ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
On the Relationship between Language Learning Strategies and Foreign Language Anxiety
Author: Noormohamadi, Rezvan
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Second Language Learning,English (Second Language),College Students,Questionnaires,Learning Strategies,Anxiety,Correlation,Surveys,Metacognition,Memory,Social Influences,Affective Behavior

Previous research studies have shown language anxiety to be related with broad-based indices of language achievement, like course grade. However, to date, the potential link between foreign language anxiety and language learning strategies has not been empirically investigated. This study is an attempt to identify the relationship between language anxiety and strategy use. It reports on a survey of language learning strategies used by high-anxious and low-anxious learners. Generally, significant negative correlation obtained between levels of language anxiety and strategy use. In the meantime, t-test revealed significant difference between high-anxious and low-anxious groups on the level of use of strategies. That is, the more anxious the students are, the less frequently they use strategies. Further, the result showed that among students with high anxiety metacognitive and memory strategies were the most used, while compensation and affective strategies were the least. Less anxious students reported using metacognitive and social strategies as the most, on the other hand, memory, and affective strategies as the least ones. This study discusses these findings, suggests possible questions for future research, and makes implications for increasing foreign language learning. (Contains 7 tables.)
Defining Writing Ability for Classroom Writing Assessment in High Schools
Author: Yi, Jyi-yeon
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Writing Evaluation,Performance Based Assessment,Definitions,Writing Tests,Student Evaluation,Program Effectiveness,Foreign Countries,Writing Skills,High School Students,English Teachers,Teaching Methods,Writing Assignments,Interviews

Given that nowadays writing skill is included in main standardised tests worldwide as well as nationwide, as writing assessment is employed as a part of performance assessment in classroom testing at high school level in Korea, English teachers are first expected to establish the construct of writing ability explicitly prior to devising other test-related aspects such as test specifications, tasks and scoring/grading schemes for the sake of validity of the testing. The definition of writing ability can be formed depending on teachers' own experience as teachers and philosophy of writing, taken into consideration characteristics of learners and aims of pedagogy in a given context. It may also be formed according to pedagogical approaches to the teaching of writing which each teacher adopts. This study, therefore, aims at exploring the definitions of writing ability according to three approaches to the teaching of writing (product-based, process-based and reader/genre-based) and examining whether English teachers at high school level in Korea have established their own but theoretical definitions of writing ability and what they look like, and making suggestions on ways to help them with this issue. For this study, six English teachers participated in the interview as respondents and their answers were discussed qualitatively. Even though this study has limitations of generalizing the findings from the small number of participants, it shows that there are ways to help them have their own concrete construct of writing ability before they establish and administer valid and consistent assessment scheme. (Contains 1 table.)
What the Study of Scope Can Tell Us about Second Language Learning
Author: O'Grady, William
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Learning Activities,Second Language Instruction,Second Language Learning,Short Term Memory,English (Second Language),Teaching Methods,Language Teachers,Language Processing,Korean,Native Speakers,Transfer of Training

This paper, designed specifically for language teachers, focuses on a phenomenon in second language learning that is largely independent of instructional effects, curricular materials, and classroom activities. Experimental work suggests that scope, the relationship between two or more logical operators (such as quantifiers or negatives), is highly sensitive to processing considerations, especially the burden on working memory. In a new experiment, we explore this matter further by examining transfer of scopal preferences in the case of Korean speakers who are learning English as a second language and English speakers who are learning Korean as a second language. (Contains 6 tables, 2 figures, and 1 footnote.)
Korea's English Education Policy Innovations to Lead the Nation into the Globalized World
Author: Chang, Bok-Myung
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Second Language Learning,National Curriculum,Educational Philosophy,Foreign Countries,Communicative Competence (Languages),English (Second Language),Educational Policy,Second Language Instruction,Innovation,Educational Change,Language Variation

This study is to historically survey the development of English language education policies in Korea to show that English education policies in Korea have developed to cultivate Korean students who are capable in a globalized world. This study has the following purposes: first, this paper surveys the origin of English education from the ending period of Chosun dynasty, and the developmental process through the Japanese Colonial period into the modern national curriculum periods. Second, this study emphasizes the development of English education policy by analyzing the 6th and the 7th national curriculum policies based on the progressive principles of educational philosophy. Based on the 6 progressive principles, this research paper can prove that English education policies in Korea have many traits for progressive orientation, which can play essential evidence for the development of English education policy. Third, this study can reveal the innovations of English education policies from the 1990s after the 6th and 7th national curriculums were reformed to direct English education in Korea appropriate for the globalized world. From the historical survey on the development of English education, we can conclude that the policies of English education in Korea have developed in the direction of cultivating the communicative competence of Korean learners. In the future, English education policies of Korea have to develop in the direction that can lead the communicative and cultural competence of Korean learners. Further, the direction of English education in the future needs to accommodate World Englishes with Korean, English as one variety of World Englishes. (Contains 1 table.)
On the Effects of Error Correction Strategies on the Grammatical Accuracy of the Iranian English Learners
Author: Aliakbari, Mohammad
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Feedback (Response),Quasiexperimental Design,English (Second Language),Sentence Structure,Grammar,Second Language Learning,Error Correction,Foreign Countries,Writing (Composition),Instructional Effectiveness,Essays,Pretests Posttests

