ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Position Paper: Should the Scottish National Party Support Scotland to Legalize, Decriminalize, or Prohibit Cannabis?
Author: Jhaveri, Sujata
Date: 2005-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Marijuana,Drug Abuse,Position Papers,Foreign Countries,Public Policy,Crime,Legislation,Risk,Cancer,Physical Health,Human Body,Pregnancy,Psychological Patterns,Mental Health,Youth,Drug Therapy

The UK has the highest rate of cannabis use among young people worldwide. Dr. Alan Leshner, Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse reports, &quot;Every year more than 100,000 people, most of them adolescents, seek treatment for their inability to control their marijuana use.&quot; According to the Scottish Drug Misuse Statistics in Scotland 2002, 51% of individuals under 20 years have used cannabis. Cannabis use is not limited to youth; it is also the single-most used illicit drug among adults. Because of their widespread negative impact, illicit drugs have become a focus of the agenda of the English Parliament and there is ongoing debate on how to combat this problem. As the research assistant of Michael Matheson (MSP), the author compiled this report to gather information on cannabis and to assess approaches that would form the most effective cannabis policy. This research explores whether or not the recent change toward decriminalization is adequate, or if it needs further revising.
The Relationship between International Study Tour Effects and the Personality Variables of Self-Monitoring and Core Self-Evaluations
Author: Harrison, J. Kline
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Personality Traits,International Trade,Personality,Educational Experience,Student Attitudes,Study Abroad,Outcomes of Education,Professional Development,Cultural Differences,Cross Cultural Training,Program Effectiveness,Alumni,Graduate Surveys,Undergraduate Students,Business Administration Education,Questionnaires

Over the past fifteen years, at least a dozen articles have appeared in the management and marketing literature describing and supporting international study tours as valuable educational experiences. These articles, however, have focused primarily on the design and implementation of such tours, with minimal emphasis given to outcome assessments or analysis. This limited attention to empirical support for these programs is surprising given their increasing popularity, especially among business students. The purpose of this article is to extend the existing literature by assessing the effects of an international business study tour in terms of participants' perceived cross-cultural connectivity and professional development, and then examining those results in light of two personality traits among participants--self-monitoring and core self-evaluations.
Assessing International Opportunities in Higher Education: A Matrix-Based Assessment Tool
Author: Kaufman, Sophie R.
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Nursing Students,International Programs,Nursing Education,Program Effectiveness,Program Development,Study Abroad,Business,Matrices,Evaluation Methods,Portfolio Assessment,Foreign Countries,Test Construction

The pressure on academic institutions to develop sustainable programs is felt both internally and externally. Owing to shrinking operating budgets, universities will only support programs that relate directly to their mission and that are financially viable. External expectations come from funding agencies that typically require institutions to be able to sustain their programs within and often beyond a designated period. Therefore, the authors believe that this is the best of times for education abroad professionals to learn some lessons from the business world. Faced with a growing number of international opportunities, the Lienhard School of Nursing at Pace University adapted a business model to assess which opportunities to pursue. Employing a product portfolio matrix approach, the International Opportunities Assessment (IOA) Tool was developed to assess new international ventures using the parameters of Market Attractiveness and Institutional Resources. The tool was piloted on a study abroad nursing course featuring a trip to Iceland. The tool assisted in prioritizing program development for international opportunities. In this article, the authors describe the development of this tool, and in order to demonstrate its use, they provide an example of its application in the assessment of a study abroad course for nursing students at the Lienhard School of Nursing. (Contains 1 figure.)
Re-Reading Student Texts: Intertextuality and Constructions of Self and Other in the Contact Zone
Author: Rodriguez, Karen
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Multicultural Education,Creative Writing,International Educational Exchange,Exchange Programs,Foreign Countries,Study Abroad,Cultural Awareness,Cultural Differences,Literary Criticism,Global Approach,Discourse Analysis,Poetry,College Students,Higher Education,Self Concept,Perspective Taking

This article examines a student poem about a common gendered experience in Guanajuato, Mexico, which was written by a student in a creative writing group the author led during a one-semester study abroad program she directs for CIEE (Council on International Educational Exchange). The article posits Guanajuato as a contact zone where Mexican culture and US culture meet in myriad ways on a daily basis. It introduces the notion of intertextuality to complicate the typical way they might read the text. After looking at one possible US interpretation that might be given to this piece, it tries not to discredit it, but to de-privilege it as the only possible interpretation. The article does this first by opening up several interpretive possibilities within the text and, second, by taking the student text into the wider interpretive domain to look at what the local other is also expressing textually in the midst of intercultural contact. It considers two types of local texts: a t-shirt genre that is currently popular and the ubiquitous bar flyer handed out on the streets of Guanajuato. (Contains 11 notes.)
Assessing the Field Course Experiential Learning Model: Transforming Collegiate Short-Term Study Abroad Experiences into Rich Learning Environments
Author: McLaughlin, Jacqueline S.
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Constructivism (Learning),International Educational Exchange,Conservation (Environment),Experiential Learning,Biodiversity,Biological Sciences,Foreign Countries,Study Abroad,Undergraduate Students

