ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Behind Door #3: The Hard-to-Please Grant Reviewer
Author: Miner, Jeremy T.
Date: 2011-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Research Administration,Grants,Feedback (Response),Evaluation Criteria,Evaluation Problems,Program Evaluation,Investigations,Audits (Verification),Evaluation Needs,Evaluation Research,Performance Factors,Program Design,Program Descriptions

After months of waiting, the grant reviews came back: "excellent," "excellent," and "fair." What?! How can this be? Why is the third review so out of line with the first two? On more than one occasion a principal investigator (PI) has been frustrated not only by a negative funding decision but more so by the accompanying reviewer evaluation forms that contain diametrically opposed feedback. Research administrators are in a prime position to help faculty unpack reviewer comments and to better understand the existence and nature of the hard-to-please grant reviewer. This article applies an analytic model to compare and contrast fourteen dimensions of grant structures and processes at the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, and U.S. Department of Education that have an effect on grant outcomes. It examines five specific aspects of inconsistencies in ratings among grant reviewers that are of greatest concern to unsuccessful applicants. It also offers strategies that can be used by research administrators to propel the PI forward--to revise and resubmit, to pursue a different sponsor, or to consider a new line of investigation. PIs who anticipate the needs of reviewers and satisfy those expectations in the proposal increase their odds for grant success. (Contains 2 tables and 1 endnote.)
Factors Involved in the Intent to Move from One Team to Another among Handball Players
Author: Fruchart, Eric
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Experimental Psychology,Males,Factor Analysis,Athletics,Probability,Team Sports,Interviews,Perception,Personnel Selection,Wages,Adolescents,Adults,Foreign Countries

The study was about a non normative within-career transition in sport: Handball players' move from their current to an alternative team. Eighty male handball players were presented with scenarios that contained five pieces of information about current satisfaction with the present team, attractiveness of the alternative team (better springboard for future career than the current team, better wages), perceived probability of being hired, and presence of a network of friends. Although all the factors were taken into account for judging the intent to move in each situation, the springboard and localization-wage factors impacted more than the other factors. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)
How Do Amateur Soccer Referees Destabilize a Match?
Author: Fruchart, Eric
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Team Sports,Athletics,Foreign Countries,Observation,Measurement Techniques,Factor Analysis,Evaluation Methods,Experiments,Ethics,Decision Making,Higher Education

The refereeing system in amateur football is not without weakness. Some referees could be deliberately led to destabilize a match in order to demonstrate their skills in regulating a situation of potential conflict. This has posed an ethical problem to soccer institutions. Our study proposes to focus on this phenomenon by questioning seventy four referees from district or league level living in the North of France. The way in which these sports actors combine different informational cues (physical tiredness, communication, aggression, mark, emotion) when deciding to destabilize a football match was investigated. Equally at the level in which they whistled, two clusters stood out. In the first one, the referees (44.6%) estimated that they would never implement this strategy in any situation. In the second one, the referee (55.4%) judged that they would sometimes use such destabilization particularly in a situation where they communicated with the players, were not physically tired and could obtain an excellent mark from the observer. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.)
Intuitive Physics of Collision Effects on Simulated Spheres Differing in Size, Velocity, and Material
Author: Vicovaro, Michele
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Physics,Experiments,Computer Simulation,Comparative Analysis,Teaching Methods,Motion,College Students,Psychology,Science Instruction,Experimental Psychology

This is an intuitive physics study of collision events. In two experiments the participants were presented with a simulated 3D scene showing one sphere moving horizontally towards another stationary sphere. The moving sphere stopped just before colliding with the stationary one. Participants were asked to rate the positions which both spheres would have reached after a fixed time if the collision had really occurred. The simulated masses of both spheres and the velocity of the moving one were manipulated. Specifically, in Experiment 1 different implied masses were defined by varying only the size of the spheres; in Experiment 2, different implied masses were defined by varying both the size and the apparent texture (material) of the spheres. Functional Measurement was used to compare the physical laws of collision events with cognitive integration rules. Cognitive rules proved to be more similar to physical laws in Experiment 2, i.e., when both spheres size and apparent texture were manipulated. Surprisingly, in both experiments only half the participants took into account the possibility that the moving sphere could have bounced back after the collision. These and other results are important for teaching elementary physics. (Contains 5 figures and 5 footnotes.)
Individual Differences in Equity Models
Author: Hofmans, Joeri
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Models,Individual Differences,Experiments,Employees,Comparative Analysis,Justice,Theories,Adults,Surveys,Tests,Performance,Money Management

