ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Family Mobility and Neighborhood Change: New Evidence and Implications for Community Initiatives
Author: Coulton, Claudia
Date: 2009-11-00
Type: Reports - Research
Subjects: Migration,Residential Patterns,Relationship,Socioeconomic Status,Context Effect,Low Income Groups,Neighborhoods,Change,Community Characteristics,Multivariate Analysis

Americans change residences frequently. Residential mobility can reflect positive changes in a family's circumstances or be a symptom of instability and insecurity. Mobility may also change neighborhoods as a whole. To shed light on these challenges, this report uses a unique survey conducted for the &quot;Making Connections&quot; initiative. The first component measures how mobility contributed to changes in neighborhoods' composition and characteristics. The second component identifies groups of households that reflect different reasons for moving or staying in place. The final component introduces five stylized models of neighborhood performance: each has implications for low-income families' well-being and for community-change efforts. Appended are: (1) &quot;Making Connections&quot; Neighborhood Information; (2) Components of Neighborhood-Change Methodology; and (3) Cluster Analysis of Movers, Newcomers, and Stayers Methodology. (Contains 13 tables, 10 figures, and 18 notes.)
Reducing the Number of Disconnected Youth. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Young Adults,At Risk Students,Social Isolation,Unemployment,Problem Solving,Holistic Approach,Career Guidance,Access to Health Care,Housing Needs,Reentry Students,Labor Force Development,Economic Development,Barriers,Social Networks,Systems Approach,Social Change

As they move toward adulthood, most young Americans are either in school, in the workforce, or in the military. Their lives are shaped by the challenges and routines of these anchoring institutions and by the social networks they encounter there. But far too many are disconnected from the roles and relationships that set young people on pathways toward productive adult lives. They lack the skills, supports, knowledge, or opportunities they need to succeed. This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" outlines six strategies that can help to reduce the number of disconnected youth: (1) Re-engage disconnected youth and young adults in education; (2) Provide workforce development programs geared to the needs of disconnected youth and young adults; (3) Include disconnected youth in economic recovery investment and planning; (4) Address impediments to employment; (5) Create developmental opportunities that recognize the importance of social networks; and (6) Aim for comprehensive reform, with a focus on cross-system collaboration. (Contains 9 online resources.)
Preventing Low Birthweight. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Body Weight,Prevention,Public Health,Premature Infants,Birth Rate,Access to Health Care,Medical Services,Mental Health,Dental Health,Smoking,Pregnancy,Nutrition,Risk,Prenatal Care,Prenatal Influences

Despite decades of research and prevention efforts, low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams, or 5 lbs., 8 ozs.) remains a major public health challenge. Preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestation) is by far the most common reason for low birthweight (LBW), and trendlines for LBW tend to parallel those for preterm birth. Since 1990, the U.S. low-birthweight rate has increased by 19 percent, and the preterm birth rate has risen by 21 percent. From 2005 to 2006, the percentage of LBW births increased from 8.2 to 8.3 percent; the rate of preterm births increased from 12.7 percent to 12.8 percent (Hamilton, Martin & Ventura, 2007). This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" describes five strategies that are essential to any plan aimed at reducing the rate of LBW births: (1) Expand access to medical and dental services, taking a lifespan approach to health care; (2) Focus intensively on smoking prevention and cessation; (3) Ensure that pregnant women get adequate nutrition; (4) Address demographic, social, and environmental risk factors; and (5) Support sustained research on the causes of LBW. (Contains 8 online resources.)
Reducing the Child Death Rate. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Children,Mortality Rate,Death,Socioeconomic Influences,Child Health,Chronic Illness,Child Caregivers,Accidents,Restraints (Vehicle Safety),Child Safety

In the 20th century's final decades, advances in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases sharply reduced the child death rate. Despite this progress, the child death rate in the U.S. remains higher than in many other wealthy nations. The under-five mortality rate in the U.S. is almost three times higher than that of Iceland and Sweden and double that of Czech Republic, Finland, Italy, Japan, Norway and Slovenia (Save the Children, 2008). Many of these deaths are preventable. Injury continues to be the chief cause of death for the nation's children and youth. This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" considers five broad strategies to address both the larger socioeconomic forces and some of the specific hazards that threaten the well-being of children ages 1 to 14, including: (1) Prevent chronic childhood illnesses and promote lifelong health; (2) Support parents and other adults in their caretaking roles; (3) Continue to promote motor vehicle safety; (4) Target other leading health and safety issues; and (5) Ensure children have safe places to live, learn and play. (Contains 6 online resources.)
Increasing the Number of Children Whose Parents Have Stable Employment. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Children,Parents,Employment,Reliability,Access to Information,Social Networks,Labor Force,Unemployment,Depression (Psychology),Anxiety,Labor Force Development,Low Income Groups,Job Applicants,On the Job Training

