ethanporcaro/eric-fulltext-meta huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the International Ethics Conference in December, 2009
Author: Mazonde, Isaac N.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Ethics,Health Services,Medicine,Research,Conferences (Gatherings),Developing Nations,Universities,International Cooperation,Global Approach

This prelude reflects upon the international ethics conference that was held from December 6-9, 2009, at the University of Botswana in Gaborone, Botswana. Seeking international partners and then forging mutually viable and effectively working links with them is the life blood of a university in a developing country. This partnering is necessary largely because a university in a developing country often lacks resources and affirmation. The resources it lacks range from intellectual capital to funding for its scholarly endeavors. This paper demonstrates how the University of Botswana, as an example of a university in a developing country, has reached out to join hands with a resource-endowed community in the western world through putting up a world class and modern international conference on ethics, one of the most topical concerns in academia.
Human Illness and the Experience of Vulnerability: A Summary and Reflection upon the Opening Keynote by His Grace Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu
Author: Mazonde, Isaac N.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Patients,Diseases,Self Concept,Poverty,Activism,Human Dignity,At Risk Persons,Physical Health,Health Personnel,Ethics,Experience,Human Body,Death,Perspective Taking

In his speech, "Human Illness and the Experience of Vulnerability," Archbishop Tutu used his experience, eloquence and humour to emphasize the vulnerability of human beings during illness. The Archbishop emphasized the need for healthcare professionals to realize that patients are not simply numbers or cases, but fellow human beings who are in need of a helping hand.
Hearing the Cries of the Poor: Healthcare as Human Response
Author: Robinson, Adam M., Jr.
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Access to Health Care,Poverty,Military Service,Peace,World Problems,Social Values,Medical Services

The keynote address of Vice Admiral Adam Robinson, Surgeon General of the United States Navy, summarizes the integration of healthcare humanitarian assistance as central to the Navy's mission of defending and promoting world peace. Citing various examples of current programs and initiatives, the address explores the critical place of human hope as central to the fundamental act of healthcare. In this respect, the keynote gives visible expression to the central metaphor of the conference itself, "Retrieving the Human Face of Science."
Character, Leadership, and the Healthcare Professions
Author: Holmes, Elizabeth
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Military Schools,Professional Development,Ethics,Leadership,Leadership Training,Moral Values,Decision Making,Technology Uses in Education,Models,Social Influences,Personality

The presentation by Elizabeth Holmes, PhD, summarized the integration of character and leadership development in the education of healthcare professionals. Citing the mission, vision, values, graduate attributes, and various examples of current programs and initiatives from both the United States Naval Academy and the University of Botswana, the presentation explained the importance of professional development based on ethical leadership and courageous moral decision making. In this regard, this distinguished lecture gave visible expression to the conference title, &quot;Understanding Ethics and Integrity in Healthcare, Medicine, and Research.&quot; (Contains 1 figure.)
The Tradition of Mentoring Part I: Mentoring the Researcher
Author: Cheatham, Wayman Wendell
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Mentors,Lecture Method,Leadership,Philosophy,History,Interpersonal Relationship,Role Models

This text is a summary of reflection points and notes from Part I of a two-part lecture on the Tradition of Mentoring. In this lecture, basic historical concepts on the origins of mentoring were reviewed. Of particular importance were several reflections concerning how effective mentoring differs from other forms of leadership and training in the professions. (Contains 1 table.) [For part II, see EJ886800.]
The Tradition of Mentoring Part II: Leadership and Mentoring in the Culture of Healthcare
Author: Gabriele, Edward
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Leadership,Mentors,Health Services,Organizational Culture,Models,Interpersonal Relationship,Human Dignity,Leadership Responsibility,Leadership Styles,Reflection,Context Effect,Behavioral Science Research,Interaction Process Analysis,Physician Patient Relationship,Sociometric Techniques,Interpersonal Competence

Leadership is a multifaceted construct. It requires mentoring as a lifelong experience. Leadership is not an isolated phenomenon, but an activity completely interrelated with those one leads. It can never be separated from its essential community or organizational context. This makes the experience of mentoring all the more critical. Adding yet to its complexity are the principles and responsibilities that leaders must develop continually over time. To ensure successful leadership, the experience of mentoring requires four important pedagogies for mutual engagement between mentors and the leaders they seek to serve and guide. The four signature pedagogies are those developed by the Carnegie Foundation: interpretation, contextualization, performance, and formation. Effective mentoring in the contemporary world of leadership inevitably requires a new paradigm for understanding and giving living expression to the individual growth and development that leaders and their organizations must experience with one another as communal partners. Such a series of new and evocative paradigms is all the more critical in healthcare communities where servant leadership and professional service touch the human person at the most vulnerable and critical junctures of life. [For Part I, see EJ886799.]
The Integrity of Research
Author: Axman, Linnea
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Scientific Research,Integrity,History,Antisocial Behavior,Cultural Context,International Cooperation

