ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Do Ethical Judgments Depend on the Type of Response Scale? Comparing Acceptability versus Unacceptability Judgments in the Case of Life-Ending Procedures
Author: Sastre, Maria Teresa Munoz
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Patients,Physicians,Decision Making,Death,Ethics,Cognitive Structures,Lay People,Measures (Individuals),Context Effect,Age,Diseases,Pain,Questioning Techniques,Physician Patient Relationship,Multivariate Analysis,Social Science Research

Using Functional Measurement (Anderson, 2008), Frileux, Lelievre, Munoz Sastre, Mullet, and Sorum (2003) examined the joint impact of several key factors on lay people's judgments of the acceptability of physicians' interventions to end patients' lives. The level of acceptability was high, and the information integration rule that best described the participants' judgments was Acceptability = Patient's Request + Patient's Age + Residual Suffering + Incurability. Critics suggested, however, that acceptability was high because the ethical problem was framed in terms of acceptability (Murphy, 2007). Presenting participants with acceptability scales may have caused the life-ending procedure to be represented in participants' mind as basically "acceptable". By contrast, presenting participants with unacceptability scales might cause the procedure to be represented as basically "unacceptable". In the present study, therefore, we directly compared lay people's judgments of the acceptability of life-ending procedures under two opposite conditions--an acceptability condition, and an unacceptability condition. The life-ending procedure did not appear as more acceptable to participants responding in terms of acceptability than to those responding in terms of unacceptability. In addition, the impacts of the factors describing the end-of-life situations were not affected by the type of judgment scale that was used. Functional Measurement seems to be resistant to goal-framing effects; the findings that have been observed using acceptability scales can be considered as robust. (Contains 2 figures.)
The Algebra of Sleepiness: Investigating the Interaction of Homeostatic (S) and Circadian (C) Processes in Sleepiness Using Linear Metrics"
Author: Mairesse, Olivier
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Sleep,Interaction,Time,Biology,Physiology,Human Body,Young Adults,Models,Measures (Individuals)

The present studies were conducted to contribute to the debate on the interaction between circadian (C) and homeostatic (S) processes in models of sleep regulation. The Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation assumes a linear relationship between processes S and C. However, recent elaborations of the model, based on data from forced desynchrony studies, suggest a nonlinear interaction between both processes. Whether this interaction is due to an interaction at substantial level or an artifact from the use of nonlinear metrics remain largely unknown, partly because usual experimental procedures in sleep research do not provide the necessary means to make this distinction. In this study we apply Functional Measurement methodology to demonstrate the linearity of two subjective sleepiness scales (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Visual Analogue Scale for sleepiness/alertness) and subsequently use these instruments in a judgment task based on information on prior sleep and time of day. Our results show that, when using linear metrics, processes S and C are integrated according to a differential weighting averaging rule, which consequently implies that both processes are psychologically related in a nonlinear way when sleepiness judgments are performed. (Contains 5 figures, 1 table and 1 footnote.)
Functional Measurement Analysis of Brand Equity: Does Brand Name Affect Perceptions of Quality?
Author: Hilgenkamp, Heather
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Visual Aids,Relationship,Organizations (Groups),Undergraduate Students,Selection,Decision Making,Purchasing,Vendors,Context Effect,Measures (Individuals),Student Attitudes,Value Judgment,Bias,Consumer Economics

This research project used Functional Measurement to examine how the brand name of consumer products impacts intended purchasing decisions. Thirty undergraduate students tested actual products from three different product categories (crayons, tissues, and tortilla chips). Each product category consisted of three different brands; one with high brand value, one with medium, and one with low brand (generic) value. For each brand, there were five conditions: 1) the product with the correct brand name; 2) the product with a switched brand name; 3) the product with another switched brand name; 4) the product alone with no brand name; and 5) the brand name alone with no product. Participants were unaware that products had been switched. After trying each product, participants rated their likelihood to purchase on a 9-point Like rt scale: 1 being &quot;definitely would not buy&quot; and 9 being &quot;definitely would buy.&quot; Results revealed that perceptions of quality were dependent on both perceived product quality and brand name. Unexpectedly, results also showed that the strength of the brand equity effect is dependent on product type, e.g., chips showed the strongest brand effect. For most product categories, main effects and interactions were significant. Functional measurement analyses revealed that brand name effects were independent of product quality. In conclusion, the brand name associated with a product led people to evaluate quality of that product as either higher or lower depending on the strength of the brand name. (Contains 3 figures.)
Functional Effectiveness of Threat Appeals in Exercise Promotion Messages
Author: Brengman, Malaika
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Cues,Exercise,Models,Physical Activity Level,Marketing,Psychology,Mass Media,Health Promotion,Life Style,Physical Activities,Health Behavior,Employees,Intention,Fear,Program Effectiveness,Motivation,Self Efficacy,Foreign Countries