In the present paper, we (1) study whether people differ in the equity models they use, and (2) test whether individual differences in equity models relate to individual differences in equity sensitivity. To achieve this goal, an Information Integration experiment was performed in which participants were given information on the performance of two employees and were asked to distribute a fixed amount of money. The results reveal that people indeed use different comparison structures. In the first one, first compare their relative share of the outputs and incomes, and then compare these interpersonal ratios. The second equity model is in essence a non-integrative model in that individuals who adopt it do not use the performance information to decide on the distribution of the money. Interestingly, individual differences in equity models relate to individual differences in equity sensitivity, as people who do not use the performance information appear to be more sensitive to equity. (Contains 3 figures.)
Cultural Generality of the Integration of Obligation and Other Motives
Author: Yang, Jen-Shou
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Tests,Undergraduate Students,Graduate Students,Experimental Psychology,Problem Solving,Comparative Analysis

The purpose of the present study is twofold. One is to assess the cultural generality of the information integration rule for moral obligation. The other is to examine how people integrate moral obligation and self-interest. Two studies were implemented following the functional measurement methodology with Chinese samples. Study 1 replicated the results of an American sample on the integration of actor's obligation and other's need to assess the cultural generality of information integration rule. Study 2 involved a new test of the integration of actor's obligation and actor's need. The result of Study 1 showed that the integration rule of actor's obligation with other's need was of an adding-type (i.e., adding or equal weights averaging), which is consistent with previous work with American samples. The results of Study 2 showed that the integration of actor's obligation and actor's need follows an adding-type rule. (Contains 2 figures.)
Averaging and Adding in Children's Worth Judgements
Author: Schlottmann, Anne
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Task Analysis,Models,Children,Age Differences,Mathematics,Games,Experiments,Probability,Learning Strategies,Bias,Foreign Countries,Value Judgment,Experimental Psychology

Under the normative Expected Value (EV) model, multiple outcomes are additive, but in everyday worth judgement intuitive averaging prevails. Young children also use averaging in EV judgements, leading to a disordinal, crossover violation of utility when children average the part worths of simple gambles involving independent events (Schlottmann, 2000). This study explored the origins of this averaging bias in children's worth judgements, assessing whether averaging also appears for riskless judgements and for other types of risky judgements. In Experiment 1, 8-year-olds judged the worth of having either one or two squares of chocolates in two formally equivalent tasks: Children made additive worth judgements when chocolates varied in size, but used averaging when they varied in winning probability. Performance on the EV task was slightly more advanced when risky followed riskless judgements, with some evidence of transfer. In Experiment 2, 5-year-olds gave additive worth judgements when judging variable fractions of chocolate pies, with displays closely parallel to the spinner discs used for the gambles in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, 5-year-olds gave additive worth judgements of gambles in which to win either one or two prizes, with alternative rather than independent probabilities of winning. Thus the overgeneralisation of averaging processes to EV judgement, while persistent, neither reflects a general difficulty with additive value judgement, nor with displays showing positive and negative information, nor with risky judgement per se. It may come into play because children have difficulty appreciating the implications of independence, apparent also in other domains. Despite such difficulty, children realize that risky game outcomes go beyond what they can see, and so may apply averaging, as default strategy for population judgement, whereas addition might be the default for judging the sample itself. (Contains 5 figures and 1 table.)
Testing the Moral Algebra of Two Kohlbergian Informers
Author: Hommers, Wilfried
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Decision Making,Moral Values,Theories,Moral Development,Developmental Stages,Individual Differences,Punishment,Age Differences,Foreign Countries

This paper seeks to unify two major theories of moral judgment: Kohlberg's stage theory and Anderson's moral information integration theory. Subjects were told about thoughts of actors in Kohlberg's classic altruistic Heinz dilemma and in a new egoistical dilemma. These actors's thoughts represented Kohlberg's stages I (Personal Risk) and IV (Societal Risk) and had three levels, High, Medium, and Low. They were presented singly and in a 3 x 3 integration design. Subjects judged how many months of prison the actor deserved. The data supported the averaging model of moral integration theory, whereas Kohlberg's theory has no way to handle the integration problem. Following this, subjects ranked statements related to Kohlberg's first four stages in a procedure similar to that of Rest (1975). Higher score went with larger effect of Societal Risk as predicted by Kohlberg's theory. But contrary to Kohlberg's theory, no age trends were found. Also strongly contrary to Kohlberg's theory, effects of Personal Risk (Stage I) and Societal Risk (Stage IV) correlated positively. (Contains 2 figures and 1 table.)
A Functional Assessment of the Impact of Advantages and Disadvantages on Breastfeeding Attitude
Author: Van Acker, Frederik
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Females,Adults,Infants,Nutrition,Attitudes,Decision Making,Multivariate Analysis,Foreign Countries