This text is the foundation from which a distinguished lecture was developed focusing on the necessity for research in healthcare carried out with attention to issues of integrity, the hallmark of all commendable research. A cautionary historical review of research misconduct and related topics is provided. Research within a cultural context and the related subject of international collaborations are also discussed.
Globalization and the Diplomacy of Science
Author: Makhema, Joseph
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Medical Schools,Global Approach,International Cooperation,Research and Development,International Relations,Justice

The closing keynote address given by Dr. Joseph Makhema highlights the important issues that need to be understood in international research collaborations. Dr. Makhema uses his extensive experience in international research collaborations to illustrate the various challenges that collaborating partners in international research may face. He emphasizes that both diplomacy and justice are critical elements of international collaborative research.
After the International Ethics Conference, What Is Next?
Author: Ndebele, Paul
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Ethics,Conferences (Gatherings),Health Services,Medicine,Research,International Cooperation,Altruism,Holistic Approach,Mentors,Ethical Instruction

The International Ethics Conference held at the University of Botswana from 6-10 December 2009 brought together over 250 delegates, speakers, and other participants from a wide range of disciplines. The theme of the conference, &quot;Retrieving the Human Face of Science: Understanding Ethics and Integrity in Healthcare, Medicine and Research,&quot; was topical for the delegates, who were a blend of healthcare professionals, academicians, lawyers, health policy makers, theologians, researchers, media professionals, retired professionals, medical and nursing students, and, interestingly, laypersons who attended both as consumers of medical services and as potential research participants. Though health professionals and researchers represented the majority, the mix clearly reflected the growing interest in bioethics amongst people of all social backgrounds, and an increase in the magnitude and momentum of the bioethics movement globally and in Botswana specifically. In this text, the author, a member of the Ethics Conference Organizing Committee, provides a summary of the conference and its achievements, and the way forward after the International Ethics Conference.
The International Ethics Conference: An Eye Opener
Author: Phuma, Ellemes
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Foreign Countries,Ethics,Health Services,Medicine,Research,Conferences (Gatherings),Graduate Students,Student Responsibility,Student Attitudes,Allied Health Occupations Education,Medical Education

In this text, Ellemes Phuma, shares her experience and the benefits she derived from the International Ethics Conference held at the University of Botswana (UB). As a graduate student in nursing at that university, she provides her perspective on professional responsibility, compassionate healthcare, and the ethical role that healthcare professionals assume when dealing with vulnerable patients.
One College's Journey into the Unconscious Mind of Its Prospective Students: How a New Research Methodology Is Helping Us Recruit
Author: Kretchmar, Jennifer
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Research Methodology,College Applicants,Student Recruitment,Knowledge Level,Cognitive Processes,Emotional Response,Memory,Nonverbal Communication,Decision Making,Figurative Language,Student Participation,Student Attitudes,Student Development

People tend to assume that the motivations for their behavior--whether choosing a school, buying a car or pursuing a particular career--are readily available to them, waiting to be articulated. But a great deal of new multi-disciplinary research--in psychology, cognition, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology--is suggesting otherwise. In fact, some researchers believe that &quot;about 95 percent of thought, emotion, and learning occur in the unconscious mind--that is, without one's awareness.&quot; Traditional research methods, which rely on verbal self-report, are tapping into a very limited portion of students' self-knowledge. The purpose of this article is twofold: a) to introduce a new way of thinking about what people know and how they communicate it; and b) to present the findings of a study conducted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to get to know prospective students better. If the way one's minds work is fundamentally different than one has previously assumed, then he/she needs to rely on different methods to tap into this knowledge. The authors chose to utilize a patented research methodology developed by Penn State professor Jerry Olson and Harvard business professor Gerald Zaltman for the purposes of this study. The authors describe in detail the techniques used by their firm, Olson Zaltman Associates, although other approaches are available. (Contains 2 figures.)
Selecting Students, Selecting Priorities: How Universities Manage Enrollment during Times of Economic Crises
Author: Holley, Karri
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Income,Educational Finance,Institutional Characteristics,Enrollment Management,Program Effectiveness,Case Studies,Enrollment,College Admission,Student Recruitment,Economic Factors,Student Financial Aid,Academic Persistence,Financial Exigency