As more than 70% of individuals in Western societies can be categorized as sedentary and inactivity has been recognized to lead to a series of serious physical and psychological disorders, the importance of physical activity promotion is ever more emphasized. Many social marketing campaigns use threat (or fear) appeals to promote healthy behaviors. Theoretical models, such as the Extended Parallel Process Model integrate concepts as &quot;perceived threat&quot; and &quot;perceived efficacy&quot; to explain how such messages operate and can cause diverse behavioral reactions. It is however still not entirely clear how these different aspects are valuated and combined to determine desired versus undesired response behaviors in individuals. In a functional integration task, threat-appeal based exercise promotion messages varying in psychological threat and efficacy content were shown to sedentary employees in order to assess how they affect their intention to engage in physical exercise. Our results show that individuals can be categorized in 4 different clusters depending on the way they valuate threat and efficacy appeals: i.e. individuals sensitive to both types of cues, those sensitive to either the threat or the efficacy component in the message and those insensitive to either one of them. As different segments of receivers of the message react differently to threat and efficacy combinations, it is concluded that different approaches to designing effective mass media campaigns may be required for effective exercise promotion. (Contains 6 figures and 3 tables.)
The Cognitive Processing of Somatic Anxiety: Using Functional Measurement to Understand and Address the Fear of Pain
Author: Moore, Philip J.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Quasiexperimental Design,Pain,Patients,Probability,Anxiety,Universities,Outcomes of Treatment,Undergraduate Students,Psychology

Although anxiety has both dispositional and situational determinants, little is known about how individuals' anxiety-related sensitivities and their expectations about stressful events combine to determine anxiety. This research used Information Integration Theory and Functional Measurement to assess how participants' anxiety sensitivity and event expectancy are cognitively integrated to determine their anxiety about physical pain. Two studies were conducted--one with university students and one with anxiety clinic patients--in which participants were presented with multiple scenarios of a physically painful event, each representing a different degree of event probability, from which subjective expectancies were derived. Independent variables included anxiety sensitivity (low, moderate, high) and event expectancy (low, medium, high, no probability information). Participants were asked to indicate their anxiety (dependent measure) in each expectancy condition in this 3 X 4 mixed, quasi-experimental design. The results of both studies strongly suggest that anxiety sensitivity and event expectancy are integrated additively to produce somatic anxiety. Additional results and their implications for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders are also discussed. (Contains 4 figures, 1 table, and 2 footnotes.)
An Experimental Approach to the Joint Effects of Relations with Partner, Friends and Parents on Happiness
Author: Theuns, P.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Psychology,Psychological Patterns,Interpersonal Relationship,Parent Child Relationship,Peer Relationship,Experimental Psychology,Vignettes,College Students,Foreign Countries,Friendship

Personal relations constitute an important life domain and satisfaction therein affects happiness in people. In an experimental approach with a 3x3x3 vignettes study in which 103 first year psychology students participated, the contribution of the quality of relationships with parents, friends, and a partner are studied. It is found that the studied relationships contribute to imagined happiness according to an averaging model with equal weights, whereby relationship with a partner is weighted the most important, followed by the relationship, with friends and parents respectively. The averaging model implies that the impact of the quality of the one kind of relationship can be compensated for by the effect from another kind of relationship. The equal weighting implies that the impact of each kind of relationships (parents, friends, and a partner), within the relationships domain, is constant and so does not depend on its quality. Moreover, it seems that at some high level of satisfaction the positive effect of a very good relationship with a partner cannot further be increased by better relationship with friends. Further research with participants from different age groups is needed to further understand the impact of relations with parents, friends, and a partner on happiness. (Contains 2 figures and 3 tables.)
The Law of Elasticity
Author: Cocco, Alberto
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Mechanics (Physics),Mathematical Concepts,Computation,Scientific Principles,Undergraduate Students,Equations (Mathematics),Imagination

Participants estimated the imagined elongation of a spring while they were imagining that a load was stretching the spring. This elongation turned out to be a multiplicative function of spring length and load weight--a cognitive law analogous to Hooke's law of elasticity. Participants also estimated the total imagined elongation of springs joined either in series or in parallel. This total elongation was longer for serial than for parallel springs, and increased proportionally to the number of serial springs and inversely proportionally to the number of parallel springs. The results suggest that participants integrated load weight with imagined elasticity rather than with spring length. (Contains 3 figures.)
Combined Effects of Mass and Velocity on Forward Displacement and Phenomenological Ratings: A Functional Measurement Approach to the Momentum Metaphor
Author: De Sa Teixeira, Nuno
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Investigations,Figurative Language,Physics,Motion,Theories,Psychomotor Skills,Comparative Analysis,Scientific Concepts,Measurement,Science Education,Foreign Countries,Statistical Analysis,Memory,Cognitive Processes

