ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Hospitality Major Vocational High School Students' Expectations on University Education
Author: Chung, Ya-Ting
Date: 2013-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Hospitality Occupations,Majors (Students),High School Students,Vocational Education,Expectation,Higher Education,Semi Structured Interviews,Employment Opportunities,Employment Potential,Student Attitudes,Occupational Aspiration,Parent Background,Educational Attainment,College Attendance

Hospitality is not a new industry in Asia, but high quality hospitality industry has become more and more important in the trend of questing service-based economy and the increasing number of tourists in Asia. Thus there are more universities opened hospitality degree programs in Asia, Taiwan is no exception. In this context, why high school graduates will choose hospitality as their college major? What are their expectations on their future education experience in the hospitality program? To answer the above questions, this research adopted semi-structured interview as research method. Ten vocational high school students in Taiwan were interviewed in this research. This research generated similarities and differences of opinions among these ten students, students generally thought university education can help their employability in the future because their enhancement of professional skills and knowledge. Their expectations of an ideal hospitality program environment include well-prepared equipment, industrial and international internship opportunities, and international campaign participation. In terms of the key elements of hospitality courses and curricula, students expect internationalized content and quality, professional technical training, foreign language training, management ability, and interdisciplinary content.
Improving the Quality of Higher Education in Central Europe: Approach Based on GAP Analysis
Author: Hrnciar, Miroslav
Date: 2013-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Higher Education,Educational Improvement,Total Quality Management,Quality Assurance,Models,Educational Planning,Educational Administration

A growing social pressure on addressing the issues of quality in administration of educational institutions has resulted in various national and international initiatives focused on development of recommendations and procedures for assurance of quality of education. The topic is getting more urgent in the period of global recession when the impacts of the crisis are experienced even by school graduates who have difficulties to find their place on the labor market. The issue of quality and connection of education with practical requirements ranks among the central topics of a broad discussion in Europe and worldwide. The submitted paper presents results of an investigation of a potential use of a system approach, based on individual gaps identified in a GAP analysis and summarizes recommendations concerning assurance of the lowest possible differences between individual components of the methodology. It is based on decomposition of individual gaps--in the relations between educational facilities, practice and students--into three areas, specifically key questions, interpretation that can be used for university environment and a set of suitable tools for elimination of differences in the given gap. The approach has been adapted for the conditions of university education and the descriptions and explanations of the individual gaps were adapted to increase the potential of improvements based on the application of the GAP analysis.
The Evaluative Impact of Graduate Scholarships: The Case of the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine
Author: Kalloo-Bhagwandeen, Sarah
Date: 2013-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Scholarships,Graduate Students,Graduate Study,Student Attrition,Graduation,Efficiency,Program Effectiveness,Questionnaires,Online Surveys,Student Surveys,Measures (Individuals)

The UWI Postgraduate Scholarship has been the most longstanding award offered by the University of the West Indies. However, completion rates of students have been decreasing and the number of students registered has not been increasing significantly. This paper investigates the UWI Postgraduate Scholarships awarded from 2001 to 2007. This evaluation was done in order to ascertain whether this award was serving its intended purpose, that is, promoting research and creating new knowledge. The UWI Postgraduate Scholarship does encourage persons to pursue studies full-time. It is very sound in its structure, management and administration. However, more student support systems need to be put in place and student progress needs to be more carefully monitored so as to increase throughput rates.
Marriage and Family: LGBT Individuals and Same-Sex Couples
Author: Gates, Gary J.
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Homosexuality,Marriage,Sexual Orientation,Sexual Identity,Social Attitudes,Child Rearing,Family Structure,Civil Rights,Family Environment,Family Characteristics,Political Issues,Child Health,Well Being,Surveys,Social Influences