As the economic recession continues to threaten state funding, federal support and financial aid allocations, colleges and universities increasingly rely on student enrollment and tuition as a revenue source. This article, examines how universities respond to this challenge, particularly in the areas of student recruitment and admission. These areas represent key components related to organizational well-being; such functions serve to bring in new students and sources of revenue as well as shape external perceptions of the institution. In this study, the authors sought to understand how economic challenges impact the college admission process. The data were collected from a larger case study of public four-year colleges and universities. Six institutions were identified across the southeastern United States to encompass a range of characteristics, including size, location, curricular offerings, and reputation. Individuals at those universities were selected who could provide insight into enrollment management, funding and financial aid. Two of these case studies are presented in this article in greater detail to illustrate how institutional characteristics impact student admission, enrollment and retention during times of economic challenge.
Employment, Academic and Extracurricular Contributors to College Aspirations
Author: McGaha, Valerie
Date: 2010-00-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Employment,Job Satisfaction,Literacy,College Admission,Academic Aspiration,Adults,High School Graduates,Mathematics Skills,Extracurricular Activities,Student Recruitment,Higher Education

Although there have been many studies on college entrance and aspirations, little attention has been paid to post-high school adults (who enter the workworld rather than college). it is possible that post-high school adults still have college aspirations, and it would be valuable to identify the factors that foster such aspirations. This study examined how employment (e.g., job satisfaction), applied academic (e.g., math and literacy skills), and extracurricular (e.g., sports, books, volunteerism) factors contributed to aspirations. The results indicated that all three types of factors affected aspirations in unique ways. The results are interpreted in the context of prior research and implications for college recruitment and outreach are offered. (Contains 2 tables.)
Translational Research in Behavior Analysis: Historical Traditions and Imperative for the Future
Author: Mace, F. Charles
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Behavioral Science Research,Innovation,Time Perspective,Futures (of Society),Theory Practice Relationship,Cooperation

"Pure basic" science can become detached from the natural world that it is supposed to explain. "Pure applied" work can become detached from fundamental processes that shape the world it is supposed to improve. Neither demands the intellectual support of a broad scholarly community or the material support of society. Translational research can do better by seeking innovation in theory or practice through the synthesis of basic and applied questions, literatures, and methods. Although translational thinking has always occurred in behavior analysis, progress often has been constrained by a functional separation of basic and applied communities. A review of translational traditions in behavior analysis suggests that innovation is most likely when individuals with basic and applied expertise collaborate. Such innovation may have to accelerate for behavior analysis to be taken seriously as a general-purpose science of behavior. We discuss the need for better coordination between the basic and applied sectors, and argue that such coordination compromises neither while benefiting both.
Semantic False Memories in the Form of Derived Relational Intrusions Following Training
Author: Guinther, Paul M.
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Semantics,Word Lists,Word Recognition,Recall (Psychology),Memory

Contemporary behavior analytic research is making headway in characterizing memory phenomena that typically have been characterized by cognitive models, and the current study extends this development by producing "false memories" in the form of functional equivalence responding. A match-to-sample training procedure was administered in order to encourage participants to treat groups of unrelated English words as being interchangeable. Following training, participants were presented with a list of words from within one of the groups for a free recall test and a recognition test. Results showed that participants were more likely to falsely recall and recognize words that had been assigned to the same group as the list words during prior training, relative to words not assigned to the same group and relative to words that co-occurred with list words. These results indicate that semantic relatedness can be experimentally manipulated in order to produce specific false memories. (Contains 5 figures and 2 tables.)
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Increases Resistance to Extinction: Clinical Demonstration, Animal Modeling, and Clinical Test of One Solution
Author: Mace, F. Charles
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Animals,Behavior Problems,Persistence,Reinforcement,Animal Behavior,Behavior Modification,Resistance to Change,Behavioral Science Research,Food,Conditioning,Developmental Disabilities,Mental Retardation,Child Behavior,Young Children,Preadolescents,Young Adults,Visual Stimuli,Color

Basic research with pigeons on behavioral momentum suggests that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) can increase the resistance of target behavior to change. This finding suggests that clinical applications of DRA may inadvertently increase the persistence of target behavior even as it decreases its frequency. We conducted three coordinated experiments to test whether DRA has persistence-strengthening effects on clinically significant target behavior and then tested the effectiveness of a possible solution to this problem in both a nonhuman and clinical study. Experiment 1 compared resistance to extinction following baseline rates of reinforcement versus higher DRA rates of reinforcement in a clinical study. Resistance to extinction was substantially greater following DRA. Experiment 2 tested a rat model of a possible solution to this problem. Training an alternative response in a context without reinforcement of the target response circumvented the persistence-strengthening effects of DRA. Experiment 3 translated the rat model into a novel clinical application of DRA. Training an alternative response with DRA in a separate context resulted in lower resistance to extinction than employing DRA in the context correlated with reinforcement of target behavior. The value of coordinated bidirectional translational research is discussed. (Contains 7 figures and 2 tables.)
The Effects of Constant versus Varied Reinforcers on Preference and Resistance to Change
Author: Milo, Jessie-Sue
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Resistance to Change,Reinforcement,Males,Autism,Food,Responses,Children,Behavior Problems,Color,Visual Stimuli,Auditory Stimuli,Reaction Time