Representational Momentum (RepMo) refers to the phenomenon that the vanishing position of a moving target is perceived as displaced ahead in the direction of movement. Originally taken to reflect a strict internalization of physical momentum, the finding that the target implied mass did not have an effect led to its subsequent reinterpretation as a second-order isomorphism between mental representations and principles of the physical world. However, very few studies have addressed the effects of mass on RepMo, and consistent replications of the null effect are lacking. The extent of motor engagement of the observers in RepMo tasks has, on the other hand, been suggested to determine the occurrence of the phenomenon; however, no systematic investigations were made of the degree to which it might modulate the effect of target mass. In the present work, we use Information Integration Theory to study the joint effects of different motor responses, target velocity and target mass on RepMo, and also of velocity and target mass on rating responses. Outcomes point not only to an effect of mass on RepMo, as to a differential effect of response modality on kinematic (e.g., velocity) and dynamic (e.g., mass) variables. Comparisons of patterns of mislocalisation with phenomenological ratings suggest that simplification of physical principles, rather than strict internalization or isomorphism per se, might underlie RepMo. (Contains 3 figures.)
Skill-Related Uncertainty and Expected Value in 5- to 7-Year-Olds
Author: Bayless, Sarah
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Games,Probability,Children,Adolescents,Task Analysis,Evaluation Methods,Primary Education,Foreign Countries

Studies using an Information Integration approach have shown that children from four years have a good intuitive understanding of probability and expected value. Experience of skill-related uncertainty may provide one naturalistic opportunity to develop this intuitive understanding. To test the viability of this view, 16 5- and 16 7-year-olds played a marble rolling game in which size of the target and distance from it varied factorially. Task difficulty judgements (prior to practical experience with the game) reflected both objective task structure and subsequent performance for both age groups. Children then judged how happy they would be playing games of variable difficulty for different prizes. These judgements had the multiplicative structure predicted by the normative expected value model, again for both age groups. Thus children can use task difficulties as estimates of personal success probability in skill-related tasks. Our findings therefore extend previous work on early probability understanding from games of chance to games of skill. (Contains 2 figures and 1 table.)
Unifying Kohlberg with Information Integration: The Moral Algebra of Recompense and of Kohlbergian Moral Informers
Author: Hommers, Wilfried
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Children,Moral Values,Value Judgment,Theories,Child Development,Psychometrics,Measurement Techniques,Experiments,Cognitive Processes,Developmental Stages,Moral Development,Research Methodology,Interviews,Cultural Influences

In order to unify two major theories of moral judgment, a novel task is employed which combines elements of Kohlberg's stage theory and of the theory of information integration. In contrast to the format of Kohlberg's moral judgment interview, a nonverbal and quantitative response which makes low demands on verbal facility was used. Moral informers differing in value, i.e. high and low, are presented. The differences in effect of those two pieces of information should be substantial for a person at that specific moral stage, but small for a person at a different stage. Hence, these differences may diagnose the person's moral stage in the simplest possible way as the two levels of each of the thoughts were about typical content of the four Kohlbergian preconventional and conventional stages. The novel task allowed additionally to measure the influence of another moral concept which was about the non-Kohlbergian moral concept of recompense. After a training phase, pairs of those thoughts were presented to allow for the study of integration and individual differences. German and Korean children, 8, 10, and 12 years in age, judged deserved punishment. The patterns of means, correlations and factor loadings showed that elements of both theories can be unified, but produced unexpected results also. Additive integration of each of the two pairs of moral informers appeared, either with two Kohlbergian moral informers or with another Kohlbergian moral informer in combination with information about recompense. Also cultural independence as well as dependence, developmental changes between 8 and 10 years, and an outstanding moral impact of recompense in size and distinctiveness were observed. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.)
The Effect of Illumination on Gray Color
Author: Da Pos, Osvaldo
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Light,Visual Perception,Color,College Students,Experiments,Cognitive Processes

