children and youth of the Socialist Yugoslavia, especially those of us in Belgrade, the capital, lived in a curious, almost surreal &quot;window&quot; in the space and time. This surreal window of space-time, offered to children and youth of Yugoslavia, unprecedented opportunities for personal development, exposure to the classic cultures and the newest events in the cultural worlds from all over the world, freedom of speech, gathering, activism and opportunities to travel and interact with a multitude of people of the world who came to Yugoslavia. Such special window in time and space sounds impossible to believe, all the more, in the light of the subsequent brutal and bloody civil wars of the 90s in which Yugoslavia perished. And yet, for many of us this window in time and space did exist! It was a product, I think, of several paradoxical tensions that may have created unprecedented loopholes in the fabric of an otherwise authoritarian and often brutal regime that had its ugly underside in suppression of any actions and words which would be critical of the ruling regime and its leaders. One could arguably say, that, when I talk about this curious, surreal time, I talk from a point of view that can only belong to the children of the privileged: children of the high officers of the Communist party, of the Belgrade political, intellectual, cultural and economic elite. Of course, in many ways, I cannot escape, some of the privileged vistas of my own background--as no one can entirely escape the bent of their own lives. However, my privileged view comes from being among the intellectual elite of Belgrade, rather than the political elite. But my views were also based on the experiences of &quot;ordinary&quot; others which I shared in the everyday ways of life in which I was not segregated from everyone else: my neighbors, school mates, people I met in various other gathering places. In this auto-ethnographic essay, I explore a uniqueness of my Socialist Yugoslav childhood, where a lot of children and youth lived as if in a golden cage. This golden cage had an internal reality that was in many ways protective of our wellbeing. In this reality we experienced freedoms, stood for justice, had many opportunities to participate in cultural clubs, art studios, musical bands, poetic societies, sports clubs, summer and winter camps, etc. At the same time, the world that surrounded us, and even in many ways created our childhoods, was harsh, often brutal and did not hold any of the high ethical principles and values that we believed and lived in.
Power, Ideology and Children: Socialist Childhoods in Czechoslovakia
Author: Tesar, Marek
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Social Systems,Children,Power Structure,Ideology,Personal Narratives,Figurative Language

There was not one, singular childhood in socialist Czechoslovakia, but many and diverse, plural, childhoods. Spanning over 40 years (1948-1989), the Czechoslovak communist governance produced diverse conceptualisations of childhoods that remain often invisible, unexplored, and the current analyses are at best sketchy and refer mostly to pedagogical nuances of strong ideological pedagogical struggles. One way to explore such an abundance of historical data in a short journal article is to utilise a somewhat personal narrative of a child. This dialogic approach allows the strong presence of the voice of a child, re-told from an adult's perspective, and it methodologically justifies an approach to thinking and theorising of socialist childhoods through Vaclav Havel's (1985; 1989; 1990) theoretical thinking that has been utilised in philosophy of education previously (see Tesar, 2015e). There are also other examples of complex and thorough analyses of socialist childhoods in other countries (see for example Aydarova et al, 2016), and theoretical thinking about the socialist child as a foreigner to its own land, can be done through Kristeva's lens (Arndt, 2015).
Jails and Local Justice System Reform: Overview and Recommendations
Author: Copp, Jennifer E.
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Institutionalized Persons,Correctional Institutions,Facilities Management,Individual Characteristics,Population Trends,Well Being,Mental Health,Safety,Change Strategies,Correctional Education,Criminals,Delinquency,Juvenile Justice