Writing, as a productive skill, requires an accurate in-depth knowledge of the grammar system, language form and sentence structure. The emphasis on accuracy is justified in the sense that it can lead to the production of structurally correct instances of second language, and to prevent inaccuracy that may result in the production of structurally erroneous sentences. The present research intended to investigate the extent to which different types of error correction and feedback to students' grammar would influence their grammatical accuracy. The study was conducted with 60 upper intermediate English students in an EFL context. In conducting a quasi-experimental design, the present study aimed at investigation of the effectiveness of three error correction strategies. The findings of the study indicated that the participants who received &quot;indirect coded correction&quot; feedback showed better performance compared to those who received &quot;indirect uncoded error correction&quot; or &quot;direct correction&quot; feedback. Additionally, the results made it clear that there was no significant difference between the performance of the participants who were subject to indirect uncoded and direct error correction strategies. (Contains 5 tables and 2 figures.)
Strategies Making Language Features Noticeable in English Language Teaching
Author: Seong, Myeong-Hee
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: English (Second Language),Second Language Learning,Second Language Instruction,Teaching Methods,Grammar,Questionnaires,Error Correction,Imitation,Translation,Korean,Language Proficiency,Speech

The purpose of this study is to suggest effective strategies for the development of communicative ability in ELT (English Language Teaching) by investigating learners' perceptions on strategies making language features more noticeable. The assumption in the study is based on the idea of output-oriented focus on form instruction, supporting noticing function of output that attention, awareness, and consciousness form the cornerstone of the entire process of second language acquisition. The questionnaires comprised 12 questions related with the research questions on what strategies might be effective to noticing and matching for language learning. The findings showed that restatement, repetition, expansion, error correction, imitation, and translating Korean utterance into English were perceived the best strategies for getting notice regardless of English proficiency levels. However, discussion and command were perceived not effective for the learners with intermediate and lower English proficiency. A slow speech rate was the strategy which made the learners with lower English proficiency more attentive than those with higher English proficiency. (Contains 15 tables.)
An Analysis of Successful Pronunciation Learners: In Search of Effective Factors in Pronunciation Teaching
Author: Tominaga, Yuko
Date: 2009-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Feedback (Response),Quasiexperimental Design,Pronunciation Instruction,Sentence Structure,Grammar,Second Language Learning,Error Correction,Program Effectiveness,English (Second Language),Pronunciation,Junior High School Students,Questionnaires,Learning Experience

In order to discover some clues to and make suggestions for better teaching English pronunciation to learners in English as a Foreign Language (henceforth abbreviated as EFL) settings, the paper attempts to analyze Successful Foreign Language Learners (SFLL), focusing on their study history. The subjects were 24 junior high school students, who were selected through a 2004 Intra-school English recitation contest. Their pronunciation was tape-recorded and evaluated by three Assistant Language Teachers (ALT). The subjects responded to a questionnaire regarding the history, environment, and strategies of their English learning experience. The results indicate that formal instruction at school did not contribute much to their acquisition of pronunciation, and that they made the best use of the opportunity outside the school to motivate their learning. The comparison with the eliminated subjects showed that the Successful Pronunciation Learners (SPL) outstood them in terms of attitude and motivation. Also some differences of effective factors were found between the learners in junior and senior high school. (Contains 3 tables, 2 figures, and 3 footnotes.)
Socioeconomic Status, Psychological Distress, and Other Maternal Risk Factors for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders among American Indians of the Northern Plains
Author: Lewis, Phyllis Trujillo
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Psychological Characteristics,Socioeconomic Status,Mothers,American Indians,Developmental Disabilities,Alcohol Abuse,Drinking,Pregnancy,At Risk Persons,Psychology,Prenatal Influences,Public Health,Interviews,Fetal Alcohol Syndrome,Comparative Analysis,Stress Variables