The present study explored the perceptual process of integration of luminance information in the production of the gray color of an object placed in an environment viewed from a window. The mean luminance of the object was varied for each mean luminance of the environment. Participants matched the gray color of the object with that of Munsell chips in a viewing box. The results show that the Munsell values so obtained are linear measures of gray color. The results support the possibility that the gray color of the object derives from an additive integration of the information about mean luminance of the object and about mean luminance of the environment, with the weights of this information varying with the mean luminances. (Contains 2 figures.)
When Symbolic Spatial Cues Go before Numbers
Author: Herrera, Amparo
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Cues,Numbers,Task Analysis,Experiments,Interaction,Feedback (Response),Universities,Foreign Countries,Spatial Ability,Correlation,Mathematics Education,Cognitive Psychology

This work explores the effect of spatial cueing on number processing. Participants performed a parity judgment task. However, shortly before the target number, a cue (arrow pointing to left, arrow pointing to right or a cross) was centrally presented. In Experiment 1, in which responses were lateralized, the cue direction modulated the interaction between response side and numerical size. In Experiment 2, there was a single response key, and in one block participants responded only to odd numbers and in the other block they responded only to even numbers. The results showed an association between symbolic spatial cues and numbers (i.e., small/left and large/right). We interpreted the joint results as indication of an early activation of spatial representation of numerical values produced independently of type of response requirements. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)
Concurrent Memory Load Can Make RSVP Search More Efficient
Author: Gil-Gomez de Liano, Beatriz
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Short Term Memory,Attention,Visual Perception,Visual Stimuli,Color,College Students,Foreign Countries,Responses

The detrimental effect of increased memory load on selective attention has been demonstrated in many situations. However, in search tasks over time using RSVP methods, it is not clear how memory load affects attentional processes; no effects as well as beneficial and detrimental effects of memory load have been found in these types of tasks. The main objective of the present work is to provide more evidence about the involvement of working memory in visual search over time. Using an RSVP search task, we manipulated set size (experiment 1) and congruency in a Stroop-like task (experiment 2), finding that high memory load conditions sometimes increase the efficiency of search over time. Our data also support important similarities between attention in space and time showing that there might be a general system for allocating attentional resources independent of stimulus dimension. However, there are also important differences, thus theoretical implications of present results are discussed. (Contains 3 figures, 2 footnotes, and 1 table.)
Effects of Task and Category Membership on Representation Stability
Author: Gaillard, Audrey
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Classification,Hypothesis Testing,Concept Formation,Experimental Psychology,Food,Animals,Undergraduate Students,Foreign Countries,Hygiene,Visual Stimuli,Cognitive Processes

This study examined the within-subject stability of 150 participants who performed both a sorting task and a property-generation task over multiple sessions, focusing on three concrete concept categories (food, animals and bathroom products). We hypothesized that (1) the within-subject stability would be higher in the sorting task than in the property-generation task and (2) the nature of the category would influence both the within-subject stability of the classification groups in the sorting task and the properties generated to define these groups. The results show that the within-subject stability of conceptual representations depends both on the task and on the nature of the category. The stability of the representations was greater in the sorting task than in the property-generation task and in the food category. These results are discussed from a longitudinal perspective. (Contains 7 tables.)
Inheritance of Properties of Normal and Non-Normal Distributions after Transformation of Scores to Ranks
Author: Zimmerman, Donald W.
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Statistical Analysis,Nonparametric Statistics,Scores,Error Patterns,Probability,Simulation

This study investigated how population parameters representing heterogeneity of variance, skewness, kurtosis, bimodality, and outlier-proneness, drawn from normal and eleven non-normal distributions, also characterized the ranks corresponding to independent samples of scores. When the parameters of population distributions from which samples were drawn were different, the ranks corresponding to the same pairs of samples of scores inherited similar differences. This finding explains some known results concerning Type I error probabilities and the relative power of parametric and nonparametric tests for various non-normal densities. (Contains 11 figures and 5 tables.)
The Impact of Acquiescence on Forced-Choice Responses: A Model-Based Analysis
Author: Ferrando, Pere J.
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Locus of Control,Reading Achievement,Measures (Individuals),Reading Programs,Questionnaires,Feedback (Response),Models,Undergraduate Students

The general aim of the present study is to assess the potential usefulness of the normative Forced Choice (FC) format for reducing the impact of acquiescent responding (AR). To this end it makes two types of contributions: methodological and substantive. Methodologically, it proposes a model-based procedure, derived from a basic response mechanism, for assessing the impact of AR. Substantively, it applies the procedure in three large datasets, which use well-known normative FC personality questionnaires: Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, the Sensation Seeking Scale (form V), and Vando's Reducer-Augmenter Scale. The results suggest that the impact of AR is minimal except for the Locus of Control Scale, so FC-based questionnaires are a good alternative for controlling acquiescence. The different results obtained with the LOC Scale might be explained for some particularities of this scale which are discussed in the paper. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)