Constructivist learning theory holds that &quot;learning consists less in recording information than in interpreting it. To interpret what is received and is attended to, the learner must personally construct meaning for it.&quot; Unfortunately, opportunities for interpreting conceptual information are often lacking in classroom environments--particularly in the area of biological science. By contrast, constructivist environments in science are created by learning experiences that are &quot;active, hands-on, lab-rich, curricularly lean, connected to contexts, and enmeshed in a community of learners.&quot; Field-based learning provides an ideal environment for constructivist learning that promotes deep scientific understanding in conservation biology and biodiversity. The &quot;Field Course Experiential Learning Model&quot; evolved from repeated short-term study abroad field course experiences in selected biomes from around the world over a six-year period. This paper reports assessment findings from three cohorts of students participating in a short-term study abroad field course experience in Costa Rica, entitled Environmental Science and Conservation Biology: A Field Study in the Biodiversity of Costa Rica, using the &quot;Field Course Experiential Learning Model&quot; as its pedagogical framework. It describes cognitive and affective learning gains of students participating in the course. (Contains 2 figures and 3 tables.)
Ethnographic Inquiry: Reframing the Learning Core of Education Abroad
Author: Ogden, Anthony C.
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Qualitative Research,Ethnography,Study Abroad,Individual Development,Student Development,Cultural Awareness,Cultural Differences,Foreign Countries,Undergraduate Students

Growth in US education abroad has been consistently strong for the past decade, surpassing 9 percent annually. Within the field of education abroad, this growth is both exciting and alarming. Education abroad helps students change learning structures, learn new paradigms and become more complex individuals. If a student's structures are not ready to be opened, the student then has only one mono-cultural frame in which to encounter experiences. Ethnography has a long history within the field of cultural anthropology. As a qualitative research method, ethnography seeks to describe and to understand another way of life from the native point of view. The central aim of ethnography is to discover the cultural knowledge people are using to organize their behavior and interpret their experience. In other words, ethnography is concerned with the meaning of actions and events to the people they seek to understand. The key element of ethnography is extended, systematic, and detailed observation of a setting. Living and learning alongside people in other cultures in an attempt to understand a culture is at the very core of cultural anthropology. Ethnographers seek to understand and describe culture, and so too can students. In the course of an education abroad experience, students can be taught basic skills of ethnographic inquiry as a learning paradigm through which they can take all aspects of their new culture as subject of serious study. (Contains 3 notes.)
Nontraditional Study Abroad Destinations: Analysis of a Trend
Author: Wells, Ryan
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Higher Education,Exchange Programs,Student Interests,Service Learning,Study Abroad,Educational Policy,Educational Research,Educational Trends,Trend Analysis

Study abroad may be defined broadly as "the international movement of students and scholars." US education abroad, for these purposes, includes short- and long-term programs, exchange programs, service learning abroad, internships, and all other program types in which students from the US fulfill part of their education by traveling to a foreign country. As higher education institutions and study abroad providers offer students more options for studying in the African, Asian, Latin American, and Middle Eastern regions, students are responding in a positive way. Because of increased student interest, institutions are offering more of these programs, and a mutually reinforcing cycle has appeared. This paper examines current literature, policy, and theory, and creates a framework for analyzing the personal, societal, and institutional rationales for education abroad in nontraditional locations. The author concludes with policy and research implications based on the analysis, including a specific call for more empirical research into the outcomes and impacts of nontraditional study abroad destinations. (Contains 1 figure, 1 table and 16 notes.)
Come and See the Poor People: The Pursuit of Exotica
Author: Woolf, Michael
Date: 2006-11-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Study Abroad,Tourism,Minority Groups,Language Minorities,Second Language Learning,Uncommonly Taught Languages,National Security,College Students,Immersion Programs

