ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Is Oral Performance Affected by Motivation?
Author: Soozandehfar, Seyyed Mohammad Ali
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Speech Communication,Placement,Oral Language,Statistical Analysis,Foreign Countries,English (Second Language),Second Language Learning,Student Motivation,Comparative Analysis,Student Placement,Language Tests,Scores,Questionnaires,Language Proficiency,College Students

The present investigation intends to make a comparison between integratively motivated students of English at Islamic Azad University of Shiraz and their instrumentally motivated peers in terms of their oral performance. To this end, 35 junior students (15 males and 20 females) were selected out of 54 initial participants based on their scores on the Oxford Placement Test. A 20-item motivation questionnaire adopted from Laine (1969) was employed to constitute two groups of 13 integrative and 22 instrumental students. The students' scores on the two courses of Oral Reproduction 1 &amp; 2 were used to represent their oral proficiency. The statistical analysis, using independent t-test, revealed that there was no significant difference between the integratively oriented participants and their instrumentally oriented counterparts as far as their speaking was concerned. Teachers in an EFL context can use either instrumental or integrative motivation to develop students' L2 speaking ability. (Contains 3 tables.)
Training Tools for Translators and Interpreters
Author: Al-Qinai, Jamal
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Feedback (Response),Foreign Countries,Protocol Analysis,Translation,Teaching Methods,Interdisciplinary Approach,Second Languages,Teamwork,Simulation,Memory,Attention,Documentation,Peer Evaluation,Writing (Composition),Verbal Communication

The present paper reviews the traditional methodologies of translator training and proposes an eclectic multi-componential approach that involves a set of interdisciplinary skills with the ultimate objective of meeting market demand. Courses on translation for specific purposes (TSP) and think-aloud protocols (TAP) along with self-monitoring and self-evaluation mechanisms go in parallel with group projects to provide trainee translators with a fair knowledge of the tactics of target text production, teamwork cooperation and labour division. Simulated conference interpreting prepares trainees to research terminology and background information and refers to documentation from previous conferences with an emphasis on memory, attention, and automaticity. Peer review and revision enable not only the teacher to give positive feedback in the classroom but also the students to find out why the interpretation went wrong by evaluating their colleagues or themselves. Finally, it is important to enhance TT delivery skills as the key to successful interpretation in the interpretation market. The ability to render the target text verbally or in writing is as important as the ability to understand the source message.
The Intelligibility and Comprehensibility of World Englishes to Non-Native Speakers
Author: Jung, Mi-Young
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Undergraduate Students,Native Speakers,Barriers,Second Language Learning,English (Second Language),English,Official Languages,Language Role,Language Attitudes,Pronunciation,Intercultural Communication,Cultural Differences,Cultural Awareness

The aim of this study is to investigate which pronunciations of English are difficult or different from one's first language, as well as to explore which factors are crucial for communication with people from other cultures when English is used as one of the World Englishes. Ninety-one undergraduate students (85 females and 6 males) from two different Korean universities participated in this study. A survey was conducted to determine their background information and to find out their attitudes toward World Englishes. This study was based on two concepts: &quot;intelligibility&quot; (focusing on words) and &quot;comprehensibility&quot; (focusing on meaning) when communicating with people from different countries. For attaining intelligibility, one must overcome such factors as pronunciation, stress, intonation, and the vowel and consonant sounds of English. On the other hand, for achieving comprehensibility, there are other factors predominate such as grammatical, cultural, socio-linguistic and pragmatic aspects. Thus, in order to avoid intelligibility and comprehensibility problems, EFL/ESL students should learn all the common varieties of English used between native speakers and non-native speakers (NSs-NNSs) and between two non-native speakers (NNSs-NNSs). Additionally, students should consider and respect different situations and different cultural backgrounds to establish successful intelligibility and comprehensibility. (Contains 9 figures, 5 tables, and 5 footnotes.)
A New Outlook on EAP Literacies: General and Specific English Territories
Author: Zohrabi, Mohammad
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Graduate Students,Class Activities,Learning Activities,English for Academic Purposes,English (Second Language),Teaching Methods,Second Language Learning,Second Language Instruction,Student Needs,Language Teachers,Teacher Role,Material Development,Course Descriptions