When parents have secure employment and earn enough to meet their families' basic needs, children benefit in many ways. They are more likely to have decent and stable housing, good nutrition, and adequate health care. Secure employment supports healthy development in other ways as well. It can alleviate parental stress, prevent depression, and improve family functioning, thus creating a more positive home setting for children. In addition, going to work can put parents in contact with wider social networks, which not only contribute to parents' physical and mental health (Singer & Ryff, 2001), but also expand families' access to information and resources that can help support their children's growth and education. Today, many children grow up without these advantages. Historically, workforce development programs have focused primarily on job training and placement. While these are sound objectives, participants have too often ended up in low-wage jobs with limited prospects for advancement. More effective approaches not only prepare participants for the work force, but also address obstacles to employment, take neighborhood effects into account, focus on retention, and consider employers' bottom-line concerns. This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" outlines eight broad strategies for workforce development that are rooted in lessons learned from recent practice and research, including the Annie E. Casey Foundation's Jobs Initiative: (1) Providing comprehensive employment and educational services geared to low-skill job seekers; (2) Adding rungs at the bottom of the career ladder; (3) Focusing relentlessly on job quality; (4) Supporting job retention and advancement; (5) Addressing the needs of both workers and employers; (6) Expanding child care options for working families; (7) Addressing transportation issues; and (8) Taking a systemic approach to workforce development. (Contains 10 online resources.)
Reducing the Child Poverty Rate. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Children,Poverty,Low Income Groups,Public Policy,Minority Groups,Living Standards,Social Change,Citizen Participation,Employment,Economic Opportunities,Financial Policy,Welfare Services,Family Financial Resources,Unemployment,Insurance

In 2007, nearly one in five or 18 percent of children in the U.S. lived in poverty (KIDS COUNT Data Center, 2009). Many of these children come from minority backgrounds. African American (35 percent), American Indian (33 percent) and Latino (27 percent) children are more likely to live in poverty than their white (11 percent) and Asian (12 percent) counterparts (KIDS COUNT Data Center, 2009). Although many children live in poverty, many more lack a decent standard of living as their families hover near the poverty line or move in and out of official poverty from year to year. Today, as the nation grapples with the consequences of a financial crisis and recession many economists consider worse than any since the 1930s, there is renewed focus on poverty and the public policies affecting low-income families with children. Many state initiatives are underway to reduce family and child poverty, and several states are moving toward more comprehensive strategies by setting targets, tracking poverty rates, and putting diverse initiatives into place. Some are directing intensive educational services to poor and low-income children to help them overcome the disadvantages associated with economic hardship (National Governors Association, 2008). This &quot;KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief&quot; describes five strategies that hold promise for lifting many families and children out of poverty, and helping them move toward greater economic security: (1) Building political will to reduce child poverty; (2) Making work pay; (3) Helping low-income families keep more of what they earn; (4) Strengthening the safety net; and (5) Helping low-income families build up savings and assets. (Lists 10 online resources.)
Reducing the Teen Birth Rate. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Early Parenthood,Birth Rate,Prevention,Parents as Teachers,Sex Education,Health Services,Instructional Effectiveness,Youth Programs,Contraception,Sexual Abuse,Cultural Differences

Teen childbearing affects young people at both ends of childhood. When teens have children, their own health may be jeopardized and their chances to build productive lives are often diminished. Compared to women who postpone childbearing until they are older, teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of school and to live in poverty. At the same time, their babies are more likely than other children to be born at a low birth weight, face health problems and developmental delays, perform poorly in school, and experience abuse or neglect. As they grow older, these children are more likely to drop out of school, become teen parents themselves, and experience homelessness, juvenile delinquency, and incarceration (Healthy Teen Network, 2009; East et al., 2007). In all of these ways, teenage childbearing exacts a high cost from both individuals and society at large. This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" describes six strategies that can contribute to preventing teen pregnancy. Many of the ideas outlined in this paper have been adapted from the strategies endorsed by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. These ideas are: (1) Reinvigorating prevention efforts, intensifying the focus on underlying causes; (2) Helping parents succeed in their role as sex educators; (3) Broadening the scope of pregnancy prevention efforts and addressing shifting social norms about pregnancy and parenting among unmarried women; (4) Helping adults provide accurate, clear and consistent information about how to reduce risk-taking behaviors; (5) Creating community-wide action plans for teen pregnancy prevention, including adolescent health services; and (6) Giving young people a credible vision of a positive future that takes into account current economic realities. (Contains 6 online resources.)
Reducing Infant Mortality. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Infant Mortality,Mortality Rate,Mothers,Infants,Prenatal Care,Prevention,Health Services,Racial Differences,Socioeconomic Influences,Child Abuse,Child Neglect