The call to expand opportunities for study abroad students in &quot;non-traditional&quot; locations has become a kind of mantra throughout the international education community. This call is almost always allied to the intent significantly to expand numbers going to these non-traditional locations. Of the three key objectives in the Lincoln Commission report, the second is that &quot;efforts be made to expand the number of American students studying in non-traditional countries.&quot; The author's concern with this vision is that it is neither entirely realistic nor wholly desirable. It is built out of a misplaced and sometimes condescending enthusiasm for regions and nations constructed through US lenses as an &quot;exotic&quot; other. The Lincoln Commission melds the two when it envisages &quot;an expansion of study abroad programs, especially in developing countries.&quot; The National Security Education Program articulates similar objectives in supporting students who pursue overseas education in &quot;the languages and cultures of world regions that are less-frequently studied.&quot; The purpose of this essay is to define some of the issues that permeate this area and to suggest that the field of education abroad needs to take a more concentrated view of what it means and intends. (Contains 16 notes.)
Socio-Economics of Lake Victoria's Fisheries: An Analysis of the Shifting Roles and Status of Women Fish Traders
Author: Craig, Heather
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Sex Role,Females,Industry,Global Approach,Measures (Individuals),Animal Husbandry,Economic Factors,Natural Resources,Industrialization,Economic Change,Poverty,Foreign Countries,International Trade,Study Abroad,Student Research,Undergraduate Students

Fishing industries around the world are currently undergoing a process of industrialization and commercialization. A similar story is unfolding in many fishing communities: large-scale industrial fishers who possess enormous capital and advanced technologies are threatening the lives of small-scale fisherfolk. The fishing industry in Lake Victoria exemplifies the detrimental impacts of economic globalization and evaluation of the role and status in this scenario is crucial for the future of Lake Victoria and its communities. According to the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, approximately one third of the combined populations of the three countries are supported by the lake's catchments; much of this livelihood is based on the fishery sector. Development of such a valuable natural resources carries grave implications for millions of lives. Women represent 70 to 80 percent of those involved in the fishing industry of Lake Victoria. Over the last twenty years, Lake Victoria's fishery sector has witnessed a rapid transformation from non-commercial, local-level fishing to a commercial, export-oriented fishing industry. Trade liberalization and industrialization have &quot;left the local community entrenched in poverty.&quot; The aim of this study is to examine how local women fish traders have responded to global forces of development, specifically focusing on how their roles and statuses have shifted as a result of commercialization, industrialization, and trade liberalization.
Telling Stories: Past and Present Heroes
Author: Smith, Colin Bridges
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Story Telling,Tribes,Indigenous Populations,Blacks,Culture,Self Expression,Self Concept,Racial Identification,Racial Segregation,Children,Foreign Countries

Among the Xhosa tribe in South Africa storytelling is a magnificent art. But these stories are more than mere entertainment. Xhosa scholar Harold Scheub says story-telling for the Xhosa people is &quot;not only a primary means of entertainment and artistic expression in the society, it is also the major educational device.&quot; Beyond education, the stories' most important role is to allow expression. With the recent demise of apartheid and some of its effects lingering on, the need for expression about past sorrows through stories is greater than ever before. Upon investigation, these stories yield profound insights into the Xhosa's racial identity and perception of self. For both the individual and the culture generally these stories and their heroes demonstrate their own significant roles in providing reconciliation and healing for the youth of South Africa. In this article, the author shares how telling stories has the power to bring people together that would otherwise remain separate, as it did for the commissioners assigned to investigate the atrocities of the apartheid regime. His experience as a teacher in South Africa taught him that what once seemed impossible to overcome falls down at their feet once they talk about it. He realizes that South Africa taught him that people are all healers.
Rainbow Nation's &quot;Ubuntu&quot;: Discovering Distinctness as a Spectrum through South African Literature
Author: Smith, Colin Bridges
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: African Culture,Racial Segregation,Ideology,Foreign Countries,Social Responsibility,Novels,Whites,Blacks,Violence,Intergroup Relations

Apartheid created more than physical distances between color groups; South Africa is made up of people with often separated minds. Leaders of the democratic government draw from and modify the ancient African tribal value called &quot;ubuntu&quot; as the philosophic basis for their cultural strategy of unification. Sandra Chait has pointed out that much of white writing in South Africa has, in its search to understand the country's past, inadvertently blamed essential human nature for the wrongs of apartheid. All savagery is ascribed to &quot;that ultimate avenger, the betrayed God who seeks to wreak His revenge&quot; in order to justify white brutality in Africa as an instinctive response to violence of the other. This ideology, she concludes, is an alibi to excuse whites from responsibility for the past and inevitably postpone reconciliation between white and black South Africans. In this article, the author studied three novels--Antjie Krog's &quot;Country of My Skull,&quot; Nadine Gordimer's &quot;Burger's Daughter,&quot; and J.M. Coetzee's &quot;Disgrace.&quot; The author chose these novels precisely because the author believes they avoid such alibis. In them, ultimately, nothing justifies the violence man is capable of inflicting on others, but is explainable only through gross violations of inherent human interrelations. To conclude, these three novels gesture towards a necessary transition to social responsibility in South Africa by avoiding any self-consoling alibis and advocating individual commitment to the social and political situations in the country. Inasmuch as Krog, Gordimer, and Coetzee promote such ubuntu-based views of humanity, being interdependence and mutual accountability, they move to overcome the individualistic ideologies inherent in the European tradition they are often associated with, and become uniquely South African.
Principles in Practice and the &quot;Footprint&quot; of the US Student Abroad
Author: Elliott, Timothy Lynn
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Story Telling,Racial Segregation,Foreign Countries,Foreign Students,Higher Education,African Culture,Postsecondary Education as a Field of Study,Study Abroad