Though estimates vary, as many as 2 million to 3.7 million U.S. children under age 18 may have a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender parent, and about 200,000 are being raised by same-sex couples. Much of the past decade's legal and political debate over allowing same-sex couples to marry has centered on these couples' suitability as parents, and social scientists have been asked to weigh in. After carefully reviewing the evidence presented by scholars on both sides of the issue, Gary Gates concludes that same-sex couples are as good at parenting as their different-sex counterparts. Any differences in the wellbeing of children raised in same-sex and different-sex families can be explained not by their parents' gender composition but by the fact that children being by raised by same-sex couples have, on average, experienced more family instability, because most children being raised by same-sex couples were born to different-sex parents, one of whom is now in the same-sex relationship. That pattern is changing, however. Despite growing support for same-sex parenting, proportionally fewer same-sex couples report raising children today than in 2000. Why? Reduced social stigma means that more LGBT people are coming out earlier in life. They're less likely than their LGBT counterparts from the past to have different-sex relationships and the children such relationships produce. At the same time, more same-sex couples are adopting children or using reproductive technologies like artificial insemination and surrogacy. Compared to a decade ago, same-sex couples today may be less likely to have children, but those who do are more likely to have children who were born with same-sex parents who are in stable relationships. In the past, most same-sex couples raising children were in a cohabiting relationship. With same-sex couples' right to marry now secured throughout the country, the situation is changing rapidly. As more and more same-sex couples marry, Gates writes, we have the opportunity to consider new research questions that can contribute to our understanding of how marriage and parental relationships affect child wellbeing.
Why Marriage Matters for Child Wellbeing
Author: Ribar, David C.
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marriage,Well Being,Family Income,Parent Participation,Fathers,Mental Health,Physical Health,Ownership,Housing,Marital Satisfaction,Social Support Groups,Child Development,Health Insurance,Family Financial Resources,Social Networks,Public Policy,Correlation,Children

Marriage between two parents, compared with other family living arrangements, appears, on average, to enhance children's wellbeing and development. Some of the positive association between marriage and children's wellbeing comes from positive associations between marriage and other things that also contribute to children's wellbeing. David Ribar first sets up a standard economic rational-choice model to show that, all else equal, marriage should produce advantages that can improve children's wellbeing, such as better coordination between parents and economies of scale that make limited resources go further. Digging more deeply, he then examines specific mechanisms through which marriage may operate to improve children's lives. Some of these have been well studied, including income, fathers' involvement, parents' physical and mental health, parenting quality, social supports, health insurance, home ownership, parents' relationships, bargaining power, and family stability. Others have received less attention, including net wealth, borrowing constraints, and informal insurance through social networks. Many of these mechanisms could be bolstered by public policy; that is, when they are lacking in children's lives, public policy could potentially provide substitutes--greater cash assistance, more generous health insurance, better housing, more help for caregivers, etc. Yet studies of child wellbeing that control for the indirect effects of these mechanisms typically find that direct positive associations remain between children's wellbeing and marriage, strongly suggesting that marriage is more than the sum of these particular parts. Thus, Ribar argues, the advantages of marriage for children's wellbeing are likely to be hard to replicate through policy interventions other than those that bolster marriage itself.
The Evolving Role of Marriage: 1950-2010
Author: Lundberg, Shelly
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marriage,Trend Analysis,Divorce,Interpersonal Relationship,Birth,College Graduates,Barriers,Poverty,Family Income,Family Relationship,Educational Attainment,Womens Education,Incentives,Salaries,Gender Differences,Sex Role,Child Rearing,Family Financial Resources

Since 1950, marriage behavior in the United States has changed dramatically. Though most men and women still marry at some point in their lives, they now do so later and are more likely to divorce. Cohabitation has become commonplace as either a precursor or an alternative to marriage, and a growing fraction of births take place outside marriage. We've seen a retreat from marriage within all racial and ethnic groups and across the socioeconomic spectrum. But the decoupling of marriage and parenthood has been much less prevalent among college graduates. Why are college graduates such a prominent exception? Some scholars argue that marriage has declined furthest in low-income communities because men with less education have seen their economic prospects steadily diminish, and because welfare and other social programs have let women rear children on their own. Others contend that poor women have adopted middle-class aspirations for marriage, leading them to establish unrealistic economic prerequisites. The problem with these explanations, write Shelly Lundberg and Robert Pollak, is that they focus on barriers to marriage only in very poor communities. Yet we've seen a retreat from marriage among a much broader swath of the population. Lundberg and Pollak argue that the sources of gains from marriage have changed in such a way that families with high incomes and high levels of education have the greatest incentives to maintain long-term relationships. As women's educational attainment has overtaken that of men, and as the ratio of men's to women's wages has fallen, they write, traditional patterns of gender specialization in household and market work have weakened. The primary source of gains from marriage has shifted from production of household services to investment in children. For couples whose resources allow them to invest intensively in their children, marriage provides a commitment mechanism that supports such investment. For couples who lack the resources to invest intensively in their children, on the other hand, marriage may not be worth the cost of limited independence and potential mismatch.
One Nation, Divided: Culture, Civic Institutions, and the Marriage Divide
Author: Wilcox, W. Bradford
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marriage,Social Differences,Cultural Influences,Educational Attainment,Working Class,Economically Disadvantaged,One Parent Family,Adolescent Attitudes,Public Policy,Family Life,Social Change