Although health and other benefits of breastfeeding for mother and child have been repeatedly shown, there is still a large proportion of women who do not initiate or continue breastfeeding. The aim of the current study is to analyze the contribution of the presentation of advantages and disadvantages of breastfeeding in developing an attitude towards breastfeeding among Dutch and Flemish women of reproductive age. In a functional measurement experiment factorial combinations of advantages and disadvantages of breastfeeding were presented to a group of women between 18 and 45 years. Women rated their attitude towards breastfeeding after each presentation of a combination of arguments. The results show that information on health related advantages produces the most positive attitude towards breastfeeding. Practical disadvantages were found to be the least important determinants of attitude. Three types of response patterns could be distinguished using cluster analysis. Although an averaging type integration rule was expected, the results suggest that some women do not take all information from the presented advantages and disadvantages into account to form an overall attitude towards breastfeeding. One cluster showed no main effect for advantages, only a small effect for disadvantages, but a main effect of attitude prior to the experiment. The second cluster showed a large main effect for advantages and only a modest effect for disadvantages. In the third cluster, both advantages and disadvantages impacted similarly on attitude. An averaging type integration rule could be discerned in the second and the third cluster. The current results imply that campaigns to promote breastfeeding should take into account differences between target populations. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.)
Understanding the Attitude-Action Gap: Functional Integration of Environmental Aspects in Car Purchase Intentions
Author: Mairesse, Olivier
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Positive Attitudes,Conservation (Environment),Intention,Motor Vehicles,Purchasing,Probability,Foreign Countries

This study aims at understanding how a general positive attitude toward the environment results in a limited purchase of environmentally friendlier cars, often referred to as the attitude-action gap. In a first experiment 27 volunteers performed a judgment task on car purchase intention. Participants were asked to evaluate the probability of buying cars varying in purchase price, environmental performance, operating cost and vehicle quality. A second experiment required 47 participants to express their purchase intention of vehicles varying in driving experience, environmental aspects, Life-Cycle Costs and vehicle quality. Results in both experiments show that participants integrate car attribute information according to a differential weighting averaging rule. Model weight and scale values show to be indicative of a positive attitude toward environmental performance. On the other hand, the empirically established model weights consistently indicate that environmental performance is outweighed by other car attributes. Conceptually, the averaging integration model provides an explanation about the psychology of the attitude-action gap. Implications for policy making are discussed. (Contains 6 figures, 2 tables, and 2 footnotes.)
Trusting Beliefs: A Functional Measurement Study
Author: Vidotto, Giulio
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Trust (Psychology),Beliefs,Decision Making,Models,College Students,Foreign Countries

Trust is a fundamental aspect of everyday life. Several authors define trust as the wish to depend on another entity and split the concept of trust into several interconnected components such as trusting beliefs (e.g., benevolence, competence, honesty, and predictability), trusting intentions, trusting behaviors, disposition to trust, and institution-based trust. According to McKnight, Cummings, and Chervany's (1998) model, beliefs yield behavioral intentions, which in turn are manifested in behavior. In the present research, we applied functional measurement to explain trust-related judgments in terms of information integration among different beliefs. Our results suggest that averaging models could help to describe the observed judgments in terms of beliefs and to comprehend the role and relevance of each belief in a variety of social contexts. (Contains 5 figures, 2 footnotes, and 1 table.)
A Cross-Cultural Experimental Approach to the Contribution of Health, Religion and Personal Relations to Subjective Satisfaction with Life as a Whole
Author: Theuns, Peter
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Life Satisfaction,Quality of Life,Cross Cultural Studies,Health,Religion,Interpersonal Relationship,Cultural Differences,Well Being,Undergraduate Students

In cross-cultural research on quality of life, researchers must deal with the fundamental incomparability of subjective wellbeing assessments across cultural groups. This incompatibility most probably results from an identification problem: cultural groups most likely differ in both objective achievements in different life domains as well as in the appraisal thereof. Information Integration Theory provides a framework that allows to better understand the composition of the concept of &quot;satisfaction with life as a whole&quot; across culturally different groups. In three web-based experiments, using Percentile Stimulus Metrics, it was studied how students in Algeria, Belgium and Poland integrate information on various life domains into an appraisal of satisfaction with life as a whole. It was found that different integration models coexist in the 3 studied groups, and that the prevalence of these strategies differs across groups. (Contains 4 figures, 2 footnotes, and 4 tables.)
Judgment of Daytime Sleepiness in Self-Reported Short, Long and Midrange Sleepers
Author: Mairesse, Olivier
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Sleep,Physiology,Biology,Behavior Patterns,Health,Safety,Role,Individual Differences,Measurement,Foreign Countries