Colin Smith's experience in South Africa and his research on the role of storytelling in the Xhosa culture met all of the guiding principles of Brigham Young University's (BYU) International Field Study Program: that students are prepared to do serious research in a topic that relates to their major, and that they will be in the host country for at least three months, and will become fully immersed in the local culture. Colin spent more than three months in East London, South Africa. For someone with interest in Apartheid and its aftermath, East London has a wealth of history. From the beginning, BYU's intent in South Africa was to minimize its &quot;footprint&quot; on the local community. From a pedagogical view this was important because BYU did not want to create a &quot;cultural bubble&quot; where its students could retreat from the local culture. From the moment students are accepted into the South Africa program they are trained to view themselves as guests of the local culture who are to interact with and learn from the local culture rather than imposing their own cultural views. This paper discusses the challenges faced by a program of this nature and illustrates the success of Colin in adapting this in-class learning to the environment, becoming involved in the local community, and doing serious academic research.
Justifying Torture: Explaining Democratic States' Noncompliance with International Humanitarian Law
Author: Kanstroom, Emily
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: United States History,Foreign Countries,Terrorism,War,Compliance (Legal),International Law,Government Role,Crime,International Cooperation,Social Values,Civil Rights,Institutionalized Persons,Study Abroad,Higher Education

On June 28, 1951, France ratified the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which prohibited the torture of prisoners of war. On August 2, 1955, the United States of America ratified the same document. Between 1954 and 1962, France fought a war against Algeria, which sought its independence from colonial rule. From September 11, 2001 until the present, the United States has been engaged in what its government has termed &quot;The Global War on Terror,&quot; which has involved wars in Afghanistan, Iraq and holding detainees for interrogation at Guantanamo Bay. Although the two cases must be distinguished from one another based on different situational, ideological, and historical characteristics, there are critical commonalities. This study focuses on two distinct research questions: first, what explains the rationale by which France and the United States, two democratic states, violated international and domestic law by torturing prisoners of war? Second, how did these two states justify this noncompliance? This article engages the question of how international humanitarian law (IHL) operates or fails to operate in constraining state actors. This article illuminates some of the challenges IHL faces today in ensuring state compliance. (Contains 119 notes.)
Educational and Social Development in Doi Ang Khang: A Comparative Study of the Khob Dong and Nor Lae Villages
Author: Frost, Timothy
Date: 2007-03-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Second Language Learning,Cultural Awareness,Social Development,Tribes,Rural Areas,Social Services,Foreign Countries,Indigenous Populations,Program Effectiveness,Teamwork,Quality of Life,Natural Resources,Conservation (Environment),Land Use,Economic Development,Youth Programs,Access to Education,Access to Health Care,Family Planning,Needs Assessment,Religion,Social Influences,Nutrition,Sanitation,Transportation,Water

Northern Thailand is home to many hill tribes, who have lived for hundreds of years as subsistence farmers or nomadic hunters. In the 1940s, communist insurgencies drove many hill tribes from China, Burma, and other nations south into northern Thailand. Uprooted from their native lands, the hill tribes left behind ties to economic resources and, to compensate, many turned to the growth of the opium poppy as a cash crop. The growth and sale of opium endangered their lives and those of the citizens of the surrounding countries, and slash and burn farming methods resulted in environmental degradation. In 1969, the Thai government formed the Royal Projects to address this situation. The Royal Project Foundation then expanded its development efforts with the establishment of the Education and Social Development Projects (ESDPs), which seek to implement sustainable social services within the villages, and have been largely successful in hill tribe villages. The authors' research assessed the current status of the ESDPs, the causes of the program's successes and failures, and the needs of the villagers of Doi Ang Khang. The authors' study is concerned primarily with the Lahu and Palong tribes of Doi Ang Khang, which reside in the villages of Khob Dong and Nor Lae, respectively. The aim of their evaluation was to develop an understanding of why the Khob Dong village had not achieved a high level of success from the ESDPs and to recommend strategies for improving future development projects. (Contains 1 table.)