Since the 1960s, the United States has witnessed a dramatic retreat from marriage, marked by divorce, cohabitation, single parenthood, and lower overall marriage rates. Marriage is now less likely to anchor adults' lives or provide a stable framework for childrearing, especially among poor and working-class Americans. Much research on the retreat from marriage has focused on its economic foundations. Bradford Wilcox, Nicholas Wolfinger, and Charles Stokes take a different tack, exploring cultural factors that may have contributed to the retreat from marriage and the growing class divide in marriage. These include growing individualism and the waning of a family-oriented ethos, the rise of a &quot;capstone&quot; model of marriage, and the decline of civil society. These cultural and civic trends have been especially consequential for poorer American families. Yet if we take into account cultural factors like adolescent attitudes toward single parenthood and the structure of the family in which they grew up, the authors find, the class divide in nonmarital childbearing among U.S. young women is reduced by about one-fifth. For example, compared to their peers from less-educated homes, adolescent girls with college-educated parents are more likely to hold marriage-friendly attitudes and to be raised in an intact, married home, factors that reduce their risk of having a child outside of marriage. Wilcox, Wolfinger, and Stokes conclude by outlining public policy changes and civic and cultural reforms that might strengthen family life and marriage across the country, especially among poor and working-class families.
The Growing Racial and Ethnic Divide in U.S. Marriage Patterns
Author: Raley, R. Kelly
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marriage,Racial Differences,Ethnicity,African Americans,Whites,Hispanic Americans,Economically Disadvantaged,Marital Instability,Social Change,Trend Analysis,Females,Marital Status,Divorce,Census Figures,Social Class,Educational Attainment,Socioeconomic Status,Racial Factors,Economic Factors

The United States shows striking racial and ethnic differences in marriage patterns. Compared to both white and Hispanic women, black women marry later in life, are less likely to marry at all, and have higher rates of marital instability. Kelly Raley, Megan Sweeney, and Danielle Wondra begin by reviewing common explanations for these differences, which first gained momentum in the 1960s (though patterns of marital instability diverged earlier than patterns of marriage formation). Structural factors--for example, declining employment prospects and rising incarceration rates for unskilled black men--clearly play a role, the authors write, but such factors don't fully explain the divergence in marriage patterns. In particular, they don't tell us why we see racial and ethnic differences in marriage across all levels of education, and not just among the unskilled. Raley, Sweeney and, Wondra argue that the racial gap in marriage that emerged in the 1960s, and has grown since, is due partly to broad changes in ideas about family arrangements that have made marriage optional. As the imperative to marry has fallen, alongside other changes in the economy that have increased women's economic contributions to the household, socioeconomic standing has become increasingly important for marriage. Race continues to be associated with economic disadvantage, and thus as economic factors have become more relevant to marriage and marital stability, the racial gap in marriage has grown.
Lessons Learned from Non-Marriage Experiments
Author: Schneider, Daniel
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marriage,Money Management,Income,Employment Level,Educational Attainment,Economic Factors,Human Capital,Labor Force Development,Program Effectiveness,Attribution Theory,Role,Family Financial Resources,Early Childhood Education,Experimental Groups,Economically Disadvantaged,Comparative Analysis,Intervention,Public Policy,Policy Formation,Interpersonal Relationship,Evidence,Correlation,Financial Needs

In the contemporary United States, marriage is closely related to money. Men and (perhaps to a lesser extent) women with more education, higher incomes, larger stocks of wealth, and more stable employment are more likely to marry than are people in more precarious economic positions. But is this relationship truly causal? That is, does economic insufficiency cause people to marry later and less often? Daniel Schneider reviews evidence from social experiments in areas such as early childhood education, human capital development, workforce training, and income support to assess whether programs that successfully increased the economic wellbeing of disadvantaged men and women also increased the likelihood that they would marry. These programs were not designed to affect marriage. But to the extent that they increased participants' economic resources, they could have had such an effect. Examining these programs offers three key benefits. First, their experimental designs provide important insight into the causal role of economic resources for marriage. Second, they give us within-group comparisons of disadvantaged men and women, some of whom received economic &quot;treatments&quot; and some who did not. Third, they by and large assess interventions that are feasible and realistic within the constraints of U.S. policy making. Schneider describes each intervention in detail, discussing its target population, experimental treatment, evaluation design, economic effects, and, finally, any effects on marriage or cohabitation. Overall, he finds little evidence that manipulating men's economic resources increased the likelihood that they would marry, though there are exceptions. For women, on the other hand, there is more evidence of positive effects.
The Family Is Here to Stay--or Not
Author: Haskins, Ron
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Family (Sociological Unit),Marriage,Trend Analysis,Public Policy,Pilot Projects,Contraception,Low Income Groups,Disadvantaged,Career Planning,Career Academies,Institutionalized Persons,Birth Rate,Family Structure,Poverty,Employment Opportunities,One Parent Family,Mothers,Child Care,Grants,Tax Credits