Over the past three decades, the number of people housed in local jails has more than tripled. Yet when it comes to reforming the nation's incarceration policies, write Jennifer Copp and William Bales, researchers, policymakers, and the public alike have focused almost exclusively on state and federal prisons. If you took a snapshot on a single day, the prison population would far exceed the population of local jails. But, the authors show, compared to prisons, roughly 18 times more people are admitted to and released from jails every year. Furthermore, about two-thirds of jail inmates have yet to be convicted of a crime, and they often languish behind bars only because they can't afford to pay bail. And although jails are intended for adults, on any given day roughly 4,000 young people under age 18 are confined in local jails. In this article, Copp and Bales provide a broad overview of US jails, including facilities and operations, characteristics of inmates, and the conditions of confinement, and they make a number of suggestions for policy and practice. In particular, they argue that the justice system should slash the use of money bail, which disproportionately harms the poor and minorities. Specifically, they recommend that jurisdictions adopt validated risk assessment tools to help make decisions about who should and shouldn't be detained before trial; expand pretrial services that can, among other things, monitor compliance with release conditions; divert more people away from the criminal justice system; consider alternatives to jail, such as probation, for convicted offenders; and expedite case processing to decrease the time to trial and thus the overall length of jail stays.
Parental Incarceration and Children&apos;s Wellbeing
Author: Turney, Kristin
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Parents,Institutionalized Persons,Correctional Institutions,Children,Well Being,Social Bias,Intervention,Family Programs,Family Income,Drug Rehabilitation,Social Support Groups,Child Behavior,Physical Health,Disadvantaged,Disadvantaged Environment,At Risk Persons

A half century ago, relatively few US children experienced the incarceration of a parent. In the decades since, incarceration rates rose rapidly (before leveling off more recently), and today a historically unprecedented number of children are exposed to parental incarceration. In this article, Kristin Turney and Rebecca Goodsell review the evidence that parental incarceration impairs children's wellbeing throughout the life course. Given the fact that already vulnerable children are also the most likely to experience having a parent behind bars, they write, these trends increase inequality among children. After documenting the scope of parental incarceration, Turney and Goodsell review mechanisms that may link parental incarceration to children's wellbeing, such as the parent's physical absence, the trauma associated with the criminal justice process, and the stigma of having a parent in jail or prison. They also review research into how parental incarceration affects four aspects of children's wellbeing: behavior, education, health, and hardship and deprivation. In each of these areas, parental incarceration has detrimental consequences for children. After documenting the scope of parental incarceration, Turney and Goodsell review mechanisms that may link parental incarceration to children's wellbeing, such as the parent's physical absence, the trauma associated with the criminal justice process, and the stigma of having a parent in jail or prison. They also review research into how parental incarceration affects four aspects of children's wellbeing: behavior, education, health, and hardship and deprivation. In each of these areas, parental incarceration has detrimental consequences for children.
Effects of 8-Week Core Exercises on Free Style Swimming Performance of Female Swimmers Aged 9-12
Author: Gencer, Yildirim Gökhan
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Aquatic Sports,Females,Preadolescents,Athletes,Experimental Groups,Control Groups,Pretests Posttests,Nonparametric Statistics,Statistical Analysis,Exercise,Foreign Countries

With this study, it is aimed to review the effects of 8-week core exercises, which are scheduled before the routine exercises, on changes over certain physical and motoric attributes and freestyle swimming performance of female athletes of the youngest age group, which is 9-12. For the study, a group of 12 female licensed swimmers who had a swimming background of 3 years in city of Van is chosen to be core exercise group (CEG) and set as experimental group. And 12 female swimmers are chosen to be in control group. The athletes are scheduled to perform regular swimming exercises for competition, five days a week and for approximately 90 minutes per day. In addition to control group, CEG is scheduled to perform 20 minutes of low intensity, fixed duration and repetitive core exercises before every routine exercise for 8 weeks. Chosen measurements are obtained from the athletes both at the beginning and after 8 weeks and the change between pretest and posttest values is evaluated. For the statistical data analysis, nonparametric tests of Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney U tests are used. As a results of the study, the group of swimmers aged 9-12 who underwent 8 weeks of low intensity core exercises showed differences compared to pretest and posttest values of control group, even though not statistically significant (p&gt;0,05). As a result, compared to the control group, a 1-2 seconds of decrease--especially when it is a very important amount for this sport--in 25 m and 50 m free style swimming ranks is attributed to the effect of core exercises, and it is reckoned that low intensity core exercises may positively affect the free style swimming performance of female swimmers aged 9-12.
An Investigation of the Relationship between Professional Learning Community Practices and Student Achievement in an Eastern Canadian School Board
Author: Hurley, Noel
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Faculty Development,Communities of Practice,School Districts,Factor Analysis,Factor Structure,Boards of Education,Foreign Countries,Teacher Surveys,Teacher Attitudes,Likert Scales,Cooperation,Academic Achievement,Correlation,Educational Change,Leadership Styles,Reading Achievement,Structural Equation Models,Statistical Analysis

