ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Fifth Grade Students' Experiences Participating in Active Gaming in Physical Education: The Persistence to Game
Author: Hansen, Lisa
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Physical Education,Physical Activities,Video Games,Persistence,Grade 5,Methods,Student Journals,Video Technology,Educational Technology,Learner Engagement,Educational Strategies,Teaching Methods,Guidelines,Case Studies,Focus Groups,Interviews,Instructional Effectiveness,Student Attitudes,Observation

Although video games are often associated with sedentary behaviors, active gaming is a new genre that requires children to become physically active while playing the games. In this study six fifth grade students' experiences participating in active gaming in eight-week physical education classes were explored. Qualitative methods of interviews, journal entries, and observational field notes were employed. Analysis of data reveals a major theme of students' "Persistence to Game" (P[subscript 2]G) when participating in active gaming during physical education, and seven subthemes associated with the major theme were identified. Both Play theory and Flow theory were used to explain the major theme and seven subthemes that emerged. The findings of this study suggest that active gaming can be used in 21st century physical education class to increase children's physical activity levels. (Contains 3 figures.)
What Skills and Tactics Are Needed to Play Adult Pick-Up Basketball Games?
Author: Wang, Jianyu
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Physical Education,Team Sports,Program Effectiveness,Physical Education Teachers,Psychomotor Skills,Competence,Skill Development,Adults,Athletes,Observation

The purpose of this study was to examine skill levels and performance patterns of regular players of pick-up basketball games. By a survey, 65 participants were identified as regular players and participated in the study. An observational instrument used to analyze game performance of the participants was developed and both content and construct validity of the instrument were established. Results indicated that the chest pass, overhead pass, bounce pass, and one-hand pass were frequently used passing skills; forward dribble, crossover dribble, and change-of-pace dribble were frequently used dribbling skills; and the jump shot, set shot, and layup were frequently used shooting skills. Hands up, jump and reach, two-hand catch, and box out were frequently observed in the games. The offensive tactics frequently observed were straight cut, straight drive and layup, and set screen, and the defensive tactics were steal intent, pressuring the dribbler, block intent, hand up, and defensive slide. The findings may help physical education teachers decide what skills and tactics should be taught in a basketball unit so that students can enjoy playing pick-up games. (Contains 5 tables and 1 figure.)
The Effectiveness of a Web-Based Motor Skill Assessment Training Program
Author: Kelly, Luke E.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Feedback (Response),Physical Education,Program Effectiveness,Psychomotor Skills,Physical Education Teachers,Internet,Educational Assessment,Performance Tests,Computer Assisted Instruction,Educational Technology,Video Technology,Preservice Teacher Education,Individualized Instruction,Training Methods,Preservice Teachers,Comparative Analysis,Instructional Effectiveness,Pretests Posttests

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based, intereactive video assessment program on teaching preservice physical education majors to assess the motor skill of kicking. The program provided component specific feedback through tutorial, guided practice, and competency training options. The 72 participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Teacher-Directed, Web-based with Time constraint, Web-based with No Time constraint, and No-Training. Analysis of the data revealed that both the web-based groups performed significantly better than the no-training group, but were not significantly different from each other or the teacher-directed group. It was concluded that web-based assessment training offers a viable way to provide preservice physical educators with 24/7 access to individualized assessment training. (Contains 3 tables.)
The Attitudes of Track and Field Throwers toward Performance Enhancing Drug Use and Drug Testing
Author: Judge, Lawrence W.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Track and Field,Negative Attitudes,Drug Use,Athletes,Drug Use Testing,Intention,High School Students,Adults,National Surveys,Attitude Measures,Prevention,Influences

The practice of enhancing athletic performance through the use of ergogenic aids or by extraneous artificial means is as old as competitive sport itself. Although the abuse of such substances has been historically problematic, very little research assessing the attitudes of strength/power athletes concerning ergogenic aids exists. As national anti-doping organizations (NADOs) adopt preventative measures to complement detection-based deterrence methods, understanding athlete attitudes towards drugs in sport will take on a new importance. This study was conducted to measure athlete attitudes in the sport of track and field (specifically throwers) toward performance enhancing drug (PED) use and drug testing. The results suggest that both attitude (mean = 1.20 [plus or minus] 0.91) and behavioral intent (mean = 1.27 [plus or minus] 1.5) of throwers in the United States are supportive of the anti-doping movement. However, the score on subjective norm (mean = -0.18 [plus or minus] 1.03) was negative suggesting that track and field throwers perceive doping as a problem in elite-level (professional or post-collegiate) track and field. The conclusions of the present study support previous research findings: negative attitudes towards doping and positive attitudes in support of drug testing. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.)
Factors Influencing College Selection by NCAA Division I, II, and III Lacrosse Players
Author: Pauline, Jeffrey
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Team Sports,Reputation,College Choice,Employment Opportunities,Influences,College Students,Gender Differences,National Surveys,Student Recruitment,Athletes,Student Surveys,Student Attitudes