Despite the wide range of expertise that has been brought to bear on reducing infant mortality across the nation, the first year of life remains a time of considerable risk for many babies. Although the U.S. spends more on health care than any other country, its infant mortality rate remains higher than that of most other industrialized nations. Because prevention efforts have not achieved the hoped-for results, researchers and policymakers have begun to shift from a narrow focus on prenatal and infant care to a broader emphasis on women's health. A recent report from Trust for America's Health asserts that widespread chronic disease epidemics such as obesity and diabetes are taking a toll on America's infants, especially those who are African American, urban, and poor (Levi, Cimons & Johnson, 2008). Narrow strategies cannot produce the advances that are needed to protect the youngest and most vulnerable citizens. This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" describes four strategies that are essential to any plan aimed at further reducing the infant mortality rate: (1) Taking a Lifespan Approach to Maternal and Infant Health; (2) Ensuring Timely Prenatal Care for All Women; (3) Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality; and (4) Sustaining Efforts to Prevent Infant Mortality After the First Month of Life. (Contains 11 online resources.)
Reducing the Teen Death Rate. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Adolescents,Young Adults,Mortality Rate,Motor Vehicles,Accidents,Homicide,Suicide,Alcohol Abuse,Drug Use,Risk,Health Behavior,Sexuality,Adults,Computation,Incidence,Risk Management,Prevention,Safety,Well Being

Life continues to hold considerable risk for adolescents in the United States. In 2006, the teen death rate stood at 64 deaths per 100,000 teens (13,739 teens) (KIDS COUNT Data Center, 2009). Although it has declined by 4 percent since 2000, the rate of teen death in this country remains substantially higher than in many peer nations, based largely on higher rates for the three most prevalent causes of death among adolescents and young adults: motor vehicle accidents, homicide and suicide (Institute of Medicine, 2008). A range of risky behaviors contribute to teens' risk of injury and disease, including alcohol and drug use and risky sexual behaviors. To be sure, reducing the teen death rate will require strategies that make accidents and excess less likely. Complicating the challenge is a wide gap between the realities of teens and the perceptions of adults--who grossly underestimate adolescents' risk-taking behaviors (Action for Children North Carolina, 2006). Prevention efforts must tackle the key risk factors facing adolescents, while also supporting the important adults in teens' lives and addressing the underlying causes of this nation's high teen mortality rates. This &quot;KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief&quot; offers broad strategies that: (1) Focus intensively on motor vehicle safety; (2) Support policies and programs aimed at preventing teen violence; (3) Address teen suicide by bolstering the capacity of families and communities to recognize and treat teens in emotional distress; (4) Support adults who play significant roles in the lives of teens; (5) Strengthen the capacity of families and communities to support teens' healthy development; and (6) Strengthen understanding of the teen years. (Lists 9 online resources.)
Increasing the Percentage of Children Living in Two-Parent Families. KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief
Author: Shore, Rima
Date: 2009-07-00
Type: Reports - Descriptive
Subjects: Family (Sociological Unit),Family Structure,Parents,Marital Satisfaction,Living Standards,Financial Support,Reliability,Children,Well Being,Social Science Research

Married couples with children, on average, have a higher standard of living and greater economic security than one-parent families (Thomas & Sawhill, 2005). Parents raising children together tend to have more money, more flexibility and more time to supervise their children, offer emotional support, take an active part in their education, and arrange other activities for them. In contrast, one-parent families are more likely to experience economic hardship and stressful living conditions--including fewer resources, more frequent moves, and less stability--that take a toll on adults and children alike. When economic hardship and stressful living conditions are present, children are at greater risk of poor achievement as well as behavioral, psychological, and health problems. When these circumstances are absent, children who grow up in one-parent families are at less risk for negative outcomes (Amato & Maynard, 2006). Given the benefits associated with married parents, researchers and policymakers generally view the percentage of children living in two-parent families as an important indicator of child well-being. Today, many children go without these benefits. This "KIDS COUNT Indicator Brief" outlines four broad strategies for increasing the percentage of children who live in two-parent families: (1) Basing policymaking on research linking economic security and family stability; (2) Encouraging and supporting stable marriages and families; (3) Ensuring that children benefit from both parents' emotional and financial support; and (4) Supporting research on the effects of family structure on children's well-being. (Contains 9 online resources.)
A Teaching Strategy for Developing the Power of Observation in Science Education
Author: Oguz-Unver, Ayse
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Student Teachers,Observation,Science Process Skills,Science Education,Teaching Methods,Qualitative Research,Inferences,Inquiry,Data Collection