In designing an EAP (English for Academic Purposes) course it is necessary that we consider several factors: students' objectives, needs, levels and interests, course and institution's goals, and availability of resources. In this paper it is strived to elucidate the differences between EGP (English for General purposes) and ESP (English for Specific purposes) courses. The experience of teaching in EFL situation indicates that our students largely need general English rather than specific English. Also, it is endeavored to discuss the role of EAP teachers and learners. Meanwhile, we will try to illustrate the crucial role that common core, content-based instruction, needs analysis, materials, and classroom activities serve in EAP syllabuses. It is discussed that before embarking on teaching, we need to take heed of students' levels, aims and needs. This paper can have significant implications for EAP teachers, graduate students, syllabus designers, material developers, and researchers in the field of EAP. (Contains 8 figures.)
Students' Behaviors and Views of Paraphrasing and Inappropriate Textual Borrowing in an EFL Academic Setting
Author: Liao, Ming-Tzu
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Graduate Students,Metacognition,Foreign Countries,English (Second Language),Cognitive Development,Second Language Learning,Second Language Instruction,English for Academic Purposes,Writing (Composition),Undergraduate Students,Questionnaires,Student Attitudes,Plagiarism,Transfer of Training,Language Proficiency

This study examines skillful EFL writers' and less skillful writers' EFL performance and perceptions of paraphrasing and inappropriate text borrowing, the extent to which their performance matches perceptions, and the factors behind their problematic text borrowing. Ninety-five postgraduates and undergraduates in Taiwan accomplished a paraphrasing task and completed a questionnaire. The findings revealed a mismatch between the participants' behaviors and perceptions. The participants tended to deny having committed plagiarism and claimed they were aware of the importance of paraphrasing. However, such belief has contrasted sharply with their actual behaviors in the paraphrasing task in which both postgraduates and undergraduates failed to produce acceptable texts. The reasons for this included not having explicitly learned paraphrasing, unsuccessful transfer of paraphrasing knowledge to writing due to a lack of experience and practice, and the influence of their citation practice in Chinese writing. In addition, the undergraduates plagiarized more strings of words than the graduate students did. The possible reasons for this could include the undergraduates' less sufficient metacognitive knowledge and strategies, as well as their immature cognitive development. This study suggests that to raise EFL students' awareness of and performance in paraphrasing, improving their English proficiency and metacognition, and practice on paraphrasing are necessary in EFL writing classes. (Contains 6 tables.)
Widening Notions of Personhood: Stories and Identity
Author: Schwartz, Karen D.
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Disabilities,Medical Services,Death,Older Adults,Ethics,Mental Retardation,Newspapers,News Reporting,Foreign Countries

In the course of the author's research into media representations of vulnerability and disability at end of life, she came across two local news stories, both thoroughly reported on by the &quot;Winnipeg Free Press&quot;. In November 1998, doctors at a long term health care facility in Winnipeg, Manitoba insisted on entering a &quot;do not resuscitate&quot; order on the chart of 79 year old Mr. Andrew Sawatzky. In December 2007, doctors in the intensive care unit of a Winnipeg hospital opted to disconnect the ventilator and remove the feeding tube of Mr. Samuel Golubchuk, an 84 year old man. Doctors evaluated both Mr. Sawatzky and Mr. Golubchuk by assessing their levels of awareness and consciousness. Neither man was able to speak, although relatives of both men claimed each was capable of communicating and expressing his wishes. For this reason, both of these medical decisions went against the wishes of their respective families, who then sought judicial intervention to reverse them. At the heart of both these cases was the pivotal debate over the entitlement to the designation of &quot;person&quot; and the moral status that it confers. In this paper, the author focuses on this debate and its conflicting narratives. She aims to deconstruct the newspaper accounts of the different narratives in the cases of Mr. Sawatzky and Mr. Golubchuk. She then uses the news accounts to demonstrate the implications that such narratives can have on the lives of these two vulnerable people, as well as people with intellectual disabilities. She begins by describing the law and policy for providing life-sustaining treatments in Manitoba. She follows this description with a summary of the above-mentioned two cases and continues with a brief review of the literature highlighting the relevant philosophical, ethical and medical concepts which are central to understanding these stories. She concludes this paper with a discussion of the implications that these different narratives can have for people with intellectual disabilities. (Contains 1 footnote.)
The Ethics of Making Space for Non-Conformist Minds and Bodies in Healthcare
Author: Hansen, Nancy E.
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Ethics,Disabilities,Health Services,Attitudes toward Disabilities,Inclusion,Quality of Life,Disability Discrimination

This paper investigates the place of the disabled body in health care provision. Increasingly, differences in cognition and physicality are being re-framed and mediated in terms of social value. Disabled people have had little input in developing the space in which we find ourselves at present. We examine various historical, cultural and social perceptions underlying this debate.
The Unkindest Cut of All: Portrayals of Pain and Surgery in the Tracy Latimer Case
Author: Janz, Heidi L.
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Surgery,Pain,Cerebral Palsy,Parent Role,Parents,Legal Responsibility,Homicide,Ethics,Social Attitudes,Foreign Countries,Personal Autonomy,Quality of Life