Previous research has demonstrated that factors such as reinforcer frequency, amount, and delay have similar effects on resistance to change and preference. In the present study, 4 boys with autism made choices between a constant reinforcer (one that was the same food item every trial) and a varied food reinforcer (one that varied randomly between three possible food items). For all 4 boys, varied reinforcers were preferred over constant reinforcers, and they maintained higher response rates than constant reinforcers. In addition, when a distraction (a video clip) was introduced, responding maintained by varied reinforcers was more resistant to distraction than responding maintained by constant reinforcers. Thus, the present experiment extended the generality of the relation between preference and resistance to change to variation in reinforcer quality. (Contains 4 tables and 4 figures.)
Why Pigeons Say What They Do: Reinforcer Magnitude and Response Requirement Effects on Say Responding in Say-Do Correspondence
Author: da Silva, Stephanie P.
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Stimuli,Reinforcement,Animals,Animal Behavior,Color,Food,Visual Stimuli,Behavioral Science Research,Conditioning,Decision Making

The effects of reinforcer magnitude and response requirement on pigeons' say choices in an experimental homologue of human say-do correspondence were assessed in two experiments. The procedure was similar to a conditional discrimination procedure except the pigeons chose both a sample stimulus (the say component) and a comparison stimulus that corresponded to it (the do component). Correspondence was trained on red, green, and white key colors before the duration of food presentations following correspondence on each key color (Experiment 1) and the number of key pecks required as the say response on each key color (Experiment 2) were manipulated in an attempt to influence the initial say response. The frequency of say responses on each key color coincided with programmed changes in the duration of food presentations and the key-peck requirements assigned to each key color. Correspondence accuracy remained stable in all conditions, even those in which the say responding occurred primarily on two of the three key colors. Implications for human behavior are discussed. (Contains 4 tables and 4 figures.)
The Matching Relation and Situation-Specific Bias Modulation in Professional Football Play Selection
Author: Stilling, Stephanie T.
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Play,Team Sports,Probability,Bias,Statistics,Models,Selection,Behavioral Science Research

The utility of a quantitative model depends on the extent to which its fitted parameters vary systematically with environmental events of interest. Professional football statistics were analyzed to determine whether play selection (passing versus rushing plays) could be accounted for with the generalized matching equation, and in particular whether variations in play selection across game situations would manifest as changes in the equation's fitted parameters. Statistically significant changes in bias were found for each of five types of game situations; no systematic changes in sensitivity were observed. Further analyses suggested relationships between play selection bias and both turnover probability (which can be described in terms of punishment) and yards-gained variance (which can be described in terms of variable-magnitude reinforcement schedules). The present investigation provides a useful demonstration of association between face-valid, situation-specific effects in a domain of everyday interest, and a theoretically important term of a quantitative model of behavior. Such associations, we argue, are an essential focus in translational extensions of quantitative models. (Contains 5 figures, 1 table, and 2 footnotes.)
Concurrent Reinforcement Schedules for Problem Behavior and Appropriate Behavior: Experimental Applications of the Matching Law
Author: Borrero, Carrie S. W.
Date: 2010-05-00
Type: Journal Articles
Subjects: Behavior Disorders,Reinforcement,Behavior Modification,Children,Behavioral Science Research,Responses,Intervention,Severe Disabilities,Mental Retardation,Early Adolescents,Aggression,Child Behavior,Outcomes of Treatment

This study evaluated how children who exhibited functionally equivalent problem and appropriate behavior allocate responding to experimentally arranged reinforcer rates. Relative reinforcer rates were arranged on concurrent variable-interval schedules and effects on relative response rates were interpreted using the generalized matching equation. Results showed that relative rates of responding approximated relative rates of reinforcement. Finally, interventions for problem behavior were evaluated and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior and extinction procedures were implemented to increase appropriate behavior and decrease problem behavior. Practical considerations for the application of the generalized matching equation specific to severe problem behavior are discussed, including difficulties associated with defining a reinforced response, and obtaining steady state responding in clinical settings. (Contains 2 tables and 4 figures.)