The past four decades have seen a rapid decline in marriage rates and a rapid increase in nonmarital births. These changes have had at least three worrisome effects on children. Scholars disagree about the magnitude of these effects, but surveys and other research evidence appear to definitively establish that the nation has more poverty, more income inequality, and less salutary child development, especially as a result of the rise in nonmarital births and single-parent families. Ron Haskins examines whether and how government policies could do something to reverse these trends, or deal with their consequences if they can't be reversed. He finds evidence that some policies could produce enough impacts to be worth pursuing further, at the very least by developing and testing pilot programs. First, writes Haskins, we might encourage marriage by reducing marriage penalties in means-tested benefits programs and expanding programs like the Earned Income Tax Credit to supplement the incomes of poorly educated men. Second, we have strong evidence that offering long-acting, reversible contraception and other forms of birth control to low-income women can reduce nonmarital births. Third, although the couples relationship programs piloted by the Bush administration in an effort to encourage marriage produced few positive results, there are some bright spots that could form the basis for designing and testing a new generation of such programs. Fourth, we could create more opportunities for disadvantaged young men to prepare for employment, and we could reduce their rates of incarceration. And, finally, we could do more to help single mothers raise their children, for example, by expanding child care subsidies.
A Group Contingency plus Self-Management Intervention Targeting At-Risk Secondary Students&apos; Class-Work and Active Engagement
Author: Trevino-Maack, Sylvia I.
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Contingency Management,Self Management,Intervention,At Risk Students,Learner Engagement,High School Students,Remedial Reading,Writing (Composition),Token Economy,Outcomes of Treatment,Student Behavior

The purpose of the present study is to show that an independent group contingency (GC) combined with self-management strategies and randomized-reinforcer components can increase the amount of written work and active classroom responding in high school students. Three remedial reading classes and a total of 15 students participated in this study. Students used self-management strategies during independent reading time to increase the amount of writing in their reading logs. They used self-monitoring strategies to record whether or not they performed expected behaviors in class. A token economy using points and tickets was included in the GC to provide positive reinforcement for target responses. The results were analyzed through visual inspection of graphs and effect size computations and showed that the intervention increased the total amount of written words in the students' reading logs and overall classroom and individual student academic engagement.
Marriage and Child Wellbeing Revisited: Introducing the Issue
Author: McLanahan, Sara
Date: 2015-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marriage,Child Rearing,Well Being,Parent Child Relationship,Interpersonal Relationship,Marital Instability,Family Environment,Cognitive Development,Social Development,Emotional Development,Child Development,Social Change,Marriage Counseling,Family Life Education

Marriage is on the decline. Men and women of the youngest generation are either marrying in their late twenties or not marrying at all. Childbearing has also been postponed, but not as much as marriage. The result is that a growing proportion of children are born to unmarried parents--roughly 40 percent in recent years, and over 50 percent for children born to women under 30. Many unmarried parents are cohabiting when their child is born. Indeed, almost all of the increase in nonmarital childbearing during the past two decades has occurred to cohabiting rather than single mothers. But cohabiting unions are very unstable, leading us to use the term &quot;fragile families&quot; to describe them. About half of couples who are cohabiting at their child's birth will split by the time the child is five. Many of these young parents will go on to form new relationships and to have additional children with new partners. The consequences of this instability for children are not good. Research increasingly shows that family instability undermines parents' investments in their children, affecting the children's cognitive and social-emotional development in ways that constrain their life chances. Whereas most scholars now agree that children raised by two biological parents in a stable marriage do better than children in other family forms across a wide range of outcomes, there is less consensus about why. Is it the quality of parenting? Is it the availability of additional resources (time and money)? Or is it just that married parents have different attributes than those who aren't married? Thus a major theme addressed in this issue is &quot;why marriage matters&quot; for child wellbeing.