The purpose of this investigation was to examine factors influencing college selection by NCAA Division I, II and III lacrosse players. The Influential Factors Survey for Student-Athletes-Revised was used to collect data from 792 male and female collegiate lacrosse players. Descriptive statistics showed the most influential factors were: career opportunities after graduation, academic reputation of the university, overall reputation of the university, availability of academic program or major, and reputation of academic major or program. Descriptive analysis further revealed the academics category to have the greatest overall influence in the college selection process. A MANOVA revealed significant differences in the college selection process by gender and NCAA Division (p less than 0.05). Recommendations for collegiate lacrosse coaches and athletic department personnel as well as for future research are discussed. (Contains 4 tables.)
Consumer Decision-Making Styles for Singaporean College Consumers: An Exploratory Study
Author: Bae, Sungwon
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Measures (Individuals),Marketing,Factor Analysis,Decision Making,Consumer Economics,College Students,Physical Activities,Athletics,Questionnaires,Student Attitudes,Purchasing

The purpose of this study was to investigate Singaporean consumers' decision-making styles (shopping styles) for sports products. This study used a scale of the Purchaser Style Inventory for Sport Products (PSISP) to identify if the scale was reliable. An instrument, consisting of 42 items under 9 dimensions, was administrated to 234 college students in Singapore. This study computed data factor analysis and alpha coefficients for scale reliability. The results indicated the generality of some consumer decision-making styles. Some similarities and differences as well as managerial implications for marketing research will be discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)
Student Perceptions about and Performance in Problem-Based Learning
Author: Alessio, Helaine
Date: 2004-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Undergraduate Students,Student Attitudes,Problem Based Learning,Teaching Methods,College Students,Higher Education,General Education,Scores,Student Centered Curriculum,Problem Solving,Independent Study,Nursing Students,Nursing Education,Nurses,Nursing,Enrollment,Graduate Students,Statistical Analysis,Comparative Analysis,Feedback (Response),Medical Education,Allied Health Occupations Education

Many graduate and professional programs include Problem Based Learning (PBL) as a mainstay in their curricula. For many undergraduate students, this is a change from a teacher-centered to a student-centered learning method. This study was undertaken to learn about perceptions and test performances of college students (N=116) enrolled in liberal education classes when PBL is used vs. traditional teaching methods. Results indicated students perceived traditional teacher-centered learning more favorably than student-centered PBL. Nevertheless, test scores were similar. Negative student perceptions about learning in PBL classes did not support either teacher observations of learning activity in the classroom or compromised test performances. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.)
Errorless Learning of a Conditional Temporal Discrimination
Author: Arantes, Joana
Date: 2011-01-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Stimulus Generalization,Generalization,Comparative Analysis,Animals,Sample Size,Statistical Analysis,Experiments,Stimuli,Time Perspective,Behavior,Psychometrics

In the present study we extended errorless learning to a conditional temporal discrimination. Pigeons' responses to a left-red key after a 2-s sample and to a right-green key after a 10-s sample were reinforced. There were two groups: One learned the discrimination through trial and error and the other through an errorless learning procedure. Then, both groups were presented with three types of tests. First, they were exposed to intermediate durations between 2 s and 10 s, and given a choice between both keys (stimulus generalization test). Second, a delay from 1 s to 16 s was included between the offset of the sample and the onset of the choice keys (delay test). Finally, pigeons learned a new discrimination in which the stimuli were switched (reversal test). Results showed that pigeons from the Errorless group made significantly fewer errors than those in the Trial-and-Error group. Both groups performed similarly during the stimulus generalization test and the reversal test, but results of the delay test suggested that, on long stimulus trials, responding in the errorless training group was less disrupted by delays. (Contains 1 table and 10 figures.)
Recombinative Reading Derived from Pseudoword Instruction in a Miniature Linguistic System
Author: Hanna, Elenice S.
Date: 2011-01-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Letters (Correspondence),Syllables,Phonemes,Beginning Reading,Linguistics,Reading Skills,Teaching Conditions,College Students,Vowels,Experiments,Stimuli,Undergraduate Students,Higher Education,Alphabets