The relationship of selected demographic, socioeconomic status (SES), and psychological characteristics was examined in interviews with 176 Northern Plains American Indian mothers whose children were referred to diagnostic clinics for evaluation of developmental disabilities, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Thirty-nine mothers had children diagnosed with an FASD (Group 1), 107 had children who were not diagnosed with an FASD or other major disability (Group 2), and 30 additional mothers with normally performing children, matched by age, sex, and reservation with those diagnosed with an FASD, were recruited as a comparison group (Group 3). Analysis revealed statistically significant differences (p [less than or equal] 0.001) in alcohol consumption among all three groups, and a statistically significant difference in the mean Total Distress score among the three groups of mothers, F(2, 176) = 9.60, p less than 0.001, with Group 3 having a lower mean score than Groups 1 and 2. Sequential regression analysis revealed that the quantity of alcohol consumed prior to knowledge of pregnancy, when combined with SES and Total Distress, was more highly associated with having a child diagnosed with an FASD (R[superscript 2] = 0.206) than was quantity of alcohol consumed alone. (Contains 5 tables.)
Conceptualizing Native Identity with a Multidimensional Model
Author: Gonzalez, John
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: American Indians,Factor Structure,Measures (Individuals),Factor Analysis,Tribes,Ethnicity,American Indian Culture,Canada Natives,Identification (Psychology),Minority Groups,Social Attitudes,Correlation,Test Validity,Questionnaires

This study reports on a Native Identity Scale (NIS) adapted from an African American identity scale (Sellers et al., 1997). American Indian (AIs) and First Nations Canadian participants (N = 199) completed the NIS at powwows in the Upper Midwest. The majority of respondents were Ojibwe, but other tribal groups were represented. A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed four factors important in self-identity: Centrality, Humanist, Public Regard, and Oppressed Minority. The correlation of respondents' scores on items defining the four factors with some aspects of respondents' behavior supports the validity of the factors. It is suggested that the NIS is a promising new tool for the study of identity dimensions in AI populations. (Contains 5 tables and 3 footnotes.)
Delay Discounting of Different Outcomes in a Sample of American Indian and Non-Indian College Students
Author: Weatherly, Jeffrey N.
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: College Students,American Indians,Cultural Differences,Whites,Comparative Analysis,Cross Cultural Studies,Outcomes of Education,Delay of Gratification,Income,Retirement,Body Composition,Questionnaires,Rewards

Delay discounting occurs when an individual prefers a lesser amount of an outcome that is available immediately, rather than waiting for the full amount. The present study was a preliminary investigation into delay discounting in a yet unstudied population, American Indians (AIs). AI college students completed a delay-discounting task that consisted of five different outcomes (e.g., money, retirement income, obtaining the ideal body image). An equal-sized group of Caucasian respondents was then matched to the AI sample in terms of sex, age, and grade point average. Results demonstrated that AI and Caucasian respondents sometimes differed in how they discounted certain outcomes, suggesting that the value of these outcomes may differ across ethnicities. Further, the AI participants displayed different rates of discounting across the different outcomes, indicating that those outcomes may hold different values for the AI respondents. The potential value of delay discounting in understanding cross-cultural and intra-cultural differences is discussed and, because of the preliminary nature of the present study, a call for additional research is made. (Contains 1 figure and 2 footnotes.)
Focused Jobseeking: A Measured Approach to Looking for Work
Author: Vilorio, Dennis
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Job Search Methods,Employment Interviews,Job Application,Behavior,Research,Employment Qualifications,Social Networks

For many people, the only thing harder than being out of a job is searching for one. Applying for dozens of jobs each week and getting few or no replies can slowly erode jobseekers' self-esteem. And this loss of confidence can prove detrimental to those trying to market their skills to would-be employers. Jobseekers can avoid many of the mistakes that keep them from winning a job. By demystifying the job search process, informed jobseekers improve their chances for success--provided they're willing to put in the hard work, time, and patience required. This article gives jobseekers guidelines for taking control of their employment search. The first section talks about the importance of research and preparation. The next section explains some details of the application process in depth, such as pitfalls and informational interviews. The third section describes how candidates can use the job interview as an opportunity to impress the hiring manager. The final section provides sources of additional information.
Consulting Careers: A Profile of Three Occupations
Author: Mullins, John
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Consultants,Employment,Employment Opportunities,Wages,Job Skills,Employment Qualifications