Sleep-wake behavior, as well as sleepiness, is regulated by the joint action of an exponentially increasing drive for sleep--sleep homeostasis--and by variations in sleep propensity due to a biological circadian oscillator. However, large inter-individual differences remain. Short and long sleepers have been known to differ in the amount of homeostatic sleep pressure: long sleepers report higher levels of subjective sleepiness after sleep deprivation, whereas short sleepers exhibit no significant increase in sleepiness. The circadian pacemaker's program might be at the origin of the variability in habitual sleep duration in long and short sleepers. Previous studies within our group showed that the dynamics of both processes are similar in experienced sleepiness as in judged sleepiness. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether habitual short, long and midrange sleepers exhibit similar integration patterns or whether the biological underpinnings of habitual sleep time variability emerge when judging sleepiness. Our results show an additive integration rule for homeostatic and circadian determinants of daytime sleepiness in all groups. However, rescaled functional values (RSFVs) and relative range indices (RRIs) suggest that short sleepers seem to tolerate higher levels of homeostatic sleep pressure in comparison to long sleepers and that in long sleepers, circadian variability plays a less prominent role in functional daytime sleepiness. As sleep-wake behavior is governed by both physiological mechanisms and psychological processes influenced by past experiences related to sleep and wake, these results have implications for sleep-wake-related health and safety. (Contains 5 figures, 5 tables, and 2 footnotes.)
Functional Measurement: An Incredibly Flexible Tool
Author: Mullet, Etienne
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Decision Making,Measurement Techniques,Young Children,Blindness,Evaluative Thinking,Attribution Theory,Autism,Pervasive Developmental Disorders,Children,Adolescents,Adults,Down Syndrome,Illiteracy,Agricultural Occupations,Foreign Countries,Music,Death,Terminal Illness,Suicide

Functional Measurement (FM) has been applied to a variety of settings that can be considered as &quot;extreme&quot; settings; that is, settings involving participants with severe cognitive disabilities or involving unusual stimulus material. FM has, as instance, been successfully applied for analyzing (a) numerosity judgments among children as young as 3 years, (b) area judgment among children and adolescents blind from birth, (c) moral judgment among persons with autism and persons with learning disabilities, (d) performance judgments among completely illiterate peasants living at the border of the Sahara, (f) esthetic emotion associated with music excerpts, and (g) ethical thinking among elderly people who were about to die. The methodological aspects of these studies are presented in great detail and the main findings are discussed. The reasons why FM was successful in uncovering new, sometimes unexpected findings in these settings are discussed, notably: (a) no verbalizations/justifications were asked for; that is, judgment processes were not viewed as intrinsically connected with language, and (b) very concrete, daily life material (concrete scenarios) likely to be understood by everyone was used. (Contains 8 figures.)
Colombian Lay People's Willingness to Forgive Different Actors of the Armed Conflict: Results from a Pilot Study
Author: Lopez-Lopez, Wilson
Date: 2012-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Lay People,Pilot Projects,Conflict,Violence,Prosocial Behavior,Vignettes,Military Personnel

A pilot study examined lay people's willingness to forgive acts that were committed by actors of the armed conflicts in Colombia. The participants (100 persons living in Bogota) were shown vignettes describing cases in which a member of the guerilla or a member of the former paramilitary forces asks for forgiveness to a victim's family, and were instructed to judge of the degree to which they would be willing to forgive if they were a family member. The concrete cases were constructed using a 3 x 3 x 3 orthogonal design: Degree of Responsibility x Severity of the Negative Acts Committed x Apologies. In half of the cases, the actor was a former member of the guerilla, whereas in the other half the actor was a former member of the paramilitary forces. The four factors had an impact on willingness to forgive, and several meaningful interactions were detected. Overall, a former member of the paramilitary forces has a reasonable chance of being forgiven (a) if he did not directly take part to offenses to people (e.g., killings) or offenses to property perpetrated by his companions, and (b) if he has sincerely begged for forgiveness and offered to partly compensate the harm done. A former member of the guerilla has few chance of being forgiven. (Contains 1 table and 3 figures.)