The paper examines the language used to describe pain and surgery in the trials and the media discussions of the killing of Tracy Latimer by her father. Descriptions of proposed surgical procedures, that were planned before Tracy was killed, exaggerate the intrusiveness of surgeries to be performed so as to suggest that surgery would be worse than death. Language was used to make the case that killing Tracy was somehow justified because Tracy was in relentless pain, and the proposed surgery would only have caused even more pain. Therefore, the assumption is made that surgery would have been worse than death for Tracy. In reality, Tracy experienced some pain and discomfort, but her pain was manageable, and would most likely have been eliminated by surgery. (Contains 3 footnotes.)
Cutting Edge Treatment: Pain and Surgery in the Ashley X Case
Author: Sobsey, Dick
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Surgery,Decision Making,Social Attitudes,Pain,Developmental Disabilities,Brain,Ethics

Pain and surgery are phenomena that have frequently been mentioned in the discussions of the Ashley X case. This article describes how pain and surgery have been used selectively to argue for or against the Ashley X procedures. Few if any of the many publications discussing the merits of the Ashley-X procedures can be said to strike a reasonable balance between the pros and cons of the procedures. This lack of balance and extreme polarization may result in part from the lack of precedents and weak research foundation for making decisions around this kind of treatment. (Contains 3 tables.)
None Is Still Too Many: An Historical Exploration of Canadian Immigration Legislation as It Pertains to People with Disabilities
Author: Hanes, Roy
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Disabilities,Immigration,Legislation,Ethics,History,Disability Discrimination,Foreign Countries

This paper explores the development of Canadian immigration legislation from the mid-Nineteenth Century to the present day. The aim is to show, through an historical lens, how people with disabilities have been and continue to be treated as inferior to nondisabled people when it comes to immigration. Similar to other minority populations, including people of colour, gays, lesbians, as well as people from ethnically and culturally diverse communities, people with disabilities have been assigned to the prohibited and inadmissible classes of various immigration acts. While significant legislative changes have been instituted to address immigration policies which were once racist, sexist, and/or homophobic, no similar changes have been made to address ableist immigration legislation. As a result, Canadian immigration legislation continues to deny or restrict immigration opportunities for people with disabilities, as case studies will attest. By developing this history, it is hoped that readers will address important questions about the ethics of the continued discrimination against potential immigrants with disabilities and the ethics of decision-making processes which devalue the lives of people with disabilities.
Ethical Issues Related to the Use/Non-Use of Assistive Technologies
Author: Cook, Albert M.
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Ethics,Assistive Technology,Disabilities,Personal Autonomy,Justice

Assistive technologies (AT) can provide significant assistance in accomplishing the tasks of daily living for persons who have disabilities. Five types of ethical principles underlie the distribution and use of AT: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, autonomy and fidelity. Beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, most directly affect the distribution of AT, leading to increased autonomy for persons with disabilities. In this paper, I develop the premise that it is principles of distributive justice that both inform and shape equitable assistive technology application and ultimately affect use and non-use of these technologies.
Breaching the Last Frontier: Dignity and the Toileting Issue for Persons with Multiple and Severe Disabilities
Author: Pivato, Emma
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Human Dignity,Hygiene,Severe Disabilities,Multiple Disabilities,Developmental Disabilities,Self Efficacy,Mental Retardation,Personal Autonomy,Parents,Adults,Barriers,Normalization (Disabilities)

Although much has been written about the normalization and social inclusion of persons with developmental disabilities over the past 50 years, a small subset of this population has remained largely overlooked--individuals who are quadriplegic, non-verbal and who also have additional disabilities, including cognitive impairment. The present project was designed to address one of the most glaring aspects of this neglect--personal control over personal hygiene and its connection to human dignity and sense of self-efficacy. Ten parents with adult children with severe and multiple disabilities were asked a series of questions to explore the following thesis: Are unnecessary physical barriers negatively impacting on normalization in the area of personal care, an important area of pro-social behavior?
Questions of Right and Left or Right and Wrong: A Disability-Ethics Analysis of the Right-Wing and Left-Wing Media Portrayals of the Latimer Case
Author: Janz, Heidi L.
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Ethics,Court Litigation,Disabilities,Homicide,Political Attitudes,Mass Media,Religion,Attitudes toward Disabilities,Foreign Countries

This paper examines the right and left wing media coverage of the Robert Latimer case, arguing that, in particular, the left-wing progressive portrayal of this case not only creates a &quot;preferred version and vision of social order&quot; (Ericson, Baranek, &amp; Chan,1991, p. 4), but also affirms a utilitarian ethics and a normative framework of reference that can be used in the courts of law to argue for the voluntary and, more importantly, the nonvoluntary euthanasia of &quot;defective&quot; and &quot;deformed&quot; individuals. We further argue that publications of the religious right, most notably Alberta Report, have countered this normative framework of utilitarian ethics by consistently providing space for Tracy Latimer's story to be told. We conclude this paper with consideration of an alternative ethics that develops Paul Woodruff's call for a politics and practice of reverence, a secular, as opposed to a religious, praxis that is inclusive and appreciative of all human difference. (Contains 3 footnotes.)
The Canadian Legal System, the Robert Latimer Case, and the Rhetorical Construction of (Dis)ability: &quot;Bodies that Matter?&quot;
Author: Hayward, Sally
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Court Litigation,Disabilities,Homicide,Rhetoric,Judges,Attitudes toward Disabilities,Foreign Countries