The participants in this study were teachers and students of a large school district located on the east coast of Canada. We distributed surveys to 1,514 teachers across 84 schools and received 1,423 usable surveys for a return rate of 94%. At the time of the second data collection, three years later, 1574 teachers from 78 schools agreed to participate. Teachers' perceptions of their schools as professional learning communities were assessed using 32 items in a 5-point Likert format. The responses to the 2006 survey were factor analyzed using ML estimation. A number of different factor structures were tested, including a single factor model and a second-order factor analysis. In spite of a heavy emphasis by school board leaders and the collaborative development, introduction, and implementation of PLC practices before and during the study period, no significant measurable effect on student learning was identified.
Decriminalizing Racialized Youth through Juvenile Diversion
Author: Schlesinger, Traci
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Juvenile Justice,Racial Bias,Ethnicity,Disproportionate Representation,Community Programs,At Risk Persons,Eligibility,Institutionalized Persons,Correctional Institutions,United States History,Delinquency,Law Enforcement,Individual Characteristics,Rehabilitation,Youth Programs,Police,Minority Groups,Intervention

In the context of juvenile justice, writes Traci Schlesinger, &quot;diversion&quot; can mean two things. Informal diversion includes police officers' decisions to warn and release, probation officers' decisions not to report violations, prosecutors' decisions not to prosecute, and judges' decisions to dismiss cases. Informal diversion sends youth out of the system, lets them remain at home, and asks nothing further of them. &quot;Formal&quot; diversion includes decisions by intake workers--including police, school resource officers, probation officers, and sometimes prosecutors or judges--to move cases away from formal court processing to programs that provide services but also include requirements. Because diversion can keep young people from deeper involvement with the juvenile justice system, it has the potential to ameliorate the processes through which racialized youth become criminalized at much higher rates than legally similar white youth. The research evidence, Schlesinger writes, offers clear suggestions in three areas: which youth should be diverted, which officials make good gatekeepers for diversion programs, and which implementation principles are most important. Her key recommendation is that jurisdictions should use informal diversion to decriminalize low-risk youth and formal diversion to keep high-risk youth away from court processing and in their communities. Schlesinger notes several challenges to making diversion policies successful. For one, she writes, jurisdictions must use risk assessments that don't replicate or exacerbate racial disparities. In addition, she says, formal diversion works best when youth can access services in the communities where they live, rather than in the justice system. This condition is becoming more difficult to achieve as cities and states have increasingly chosen to spend their limited funds on facilities within punitive systems rather than within communities, for example, by closing communit-ybased mental health centers and then opening new facilities in a local jail. Finally, jurisdictions must ensure that diversion programs are properly implemented and that the youth who begin diversion programs actually complete them.
Religious Belief and the Queer Classroom: Measuring the Impact of Religious Affiliation on LGBTQ-Inclusive Education Practices
Author: Peter, Tracey
Date: 2018-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Beliefs,Inclusion,Educational Practices,Homosexuality,National Surveys,Preschool Education,Elementary Secondary Education,Multivariate Analysis,Models,Outcome Measures,Role of Religion,Barriers,Intervention,Likert Scales,Statistical Analysis,Marriage,Foreign Countries

This study examines the influence of religious affiliation on lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, two spirit, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ)-inclusive practices. Using data from a national survey of educators from pre-kindergarten to grade 12, multivariate analyses of variance models were employed in order to test the effects of religious affiliation on several LGBTQ-inclusive outcome measures. Results show that religious affiliation does have a significant impact on the likelihood that educators will (or will not) practice LGBTQ-inclusive education, however, the pathways to such practices vary considerably across religious groupings. Recommendations are suggested in terms of intervention, inclusive teaching practices, visibility, and leadership.