Choosing an industry in which to work is often as important as choosing an occupation. And over the next several years, the best advice for some workers may be to choose an industry that sells advice: consulting. The management, scientific, and technical consulting services industry comprises businesses that offer specialized advice to other businesses. This article highlights three occupations in the consulting services industry: (1) management analyst; (2) market research analyst; and (3) environmental scientist and specialist. The occupational profiles describe what they do, how much they earn, and how they prepare for the work.
Nursing Jobs in Nursing Homes
Author: Torpey, Elka Maria
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Nurses,Allied Health Personnel,Coordinators,Nursing Homes,Older Adults,Employment Opportunities,Wages,Work Environment,Nursing Education,Employment Qualifications

The need for practical nurses who focus on caring for older people is growing. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the number of people ages 65 and older is expected to increase from 40 million to 72 million between 2010 and 2030. And the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects that this increasing population will result in job growth for a variety of occupations related to caring for older people--such as those in nursing homes. This article describes some of the career opportunities in nursing homes, highlighting nursing occupations. The first section gives an overview of work in nursing homes. The second section describes three nursing occupations that are available in nearly all of these facilities: nursing assistant, licensed practical nurse, and nurse assessment coordinator. The third section discusses working conditions, both good and bad. And a final section provides sources for more information.
You're a What? Foley Artist
Author: Vilorio, Dennis
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Film Production,Production Techniques,Acoustics,Occupations,Wages,Occupational Information

In this article, the author talks about a small occupation of sound reproduction specialists known as foley artists. Foley artists work behind the scenes in filmmaking and television, using props to recreate all the physical sounds that are integrated into a movie or TV show. These sounds need to be recreated because the microphones used on a set or on location are designed to capture dialogue. As a result, sounds other than dialogue seem quiet or are lost. Foley artists create almost all sounds in a studio, far removed from the crews and crowds associated with a filming set. There is no school or apprenticeship program for foley artists, and education requirements are minimal. As is the case throughout the film industry, connections are important. The best way to break into foley work is to find an established foley artist who is willing to mentor. Today, most foley artists still stumble into the occupation; many trained as dancers or actors. A film or sound production background is especially helpful to those who get into foley work.
Attitudes of Greek Physical Education Teachers towards Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in Physical Education Classes
Author: Doulkeridou, A.
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Physical Education,Inclusion,Mainstreaming,Special Needs Students,Comparative Analysis,Questionnaires,Attitudes toward Disabilities,Physical Disabilities,Foreign Countries,Physical Education Teachers,Gender Differences,Teacher Attitudes,Negative Attitudes

Over the last decade the idea of inclusion of students with disabilities and special educational needs (SEN) in general schools has become increasingly the focus of national and international policies. Inclusive education has also made enormous progress in Greece recently. The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of Physical Educators toward the inclusion of students with disabilities and SEN in general Physical Education (PE) classes and to compare them with those teachers who taught the course of Olympic/Paralympic Education (O/PE) as well as examine gender differences. Four hundred and ten PE teachers (200 male and 210 female) of an average age of 33.58 years from different prefectures of Greece completed a modified version of the questionnaire &quot;Attitudes toward Teaching Individuals with Physical Disabilities in Physical Education&quot; (ATIPDPE) of Kudlacek et al (2002). Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The results revealed positive attitudes of all teachers toward teaching students with disabilities and SEN in PE classes; however, there were no significant differences between those who taught different type of PE courses as well as between males and females. It is strongly suggested an ongoing assessment should examine the changes in education of students with disabilities and SEN and their inclusion in the general schools and how. (Contains 9 tables.)
&quot;The Invisibles&quot;...Disability in China in the 21st Century
Author: Campbell, Anne
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Social Attitudes,Ethnography,Disabilities,Foreign Countries,Public Policy,Administrative Policy,Attitudes toward Disabilities,Cultural Influences,Asian Culture,Government Role,Inclusion,Accessibility (for Disabled),Civil Rights,Attitude Change,Access to Education,Federal Legislation,Social Change,Western Civilization

This study explores the effects of traditional beliefs, Confucian ideology, Chinese government policy and western influences on China's inclusion of people with a disability in the Chinese community in the 21st century. Using visual ethnography and an auto-ethnographic approach, the study examines data obtained over a period of five years to analyse the impact of recent initiatives of the Chinese government in disability policy and planning on attitudes towards people with a disability and the accommodation of people with a disability within the community. Findings from the study suggest that a series of positive legislative and administrative policies that guarantee equal rights for people with disabilities in China have had some positive outcomes, and that social attitudes towards the disabled are gradually changing, mainly as a result of the active advocacy of the disability community. However, despite these initiatives and changes in attitude, there is little evidence of the impact of Chinese disability policy on the built environment in China outside the major cities, and the disabled are still largely invisible in public spaces. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.)