A miniature linguistic system was used to study acquisition of recombinative symbolic behavior. Three studies evaluated the teaching conditions of conditional discriminations with printed and spoken pseudowords that could potentially generate recombinative reading. Fifty-four college students across all studies learned to match 12 printed pseudowords to 12 spoken pseudowords. Some also matched pictures to the same spoken words. Each two-syllable pseudoword was formed by symbols from an arbitrarily created alphabet composed of four vowels and four consonants. Letters had univocal correspondence with phonemes. Recombinative receptive reading, comprehensive reading, and textual responding to pseudowords were periodically assessed. Experiment 1 (n = 20) showed that recombinative reading increased as the number of trained words composed of the same symbols increased. Experiment 2 (n = 14) showed that overtraining the same two words did not produce recombinative reading for most participants. Experiment 3 (n = 20), in which training with pictures was omitted, showed that elemental control by within-syllable units can develop even when the trained pseudowords are meaningless (not related to pictures). The present results support the utility of the miniature linguistic system methodology for identifying and controlling environmental determinants of rudimentary reading skills. (Contains 1 footnote, 2 tables, and 7 figures.)
Effects of Time between Trials on Rats' and Pigeons' Choices with Probabilistic Delayed Reinforcers
Author: Mazur, James E.
Date: 2011-01-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Animals,Intervals,Psychological Patterns,Probability,Reinforcement,Decision Making,Food,Delay of Gratification,Comparative Analysis,Experimental Psychology,Behavior

Parallel experiments with rats and pigeons examined reasons for previous findings that in choices with probabilistic delayed reinforcers, rats' choices were affected by the time between trials whereas pigeons' choices were not. In both experiments, the animals chose between a standard alternative and an adjusting alternative. A choice of the standard alternative led to a short delay (1 s or 3 s), and then food might or might not be delivered. If food was not delivered, there was an "interlink interval," and then the animal was forced to continue to select the standard alternative until food was delivered. A choice of the adjusting alternative always led to food after a delay that was systematically increased and decreased over trials to estimate an indifference point--a delay at which the two alternatives were chosen about equally often. Under these conditions, the indifference points for both rats and pigeons increased as the interlink interval increased from 0 s to 20 s, indicating decreased preference for the probabilistic reinforcer with longer time between trials. The indifference points from both rats and pigeons were well described by the hyperbolic-decay model. In the last phase of each experiment, the animals were not forced to continue selecting the standard alternative if food was not delivered. Under these conditions, rats' choices were affected by the time between trials whereas pigeons' choices were not, replicating results of previous studies. The differences between the behavior of rats and pigeons appears to be the result of procedural details, not a fundamental difference in how these two species make choices with probabilistic delayed reinforcers. (Contains 2 tables and 6 figures.)
Transitional and Steady-State Choice Behavior under an Adjusting-Delay Schedule
Author: Torres, L. Valencia
Date: 2011-01-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Animals,Selection,Reinforcement,Time,Animal Behavior

Twelve rats made repeated choices on an adjusting-delay schedule between a smaller reinforcer (A) that was delivered immediately after a response and a larger reinforcer (B) that was delivered after a delay which increased or decreased by 20% depending on the subject's choices in successive blocks of trials. In two phases of the experiment (100 sessions and 40 sessions), reinforcer sizes were selected which enabled theoretical parameters expressing the rate of delay discounting and sensitivity to reinforcer size to be estimated from the ratio of the indifference delays obtained in the two phases. Indifference delays, calculated from adjusting delays in the last 10 sessions of each phase, were shorter when the sizes of A and B were 14 and 25 [mu]l of a 0.6 M sucrose solution than when they were 25 and 100 [mu]l of the same solution. The ratio of the indifference delays was significantly smaller than that predicted on the basis of an assumed linear relation between reinforcer size and instantaneous reinforcer value, consistent with a previous proposal that this relation may be hyperbolic in form. Estimates of the rate of delay discounting based on the ratio of the two indifference delays (mean, 0.08 s[superscript -1]) were similar to values obtained previously using different intertemporal choice protocols. Estimates of the size-sensitivity parameter (mean 113 [mu]l) were similar to estimates recently derived from performance on progressive-ratio schedules. In both phases of the experiment, adjusting delays in successive blocks of trials were analyzed using the Fourier transform. The power spectrum obtained from individual rats had a dominant frequency that corresponded to a period of oscillation of the adjusting delay between 30 and 100 trial blocks (mean, 78). Power in the dominant frequency band was highest in the early sessions of the first phase and declined with extended training. It is suggested that this experimental protocol may have utility in neurobehoral studies of intertemporal choice. (Contains 9 figures.)
Effects of Daily Morphine Administration and Deprivation on Choice and Demand for Remifentanil and Cocaine in Rhesus Monkeys
Author: Wade-Galuska, Tammy
Date: 2011-01-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Cocaine,Drug Use,Reinforcement,Addictive Behavior,Animals,Symptoms (Individual Disorders),Physiology,Experimental Psychology