This paper considers Judge Ted Noble's 1997 ruling of the Latimer case in terms of how it rhetorically constructs and privileges the normal, able-bodied status quo, while, at the same time, deconstructs and positions as inferior the &quot;abnormal,&quot; dis-abled minority. In this case, Noble not only took the unprecedented step of granting Robert Latimer--the Saskatchewan farmer who killed his twelve-year-old disabled daughter, Tracy, by putting her into the front seat of his truck and poisoning her with carbon monoxide gas--a constitutional exemption, but also attempted to create a lenient category of murder called compassionate homicide. Although Latimer's eventual conviction of second-degree murder in 2001 might imply that justice was done, the violent and decidedly unconstitutional rhetoric employed by Noble points to the way in which the law legitimates normative models of personhood and citizenship that rest, problematically, on the elimination, figuratively and literally, of people, who, like Tracy Latimer, disturb the &quot;normal&quot; vision and would, in Noble's terms, be &quot;better off dead.&quot; (Contains 7 footnotes.)
Including as a Care-ful Journey: A Parent's Perspective
Author: Scorgie, Kate
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Family Life,Family Environment,Coping,Disabilities,Child Rearing,Parent Role,Parenting Styles,Case Studies,Social Attitudes,Social Influences,Inclusion,Longitudinal Studies,Interviews,Down Syndrome,Social Support Groups

The authors argue for the need of a cyclical, rather than a linear, model of family coping and life management when a child has a disability. Longitudinal support for such a cyclical model of family life management is presented, with recognition that parental control of outcome lessens as the young person ages, because the adult world is not inclusive. In presenting longitudinal support from a single case study, attention is drawn to the importance of a societal response of inclusion and caring, especially as a child exits educational programming and transitions into adulthood in a noninclusive world.
Embodied and Embedded Theory in Practice: The Student-Owned Learning-Engagement (SOLE) Model
Author: Atkinson, Simon
Date: 2011-02-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Instructional Design,Instructional Development,Faculty Development,Open Universities,Alignment (Education),Learner Engagement,Theory Practice Relationship,Educational Resources,Computer Uses in Education,Distance Education,Program Descriptions,College Instruction,College Faculty,Models,Open Source Technology

The demands on academic staff in all sectors to adopt best ODL practices to create effective and efficient models of learning in the face of increasing external pressures show no signs of abating. The massification of higher education, diversified access, and pressures to meet institutional visions and research objectives demand of teaching staff an increasingly public design process subject to peer review in numerous forms. Expectations of systematized pedagogical planners and embedded templates of learning within the institutional virtual learning environments (VLEs) have, so far, failed to deliver the institutional efficiencies anticipated. In response, a new model of learning design is proposed with a practical, accessible, and freely available toolkit that embodies and embeds pedagogical theories and practices. The student-owned learning-engagement (SOLE) model aims to support professional development within practice, constructive alignment, and holistic visualisations, as well as enable the sharing of learning design processes with the learners themselves. (Contains 4 figures.)
Head of Gold, Feet of Clay: The Online Learning Paradox
Author: Power, Michael
Date: 2011-02-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Electronic Learning,Distance Education,Online Courses,Barriers,Stakeholders,Educational Policy,Economics,Educational History,Access to Education,Instructional Design,Web Based Instruction,College Instruction,Blended Learning,Synchronous Communication,Asynchronous Communication

Although online learning (OL) is becoming widely accessible and is often viewed as cutting-edge, the actual number of regular faculty participating in this form of teaching remains small. Moreover, OL, despite its growing recognition, is often associated with high rates of student dissatisfaction and isolation, withdrawal, and attrition. Furthermore, although administrators typically champion support of OL, they often seem unable or unwilling to marshal the necessary financial, human, and technological resources to produce high-quality course materials and to effect efficient course delivery. In short, online learning seems paradoxically to be both booming and busting simultaneously. It is expanding supply yet hitting similar obstacles that distance education encountered generations earlier. Under these circumstances, OL is unlikely to become mainstream without a major redirection. This article applies economic principles and concepts to OL. The revised conceptualization posits that an understanding of stakeholder priorities is the key to improved online course design and delivery. (Contains 6 figures and 1 footnote.)