Despite the importance of observation in knowledge building, it has received less attention  than experimental forms of inquiry in science education. Therefore, the aims of this study are to use observation strategies for developing the power of observation in science education and to develop student teachers' skills of observation process. The data of the qualitative study have been collected sequentially through two different activity steps. The study enabled students (n:33) to make a scientific observation, to follow scientific inquiry processes  that starts with formulating questions, and then continues with gathering evidence, organizing, and proposing explanations. It has been observed that during the study students tend to use all their five senses in terms of the quantity of the objects that can be perceived. On the other hand, inquiry based scientific observation not only led students to focus on certain areas but also facilitated a more detailed, systematic and rich outcome observation. (Contains 10 figures and 1 table.)
Pedagogy Is for Kids: Andragogy Is for Adults
Author: Moberg, Eric
Date: 2006-01-02
Type: Information Analyses
Subjects: Andragogy,Adult Learning,Differences,Instruction,Children,Learning Theories,Individualized Instruction,Cognitive Development

Malcolm Knowles laments the paucity of "thinking, investigating, and writing about adult learning" in the opening sentence of his theoretical framework of "Andragogy" (1998, p. 35). Knowles' central argument is that we learn differently as adults from how we learn as children, so we should tailor adult education accordingly. Knowles highlighted his position in the very title of his 1983 article, "Adults Are Not Grown-Up Children as Learners." Indeed, Knowles has argued consistently since as early as 1968 for "andragogy, not pedagogy." As Clardy (2005) reminds us, however, Knowles did not coin the term "Andragogy," rather, it goes back to nineteenth-century Germany. In fact, Lindeman brought the term to American education discourse as early as 1926 (Clardy, 2005, p. 4). Additionally, Knowles features Lindeman's five key assumptions about adult learning in Knowles' 1998 work on adult learning theory (p. 39). Knowles himself set forth his own similar set of six assumptions in 1980 (St. Clair, 2002, p. 3). While St. Clair and Clardy fairly criticize Knowles for overreach and his imperfect empirical sources, Knowles' central point and at least two of Knowles' assumptions are well founded.
Adult Transition Program without Walls
Author: Moberg, Eric
Date: 2010-01-01
Type: Information Analyses
Subjects: Special Education,Adult Learning,Best Practices,Transitional Programs,Individualized Education Programs,Individualized Programs,Individualized Instruction,Disabilities,Goal Orientation,Daily Living Skills,Independent Living,Cost Effectiveness,Vocational Education

Best practices in adult transition special education for moderate to severe students suggest student-centered planning that maximizes independence in adult life. Based on the above sources, school districts and governing boards would best serve moderate to severe transition special education students with increasing integration into the community and decreasing time in the classroom on the campuses. A gradual transition would allow for an orderly solution of logistics problems, such as re-routing transportation, re-training staff, outreach to students and parents, re-writing individualized education programs, and arranging for storage of supplies and equipment. Such initiatives would require no additional funds from districts if implemented as described and would free classrooms for other programs on campus. Thus, districts would save overhead, such as energy costs of lighting and heating, by moving 18- to 22-year-old special education students into the community.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act: Guide to Opportunities to Assure Children Are Healthy and Prepared to Succeed in School for "Making Connections" Communities
Author: Roy, Lisa
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Guides - Non-Classroom
Subjects: Federal Legislation,Money Management,Economic Opportunities,Community Needs,Child Care,Infant Care,Preschool Education,Elementary Education,Health Services,Health Insurance,Family Programs,Cost Effectiveness,Neighborhoods,Taxes,Public Policy,Developmental Disabilities,Family Literacy,Educational Objectives,Reading Achievement,Grade 3,Children,Disadvantaged

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was signed into law by President Obama on Tuesday, February 17, 2009. It is the broadest and largest funding package in American history. The intent of the statute is to stimulate the economy both through direct spending on a range of programs and to create tax relief. The package makes investments in education, health, and assistance to families hardest hit by the economy. This document focuses on the provisions in ARRA related to early care and education, elementary education, health, and family support, with a particular focus on a two-generation approach. The stimulus funding described in this guide has the potential to support the strategies that make up the "Making Connections" CHAPSS pathway, e.g., work to ensure all children read at grade level by end of third grade, to expand the supply of quality early childhood experiences (birth to kindergarten), and to connect children with health insurance, medical homes, and ensure they are screened for developmental disabilities and provided appropriate follow up services. This funding could also meet the needs of their parents by providing health, family literacy, nutrition, and housing assistance. Opportunities to connect parents in "Making Connections" neighborhoods to jobs, training, and education are described in a companion guide. The goal in distributing this guide is to help local leaders maximize the dollars that reach "Making Connections" neighborhoods, proportionate to the needs of the community.