Choice procedures have indicated that the relative reinforcing effectiveness of opioid drugs increases during opioid withdrawal. The demand curve, an absolute measure of reinforcer value, has not been applied to this question. The present study assessed whether mild morphine withdrawal would increase demand for or choice of remifentanil or cocaine. Four rhesus monkeys chose between remifentanil and cocaine during daily sessions. Demand curves for both drugs were subsequently obtained. The effects of daily injections of 3.2 mg/kg morphine on both choice and demand for these drugs was assayed 3 and 20.5 hr after each morphine injection, and then during a postmorphine period. Three hours following morphine injections, choice of remifentanil over cocaine decreased and demand for remifentanil--but not cocaine--became more elastic. During morphine withdrawal (20.5 hr postinjection), choice of remifentanil increased and remifentanil demand became more inelastic in 3 of 4 monkeys. Cocaine demand also became more inelastic during this period. Four to five weeks following the morphine regimen, demand for both drugs was more inelastic relative to the initial determination. The results suggest that both the relative and absolute reinforcing effectiveness of remifentanil decreased following morphine administration and increased during morphine withdrawal. The absolute reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine also increased during morphine withdrawal. In addition, extended exposure to drug self-administration and/or exposure to the morphine regimen produced long-term increases in demand for both drugs. (Contains 5 tables and 4 figures.)
The Canine Sand Maze: An Appetitive Spatial Memory Paradigm Sensitive to Age-Related Change in Dogs
Author: Salvin, Hannah E.
Date: 2011-01-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Alzheimers Disease,Memory,Rewards,Cognitive Ability,Animals,Age Differences,Aging (Individuals),Visual Perception,Spatial Ability,Habituation,Comparative Analysis,Experimental Psychology

Aged dogs exhibit a spectrum of cognitive abilities including a syndrome similar to Alzheimer's disease. A major impediment to research so far has been the lack of a quick and accurate test of visuospatial memory appropriate for community-based animals. We therefore report on the development and validation of the Canine Sand Maze. A 4.5-m-diameter circular pool was filled with sand and powdered food reward mix to a depth of 10 cm. Dogs were given 4 habituation and 16 learning trials which alternated a food reward being half (control trials) or fully-buried (acquisition trials) in a fixed location. After a 90-min break, a probe trial was conducted. Cognitively normal, aged (greater than 8 years, n = 11) and young (1-4 years, n = 11), breed-matched dogs were compared. After correction for differences in control trials, average probe times were 2.97 and 10.81 s for young and aged dogs, respectively. In the probe trial, both groups spent significantly more time in the target quadrant but there was a trend for young dogs to cross a 1 m[superscript 2] annulus zone around the buried reward more frequently (2.6 times) than aged dogs (1.5 times). Test-retest reliability in a subset of young dogs (n = 5) was high. On the basis of these findings, the Canine Sand Maze is presented as a quick, sensitive and nonaversive tool for assessing spatial learning and reference memory in dogs. (Contains 7 figures.)
Dietary Habits and Physical Self-Concept of Elite Rhythmic Gymnasts
Author: Boros, Szilvia
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Body Composition,Self Concept Measures,Eating Habits,Adolescents,Females,Self Concept,Athletics,Athletes,Comparative Analysis,Questionnaires,Control Groups,Nutrition,Health Behavior

Study aim: To identify main differences in nutrient patterns, food preferences and physical self-concept between the world's elite rhythmic gymnasts and untrained controls. Material and methods: A group of elite rhythmic gymnasts (n = 103) aged 15-21 years volunteered to participate in the study during the 2003 World Championships in Rhythmic Gymnastics (Budapest, Hungary). A selected group of 113 untrained schoolgirls aged 15-18 years served as controls. Typical eating habits and physical self-concept were assessed by applying a questionnaire containing questions on dietary habits and on self-concept (taken from the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale). Results: The female gymnasts had significantly lower (p less than 0.01) body mass and BMI than their untrained mates. The levels of physical self-concept were similar in both groups. Rhythmic gymnasts declared eating lunch and dinner, as well as eating sweets, eating excessively and liking eating, less frequently than their untrained mates (p less than 0.01). Conclusion: Attaining a perfect body by elite gymnasts may mean a very high cost associated with poor dietary habits and inadequate nutrient intake. (Contains 1 table.)
Leisure Activities of University College Staff
Author: Biernat, Elzbieta
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Recreational Activities,Tourism,Leisure Time,Data Analysis,Participation,College Faculty,Health Behavior,Interviews,Private Colleges,Athletics,Travel,Foreign Countries,Gender Differences

Study aim: To determine the participation of academic teachers in leisure activities for that group contribute to shaping habits of a large percentage of young people. Material and methods: A group of 52 staff members (about 30%) of a private university college, aged 25-70 years, were interviewed with respect to their participation in sports, recreation and tourism in the recent year. Chi-square function in the logarithmic form was used in data analysis. Results: Over two-thirds participants declared practicing recreational activities (43% regularly); 80% or more declared short- or long-lasting local trips and 50% declared journeys abroad. Conclusions: The knowledge of benefits brought about by motor activities and the awareness of their necessity stimulate the activities, especially the tourism and recreational ones of people. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.)